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-A phylogenetic tree obtained through Bayesian analyis using partial gene sequence of the coding regions of the beta-tubulin1 gene. Bpp values are given above the nodes while MP (1000 replicates) and ML (500 replicates) bootstrap values are indicated below the nodes with MP followed by ML. Letters after the names indicate the telial host family as in Table 1. Species with unicellular teliospores are given in bold.
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The two rust genera with the largest number of species are Puccinia Pers. ex Pers. and Uromyces (Link) Unger in the family Pucciniaceae (Uredinales). The hosts of these pathogens include representatives from almost all major angiosperm orders. Despite their ecological and economic importance, the status of Puccinia and Uromyces as distinct genera h...
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Context 1
... most previous phylogenetic studies within the Pucciniaceae, we did not target rust species occurring on a specific host lineage but instead incorporated species from a range of hosts (all host plants are given in Table 1). For the rust species used in developing the EF-1a phylogeny 22 plant families were represented (Fig 1), and 14 host plant families were represented for the b-tub1 phylogeny (Fig 2). We implemented maximum likelihood analysis to test whether there was a statistical difference in the likelihood of b-tub1 trees constrained to have all Uromyces species (i.e. the species with non-septate teliospores) as a monophyletic group and the likelihood of trees with no such constraint. ...
Context 2
... the smaller b-tub1 gene phylogeny (Fig 2), 28 species of the Pucciniaceae and one of Pucciniosiraceae (Dietelia portoricensis) were found within the main clade, with Melampsora lini and Phakopsora apoda as outgroups. Most species included here were separated into two groups well supported by the MP analysis (73 % for clade A and 100 % bootstrap support for clade B). ...
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... For plant commensals, the genus Starmerella [52] and Candida magnoliae were uncovered [53]. For plant pathogens, the genus Puccinia [54], Heterobasidion irregulare [55], and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were identified [56]. For wood-decaying fungi, the genus Coprinopsis [57] and Phlebia tremellosa were identified [58]. ...
A vitamin D receptor (VDR) deficiency leads to the dysbiosis of intestinal bacteria and is associated with various diseases, including cancer, infections, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, the impact of a VDR deficiency on fungi and archaea is unknown. We conditionally deleted the VDR in Paneth cells (VDRΔPC), intestinal epithelial cells (VDRΔIEC), or myeloid cells (VDRΔLyz) in mice and collected feces for shotgun metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. We found that fungi were significantly altered in each knockout (KO) group compared to the VDRLoxp control. The VDRΔLyz mice had the most altered fungi species (three depleted and seven enriched), followed by the VDRΔPC mice (six depleted and two enriched), and the VDRΔIEC mice (one depleted and one enriched). The methanogen Methanofollis liminatans was enriched in the VDRΔPC and VDRΔLyz mice and two further archaeal species (Thermococcus piezophilus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius) were enriched in the VDRΔLyz mice compared to the Loxp group. Significant correlations existed among altered fungi, archaea, bacteria, and viruses in the KO mice. Functional metagenomics showed changes in several biologic functions, including decreased sulfate reduction and increased biosynthesis of cobalamin (vitamin B12) in VDRΔLyz mice relative to VDRLoxp mice. Fecal metabolites were analyzed to examine the involvement of sulfate reduction and other pathways. In conclusion, a VDR deficiency caused the formation of altered fungi and archaea in a tissue- and sex-dependent manner. These results provide a foundation about the impact of a host factor (e.g., VDR deficiency) on fungi and archaea. It opens the door for further studies to determine how mycobiome and cross-kingdom interactions in the microbiome community and metabolites contribute to the risk of certain diseases.
... From India, 640 species of rust fungi have been recorded belonging to 69 genera and 16 families (Gautam et al. 2021 Initially, rust fungi were classified into families based on characteristics of basidia and teliospores (Cunningham 1931). Later, teliospores were the most important spore state to distinguish genera and families in the classical taxonomy of Pucciniales (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003, Maier et al. 2003, Aime 2006, van der Merwe et al. 2007, Beenken & Wood 2015. Arthur (1906) established the genus Nyssopsora with N. Echinata (Lév.) ...
A new species of rust fungi Nyssopsora toonae discovered on living leaves of Toona sinensis (≡ Cedrela sinensis) from Uttarakhand, India, is described and illustrated. N. cedrelae is also reported on the same host plant, but differs from N. toonae which has a wide range of cells (1-4) and diverse teliospores shapes. Such features are not reported in any other species of the Nyssopsora. In a phylogenetic analyses based on partial 28S large subunit (LSU), 18S smaller subunit (SSU), cytochrome c-oxidase subunit 3 (CO3) and complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data, all the Nyssopsora spp. along with N. toonae clustered together and form a separate and independent monophyletic lineage sister to Pucciniaceae in Pucciniales. The new family Nyssopsoraceae is introduced to accommodate this lineage based on the phylogenetic evidence and morphological differences from other known families. Nyssopsoraceae is characterised by its teliospores borne singly on a pedicel, with simple or branched projections all over the surface, composed of 1-4 cells (mostly 3-celled), and diverse shape. The teliospores spherical to subspherical (1-celled), dumbbell (2-celled), linearly arranged to triquetrous (3-celled), or T-shaped to tetrahedron (4-celled). A comparison of the morphological features, host plants and geographical distribution of all validly accepted species of Nyssopsora is provided.
... In another study, 56 Puccinia species and 14 Uromyces species were associated with the invasion of the Poaceae family, which includes grass and non-grass hosts (Afshan 2008). Considering the complications of morphology-based rust taxonomy, the use of molecular sequence data in conjunction with morphology has become a powerful tool for the study of these fungi at the species level (Aime et al. 2006, Beirn et al. 2011, Maier et al. 2007, Van der Merwe et al. 2007). In addition, there are many different races of rust fungi and the disease severity of these races on different turfgrass varieties varies. ...
In recent years, with the increase in parks, gardens, recreation areas, picnic areas and refuges with urbanization, the interest in turfgrass areas that beautify the aesthetic appearance of these areas has also increased. In these areas, rust diseases are also becoming increasingly common and causing problems. Rust diseases are an important pathogen group that needs to be monitored due to their ability to create new races and their airborne transmission. In this study, surveys were conducted in turfgrass areas in 8 provinces of Türkiye and 110 turfgrass leaf samples showing rust symptoms were collected. As a result of DNA isolation and qPCR analysis from pustules on the leaf surface, 37 P. coronata, 32 Puccinia graminis, 18 P. striiformis and 23 Puccinia spp. have been detected. It was determined that the most common rust species that causes disease in turfgrass areas in Türkiye is Puccinia coronata. This species was followed by P. graminis and P. striiformis, respectively. While P. striiformis was mostly isolated from Kayseri and Istanbul Province, P. coronata and P. graminis were mostly isolated from İstanbul.
... Uromyces differ from Puccinia based on morphology having 1-celled teliospores (Gautam et al., 2022). However, this characteristic is not sufficient for recognizing a monophyletic genus in Pucciniaceae ( Van der Merwe et al., 2007). ...
... Globally, the rust fungi are categorized into 166 genera and 14 families (Kirk et al., 2008;Sperschneider, et al., 2014). The majority of rust species occur in the Puccinia and Uromyces genera (Maier et al., 2007;Van der Merwe et al., 2007). ...
This study was conducted to document the diversity of pathogenic fungi causing diseases based on the external symptoms and microscopic observation. The study focused on herbaceous plants of Kanglung growing inside the college campus and adjacent areas as movement was restricted due to Covid-19 protocol. Among 19 different fungal diseases reported, the major plant diseases were rust, powdery mildew and leaf spot. With the potential to affect a wide range of hosts, diseases such as rust and powdery mildew have caused significant loss to the agriculture yield. The rust diseases caused by Uromyces appendiculatus and Uromyces bidenticola have an autoecious life cycle as these pathogens completed their life cycle on a single host plant. The heteroecious life cycle requiring two hosts to complete their life cycle was observed in the pathogens of Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Puccinia sorghi and Puccinia oxalidis. The causal organism of the common corn disease, Puccina sorghi is found on the alternate host which is the Oxalis latifolia. A total of 7 pathogens causing powdery mildew were observed. It was also observed that Podosphaera xanthii caused powdery mildew on Bidens pilosa. Similarly, Erysiphe betae also caused powdery mildew to fabaceae family.
... Forward and reverse sequences were merged and edited using Geneious 5.6 (Biomatters, Auckland, New Zealand). Reference sequences were obtained from the studies of Voglmayr (2003), Voglmayr et al. (2014), Voglmayr and Korytnianska (2015), and Thines et al. (2019). A complete list of all specimens and their NCBI sequence accession numbers is given in Table 1. ...
... Even though it can be assumed that the pattern can be generalised for downy mildews and other pathogen groups as well, investigations on additional lineages are needed to test the hypothesis further. Within the obligate biotrophic oomycetes, the genera Bremia Choi and Thines, 2015), Hyaloperonospora and Pustula (Ploch et al., 2011) could be informative for this, while in the smut fungi the genus Urocystis (Savchenko et al., 2020) might be a good target, and in rust fungi the genus Uromyces (van der Merwe et al., 2007) could be suited for investigation. This is because each of these genera are species-rich, with a potentially observable internal phylogenetic structure, but with several host jumps to unrelated hosts. ...
Biotrophic plant parasites cause economically important diseases, e.g. downy mildew of grape, powdery mildew of legumes, wheat stripe rust, and wheat bunt. But also in natural ecosystems, these organisms are abundant and diverse, and for many hosts more than one specialised biotrophic pathogen is known. However, only a fraction of their diversity is thought to have been described. There is accumulating evidence for the importance of host jumping for the diversification of obligate biotrophic pathogens but tracing this process along the phylogeny of the pathogens is often complicated by a lack of resolution of phylogenetic trees, low taxon and specimen sampling, or either too few or too many host jumps in the pathogen group in question. Here, a clade of Peronospora species mostly infecting members of the Ranunculales was investigated using multigene analyses and ancestral state reconstructions. These analyses show that this clade started out in Papaveraceae, with subsequent host jumps to Berberidaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Ranunculaceae. In Ranunculaceae, radiation to a variety of hosts took place, and a new host jump occurred to Caryophyllaceae. This highlights that host jumping and subsequent radiation is a key evolutionary process driving the diversification of Peronospora. It seems likely that the observed pattern can be generalised to other obligate parasite groups, as diverse hosts in unrelated families have also been reported for other pathogen groups, including powdery mildews, rust fungi, and smut fungi.
... Species with different aecial morphologies belonged to distant lineages in Puccinia, and the aecial characters appear be promising in resolving the taxonomic discordance of Puccinia and Uromyces at generic and species level. Nevertheless, Puccinia and Uromyces have been shown to be polyphyletic and currently include species scattered in different lineages with multiple origins (Arthur 1934;Wilson and Henderson 1966;Savile 1976;van der Merwe et al. 2007). Further comprehensive taxonomic studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of aecial morphology for species recognition, especially in Puccinia and Uromyces. ...
Rust fungi taxonomically belonging to Pucciniales (Basidiomycota) are important phytopathogens that cause many significant diseases to agricultural crops and forest trees. Hitherto, ca. 8000 and 1200 species have been reported from worldwide and China, respectively. To investigate and document the diversity of rust fungi in China, we have sampled from 86 natural reserves and national parks in the past several years, and 6627 specimens have been collected. Our identification using both morphological and molecular data assigned 1654 collections to 337 species in 43 genera of 15 families, as cataloged in this paper. Among them, 34 new species are formally described based on their morphological distinctions and phylogenetic relationships. In addition, three new families Endoraeciaceae, Neophysopellaceae and Uromycladiaceae are proposed based on their morphological distinctions, phylogenetic independences and divergent times. Considering the traditionally morphologically defined families in Pucciniales have been increasing revealed to be discordant with phylogenetic groupings, taxonomic revisions are needed in future study to establish a natural classification system in Pucciniales. We also discussed the importance of morphologies in spermogonia and aecia for the delimitation of Puccinia and related genera. This study presents a significant contribution to the knowledge of rust flora in China. Taxonomic novelties: new families: Endoraeciaceae P. Zhao & L. Cai; Neophysopellaceae P. Zhao & L. Cai; Uromycladiaceae P. Zhao & L. Cai; new species: Chrysomyxa jinghongensis P. Zhao & L. Cai; Coleosporium sichuanense P. Zhao & L. Cai; Coleosporium smilacis P. Zhao & L. Cai; Cystopsora yunnanense P. Zhao & L. Cai; Gerwasia guanganensis P. Zhao & L. Cai; Gerwasia rubus-playfairianus P. Zhao & L. Cai; Hamaspora rubus-pirifolius P. Zhao & L. Cai; Macruropyxis guizhouensis P. Zhao & L. Cai; Macruropyxis paederiae P. Zhao & L. Cai; Melampsora hyperici-sampsonii P. Zhao & L. Cai; Melampsora linearis P. Zhao & L. Cai; Melampsora salicis-delavayanae P. Zhao & L. Cai; Neophysopella vitis-davidii P. Zhao & L. Cai; Phakopsora sophorae P. Zhao & L. Cai; Phragmidium nonapiculatum P. Zhao & L. Cai; Phragmidium kanas P. Zhao & L. Cai; Phragmidium duchesneae-indicae P. Zhao & L. Cai; Pileolaria medogensis P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia amygdalus-iridis P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia aphananthe-aspera P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia microsorus P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia nandina-domestica P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia persicaria-odorata P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia polygonum-aviculare P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia pulverulentus P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia saposhnikoviae P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia sonchus-oleraceus P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia thalictrum-finetii P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia thalictrum-minus P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia xingwenensis P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia xinjiangensis P. Zhao & L. Cai; Puccinia zanthoxyli-chinensis P. Zhao & L. Cai; Uromyces aconiticola P. Zhao & L. Cai; Uromycladium yunnanense P. Zhao & L. Cai; new combinations: Chrysomyxa purpurea (C.J. You & J. Cao) P. Zhao & L. Cai; Neophysopella verannonae (Beenken) P. Zhao & L. Cai.
... 3000 species), including species of the nested polyphyletic genera Aecidium Pers. p.p. and Uromyces (Link) Unger (Aime, 2006;Maier et al., 2007Maier et al., , 2003van der Merwe et al., 2007). These rusts alternate between Cyperaceae-Juncaceae and at least 15 families of dicotyledons, such as Asteraceae, Grossulariceae or Urticaceae, but each rust species normally Accepted Article infects a single or a few closely-related plant species for both their telial and aecial hosts (Arthur, 1934;Savile, 1972). ...
... are scattered throughout the rust phylogeny, as in previous analyses (van der Merwe et al., 2007(van der Merwe et al., , 2008. It therefore seems probable that characters used to delimit Savile's "dioicae-hieracii lineage", such as bizonate aeciospores, flattened urediniospores with two super-equatorial pores, and telia without paraphyses, are This article is protected by copyright. ...
Plants play important roles as habitat and food for a tremendous diversity of specialist animals and fungi. The disappearance of any plant species can lead to extinction cascades of its associated biota. In consequence, documenting the diversity and specificity of plant‐associated organisms is of high practical relevance in biodiversity conservation. Here we present the first large‐scale molecular investigation into the diversity, host‐specificity, and cophylogenetic congruence of an especially rich plant‐fungal association, the rust fungi (Pucciniaceae) of Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. Using the largest rust fungi DNA barcoding dataset published to date (252 sequences, 82 taxa), we reject the presence of a global ITS2‐28S barcode gap, but find a local gap in Cyperaceae‐Juncaceae rusts, and suggest the existence of many cryptic species in North America, with some broadly‐circumscribed species possibly corresponding to >10 cryptic species. We test previous hypotheses of correlations between the phylogenies of rust fungi and their Cyperaceae‐Juncaceae hosts using a combination of global‐fit and event‐based cophylogenetic methods. Significant cophylogenetic signal is detected between rusts and their hosts, but the small number of cospeciations argues for preferential host jumps as the driving process behind these correlations. In addition, temporal congruence between the origin of major Carex clades and their rusts suggests that host diversification may have promoted parasite diversification. Finally, we discuss the relevance of rust infection patterns to the systematics of Cyperaceae, highlight some taxonomic problems uncovered by the analyses, and call attention to the promise of DNA barcoding for bridging knowledge gaps in poorly studied plant‐associated microorganisms.
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... Puccinia striiformis, an obligate biotrophic fungus (Voegele et al., 2009), belongs to the family Pucciniaceae within the order Pucciniales (Hibbett et al., 2007). It is highly diverse with respect to host preference and number of spore stages within the life cycle (Vander et al., 2007;Liu et al., 2010). Its life cycle, which had remained a mystery for more than a hundred years, requires two taxonomically unrelated hosts, graminaceous host for asexual reproduction and barberry for sexual reproduction (Jin et al., 2010;Berlin et al., 2017) and includes five types of different spores (Schwessinger, 2017). ...
... Consequently, many asexual morphs were unplaceable within a sexual morph-based classification system. Recent changes to the nomenclatural code now allow the placement of taxa within natural genera, regardless of morph (McNeill et al. 2012, Turland et al. 2018. Although most asexual genera have been reduced to synonymy (Aime et al. 2018b), some, such as Uredo and Aecidium contain species that occur in over 50 sexual genera, and it will be nontrivial to assign these to natural genera. ...
... The asexual genera -At least 34 generic names for asexual rust morphs have been introduced. Of these, ca. 13 were in wide use (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003) prior to changes in the nomenclatural code that now eliminate the use of dual nomenclature (McNeill et al. 2012, Turland et al. 2018). Most of these genera are recognized as later synonyms for sexualmorph genera (e.g., Canasta = Prospodium, Endocronartium = Cronartium, Pelastoma = Blastospora) or in cases where the asexual name has priority, the sexual name has been conserved (e.g., Gymnosporangium over Roestelia; Melampsorella over Peridermium) (Aime et al. 2018b). ...
The rust fungi ( Pucciniales ) with 7000+ species comprise one of the largest orders of Fungi , and one for which taxonomy at all ranks remains problematic. Here we provide a taxonomic framework, based on 16 years of sampling that includes ca . 80 % of accepted genera including type species wherever possible, and three DNA loci used to resolve the deeper nodes of the rust fungus tree of life. Pucciniales are comprised of seven suborders – Araucariomycetineae subord. nov. , Melampsorineae , Mikronegeriineae , Raveneliineae subord. nov. , Rogerpetersoniineae subord. nov. , Skierkineae subord. nov. , and Uredinineae – and 18 families – Araucariomycetaceae fam. nov. , Coleosporiaceae , Crossopsoraceae fam. nov. , Gymnosporangiaceae , Melampsoraceae , Milesinaceae fam. nov. , Ochropsoraceae fam. & stat. nov. , Phakopsoraceae , Phragmidiaceae , Pileolariaceae , Pucciniaceae , Pucciniastraceae , Raveneliaceae , Rogerpetersoniaceae fam. nov. , Skierkaceae fam. & stat. nov. , Sphaerophragmiaceae , Tranzscheliaceae fam. & stat. nov. , and Zaghouaniaceae . The new genera Araucariomyces (for Aecidium fragiforme and Ae. balansae ), Neoolivea (for Olivea tectonae ), Rogerpetersonia (for Caeoma torreyae ), and Rossmanomyces (for Chrysomyxa monesis , Ch. pryrolae , and Ch. ramischiae ) are proposed. Twenty-one new combinations and one new name are introduced for: Angiopsora apoda , Angiopsora chusqueae , Angiopsora paspalicola , Araucariomyces balansae , Araucariomyces fragiformis , Cephalotelium evansii , Cephalotelium neocaledoniense , Cephalotelium xanthophloeae , Ceropsora weirii , Gymnotelium speciosum , Lipocystis acaciae-pennatulae , Neoolivea tectonae , Neophysopella kraunhiae , Phakopsora pipturi , Rogerpetersonia torreyae , Rossmanomyces monesis , Rossmanomyces pryrolae , Rossmanomyces ramischiae , Thekopsora americana , Thekopsora potentillae , Thekopsora pseudoagrimoniae , and Zaghouania notelaeae . Higher ranks are newly defined with consideration of morphology, host range and life cycle. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary and diversification trends within Pucciniales .
