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A phylogenetic tree of species of the family Botryosphaeriaceae using the Maximum Likelihood method with combined sequences of the ITS, LSU and RPB2 regions. Only bootstrap values ≥ 60 % are shown. The length of the branches is proportional to the genetic distances. All related sequences were taken from the CBS-KNAW culture collection database of the Westerdijk Institute in Holland. Figura 3. Árbol filogenético de especies de la familia Botryosphaeriaceae usando el método de Máxima Verosimilitud con secuencias combinadas de la región ITS, LSU y RPB2. Solo se muestran valores de bootstrap ≥ a 60 %. La longitud de las ramas es proporcional a las distancias genéticas. Todas las secuencias relacionadas se tomaron de la base de datos de la colección de cultivos CBS-KNAW del Instituto Westerdijk de Holanda.
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In Mexico, because of its low production cost, rapid growth and abundant foliage. genus that groups together diverse species native to tropical and subtropical regions. The aim Ficus benjamina L. is mainly used as an ornamental and has been widely accepted Ficus L. is a very broad of this research was to morphologically and molecularly identify the...
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Oat (Avena sativa) is extensively planted as a fodder crop on the vast ranges of northern and northwestern China, and it has become an important supplementary feed for grazing livestock (Yang et al. 2010). Microdochium nivale has been reported associated with seedling blight in many temperate regions (Imathiu et al. 2010) and the damage can result...
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... Fungi of the genus Neoscytalidium have been found to cause disease in several plant species, with worldwide distribution. For instance, N. dimidiatum has been documented to cause wood canker in grapevines in California, USA [38]; dieback in Ficus benjamina L. in Mexico [39]; canker, shoot blight and fruit rot in almond trees in California, USA [32]; dieback, shoot blight and branch canker in willow trees in Turkey [40]; and shoot blight, dieback and canker in apricot trees in Turkey [41]. This fungal species has been reported to cause stem canker in pitaya (H. ...
During 2020–2021, cultivated red-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) in Phatthalung province, southern Thailand, was infected with canker disease in all stages of growth. Small, circular, sunken, orange cankers first developed on the cladodes of H. polyrhizus and later expanded and became gray scabs with masses of pycnidia. The fungi were isolated using the tissue transplanting method and identified based on the growth of the fungal colony, and the dimensions of the conidia were measured. Their species level was confirmed with the molecular study of multiple DNA sequences, and their pathogenicity was tested using the agar plug method. Morphological characterization and molecular identification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) and β-tubulin (tub) sequences revealed the fungal pathogen to be a new species. It was named Neoscytalidium hylocereum sp. nov. The biota of the new species, N. hylocereum, was deposited in Mycobank, and the species was assigned accession number 838004. The pathogenicity test was performed to fulfil Koch’s postulates. N. hylocereum showed sunken orange cankers with a mass of conidia similar to those observed in the field. To our knowledge, this is the first report of H. polyrhizus as a host of the new species N. hylocereum causing stem cankers in Thailand.
... The PCR amplification of the fungal DNA was done using primers ITS1 (5'-TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G-3')/ITS4 (5'-TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC-3') (Fernández-Herrera et al., 2017), and Ef1-688F (5'-CGG TCA CTT GAT CTA CAA GTG C-3')/Ef1-1251R (5'-CCT CGA ACT CAC CAG TAC CG-3') (Wang and Song, 2021). The 25 μL reaction mix was prepared as follow: Taq DNA polymerase (0.2 μL, Invitrogen by Gibthai Company, Thailand), 5 μL 10X buffer, 0.5 μL 50 mM MgCl 2 , 0.75 μL 10 mM dNTP, 0.5 μL 10 μM primers, 1 μL genomic DNA and adjusted to the final volume with sterile deionized water. ...
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) black stem and root rot (BSRR) caused by complex fungi is one of the most serious fungal disease of cassava in Thailand. The objective of this study was to identify the causal agent of BSRR disease of cassava in Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand. From June 2015 to May 2018, the outbreak areas in three districts of Nakhon Ratchasima province were surveyed for cassava plants with the characteristic symptoms. From 1800 diseased samples, 139 fungal pathogens were isolated and separated by morphological traits. Among them, 33 fungal isolates were subsequently tested for pathogenicity on detached stems and roots of CMR 43-08-89, a susceptible cassava cultivar, and proved to be pathogenic with different levels of aggressiveness. Next, PCR amplification of DNA of eight pathogenic isolates with high aggressiveness using two sets of universal primers ITS1/ITS4 and Ef1-688F/Ef1-1251R, revealed that the TEF1-α gene region could be used for the identification and classification at the species level. The analysis results fit well with that of the morphological studies on growth and colonial characteristics of the eight isolates. Based on the GenBank database, they were identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae, L. euphorbiaceicola and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum.
... Las secuencias de los genes que codifican para el factor de elongación 1-α (TEF1-α), beta tubulina (β-Tub) y los espaciadores internos transcritos (ITS), son las regiones moleculares más utilizadas en los análisis filogenéticos para la identificación de especies de Botryosphaeriaceae (White et al., 1990;Alves et al., 2006;Zhou et al., 2015). Otro gen que también es útil es la segunda subunidad grande de la ARN polimerasa II (RPB2) (Fernández-Herrera et al., 2017). ...
... Debido a la falta de consistencia para delimitar las especies de Botryiosphaeria, es difícil cuantificar cuantas plantas atacan, sin embargo, en un estudio reciente se determinó un aproximado de 1 692 hospedantes en el mundo (Batista et al., 2012). Estos patógenos atacan a plantas forestales ornamentales, y diversos hospedantes agrícolas, incluyendo árboles frutales tropicales (Fernández-Herrera et al., 2017;Lawrence et al., 2017) (Cuadro 1), arbustos caducifolios, herbáceas y palmas (Cuadro 2). Cuadro 1. Distribución de especies de Botryosphaeriaceae, asociados a cancro, gomosis, declinamiento y pudriciones en árboles frutales perennes. ...
... Factores abióticos como el incremento de la temperatura, humedad relativa alta, sequías, heladas, altas densidades de siembra y malas prácticas de poda, favorecen el desarrollo de la enfermedad aumentando la incidencia que oscila de 20 a 97% en algunos cultivos (De la Mora-Castañeda et al., 2014;Fernández-Herrera et al., 2017;Bautista-Cruz et al., 2018). ...
En la última década se ha incrementado el interés por estudiar los hongos de la familia Botryosphaeriaceae debido a las enfermedades que inducen en cultivos de importancia económica a su amplia distribución cosmopolita y a la asociación observada entre la patogénesis y el estrés del hospedante. Se han reportado más de diez especies asociadas a síntomas en diferentes partes de una misma planta, lo que indica que un número importante de especies de esta familia no presentan especificidad en rango de hospedantes. Además, diversos estudios han demostrado la capacidad de estos hongos para ‘brincar’ de sus hospedantes nativos originales a cultivos agrícolas que se establecen en áreas cercanas, pertenecientes a la misma familia botánica o a una familia diferente. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar marcadores morfológicos y moleculares para la identificación taxonómica de especies de la familia Botryosphaeriace, su distribución geográfica, rango de hospedantes agrícola y aspectos de desarrollo para la enfermedad incluyendo modos de dispersión. La información presentada podrá ser de utilidad en la etiología, identificación y diagnóstico de especies de Botryosphaeriace así como el manejo de las enfermedades causadas que ellas inducen.
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, a plant-and human-associated fungus, has emerged as a substantial global ecological and agricultural threat aggravated by global warming. It inflicts various diseases, including canker, blight, dieback, leaf spot, root rot, and fruit rot, across a wide spectrum of fruit trees, field crops, shrubs, and arboreal species, with a host range spanning 46 plant families, 84 genera, and 126 species, primarily affecting eudicot angiosperms. Six genera are asymptomatic hosts. Neoscytalidium dimidiatum exhibits worldwide distribution, with the highest prevalence observed in Asia and North America, notably in Iran, Turkey, and California. Rising disease prevalence and severity, aggravated by climate change, particularly impact tropical arid places across 37 countries spanning all 7 continents. This comprehensive review encapsulates recent advancements in the understanding of N. dimidiatum, encompassing alterations in its taxonomic classification, host range, symptoms, geographic distribution, epidemiology, virulence, and strategies for effective management. This study also concentrates on comprehending the taxonomic relationships and in-traspecific variations within N. dimidiatum, with a particular emphasis on N. oculus and N. hylocereum, proposing to consider these two species as synonymous with N. dimidiatum. Furthermore, this review identifies prospective research directions aimed at augmenting our fundamental understanding of host-N. dimidiatum interaction.
The EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, a clearly defined plant pathogenic fungus of the family Botryosphaeriaceae. The pathogen affects a wide range of woody perennial crops and ornamental plants causing symptoms such as leaf spot, shoot blight, branch dieback, canker, pre- and post-harvest fruit rot, gummosis and root rot. The pathogen is present in Africa, Asia, North and South America, and Oceania. It has also been reported from Greece, Cyprus and Italy, with a restricted distribution. Nevertheless, there is a key uncertainty on the geographical distribution of N. dimidiatum worldwide and in the EU, because in the past, when molecular tools were not available, the two synanamorphs of the pathogen (Fusicoccum-like and Scytalidium-like) might have been misidentified based only on morphology and pathogenicity tests. N. dimidiatum is not included in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. Because of the wide host range of the pathogen, this pest categorisation focuses on those hosts for which there is robust evidence that the pathogen was formally identified by a combination of morphology, pathogenicity and multilocus sequence analysis. Plants for planting, fresh fruits and bark and wood of host plants as well as soil and other plant growing media are the main pathways for the further entry of the pathogen into the EU. Host availability and climate suitability factors occurring in parts of the EU are favourable for the further establishment of the pathogen. In the areas of its present distribution, including Italy, the pathogen has a direct impact on cultivated hosts. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent the further introduction and spread of the pathogen into the EU. N. dimidiatum satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as potential Union quarantine pest.
Pomegranate is an economically important horticultural crop tree in tropical and subtropical countries. In 2016 and 2017, a survey of pomegranate fungal trunk pathogens was conducted in 20 orchards in Kerman and Fars provinces in Iran. Branch samples were collected from affected trees exhibiting yellowing, canker, sparse foliage, dieback, and decline. Fungal isolations were made from the margin between healthy and necrotic wood tissues on potato dextrose agar (PDA). All fungal isolates were identified based on morphological and cultural characteristics. Morphological identifications of the representative isolates were confirmed by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) nrDNA, partial β-tubulin gene (tub2), actin (act) and a partial sequence of the translation elongation factor 1α (tef-1α ). In total, 285 fungal isolates were obtained from infected tissues, and the species Phaeoacremonium (P.) parasiticum, P. alvesii, P. rubrigenum, P. italicum, P. fraxinopennsylvanicum, P. inflatipes, Neoscytalidium (N.) dimidiatum, Lasiodiplodia (L.) theobromae, Diatrype (D.) whitmanensis, Kalmusia variispora, Neomicrosphaeropsis italica and Stilbocrea walteri were identified. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on pomegranate shoots, and the length, width and depth of the wood lesions caused by inoculated isolates were assessed 40 days after inoculation. The lesions caused by L. theobromae were significantly longer (F = 4.29, P < 0.0012) than those caused by other species while, N. dimidiatum caused wider (F = 6.27, P < 0.0001) and deeper (F = 5.18, P < 0.0003) wood lesions compared to other tested species. This study represents the first record of P. alvesii, P. rubrigenum, P. fraxinopennsylvanicum, P. inflatipes, D. whitmanensis, K. variispora, N. italica and S. walteri on pomegranate trees worldwide and the first report of N. italica in Iran.
Ficus benghalensis L (banyan tree) has been planted as ornamental tree in parks, landscapes as well as along roads and streets in many southern cities of Iran. During field surveys conducted in Kish Island (Hormozgān province) an unusual decline was noticed on F. benghalensis. Affected trees exhibited bark necrosis, peeled off bark and cankers on branches and aerial roots, yellowing and defoliation, branch dieback and eventually death. A black sooty mass of fungal spores under the bark as well as wood discoloration in cross sections were also observed on infected parts of trees and pruning wood debris. Samples were collected from all affected parts of trees showing disease symptoms, pruning wood debris as well as rove arthropods in close proximity to the trees for the presence of fungal inoculum. In this study 239 Botryosphaeriaceae-like isolates were obtained from discoloured wood tissues, pruning wood debris and from the bodies of collected arthropods. Based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data of ITS and tef-1α gene regions, isolates were identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum. Pathogenicity of both species was performed on the branches of banyan trees and L. theobromae was more virulent, based on the length of necrotic lesions in the wood, than those of N. dimidiatum. This study is the first report of N. dimidiatum associated with sooty canker and dieback of F. benghalensis worldwide. Our study showed for the first time that L. theobromae and N. dimidiatum can also be associated with some arthropods. Our outcomes can improve the management strategies of trunk diseases caused by Botryosphaeriaceae species on ornamental trees in landscapes.
