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A panoramic radiograph showing asymmetric superior-inferior position and appearance of mental foramina, and accessory foramen on the left side.
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Accurate information regarding the vertical location and appearance of the mental foramen, and the presence of accessory foramina, can have clinical significance, such as reducing complications that may occur during many oral surgical procedures involving the mental area. Geographic variations were reported in these variables. The aim was to evalua...
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... included 518 panoramic radiographs were analyzed on both sides, and were 257 for males and 261 for females with a 1:1.02 female-to-male ratio. The mean age of the cases presenting the analyzed panoramic radiographs was 46.5 years, the minimum age was 18 years, and the maximum age was 79 y with a standard deviation of 13.8 years. Tables I and II detail Vertical (superior-inferior) position. The most common (80.5 %) vertical position for the mental fo- ramen in this Iraqi sample was located below the level of the apices of mandibular premolars ( Fig. 1), and was not different between right and left sides (Table I), and among males and females (Table II). Age advancement was noticed to position the mental foramen in more infe- rior locations (Fig. ...
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... 414 cases (79.9 %), the mental foramina superioinferiorly were symmetrically located ( Fig. 3) and the remainder 104 cases (20.1 %) were asymmetrical ( Fig. 1). This superioinferior positional symmetry was found to be more prevalent in males (83.7 %) than females (76.3 %), and the difference was found statistically significant (P= 0.035) (Table III). When sexes were pooled, this type of symmetry was found to be apparently more frequent in the older age group (>40 years; 90.6 %) than the younger one (11-40 years; 64.5 %), and this difference was statistically significant (P= 0.000) (Table ...
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... 434 cases (83.8 %), the mental foramen in both sides appeared symmetrical (Fig. 3) and the remainder 84 cases (16.2 %) were asymmetrical (Fig. 1). The frequency of symmetrical appearance of mental foramen was found to be slightly different between sexes in favor of females (males, 83.3 %; females, 84.3 %), and this difference was no significant (P= 0.752) (Table III). When sexes were pooled, this type of symmetry was found to be more prevalent in the younger age group (11-40 years; 88.2 %) than the older one (>40 years; 80.8 %), and this difference was statistically significant (P= 0.025) (Table ...
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... presence of the accessory mental foramen. Out of 518 cases, the accessory mental foramen (Fig. 1: left side) was recorded in 7.3 % (n= 38) (Table IV); 6.8 % (n= 35) in one side and 0.6% (n= 3) in both sides. The later figure (number of cases with bilateral presence of accessory foramina) is to be doubled when considering right and left sides of all cases (i.e. 41 accessory foramina (4 %) out of 1036 sides) as shown in Tables I and II. The presence of the accessory men- tal foramen was slightly different between males and females, right and left sides, and young and old age groups; in favor of males (Table II), of the young age group, and of the right side, respectively (Table I). However, sex and age differences in the presence of the accessory mental foramen were not statistically significant (Table IV). ...
Citations
... Existe una variabilidad del agujero mentoniano según su número y forma; estudios han demostrado la incidencia de ellos al asociarlo a factores como la etnia, el sexo, la edad, entre otros. La identificación preoperatoria de las variaciones y la ubicación del foramen es fundamental antes cualquier procedimiento, además sirve para un fin clínico y diagnóstico (8) . ...
Objectives: To determine the position of the mental foramen evaluated in panoramic radiographs in a radiological center, Lima 2022. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective investigation was carried out; which consisted of a sample of 276 digital panoramic radiographs. The position of the mental foramen was evaluated using the observation technique, using the All Jasser classification for the horizontal dimension, as well as the Parmani classification for the vertical dimension; In addition, the analysis was carried out by descriptive statistics to measure the frequencies and percentage. Results: It was observed that the most prevalent mental foramen position was between the lower premolars in the horizontal dimension with 49.3% on the right side and 52.9% on the left side and in the vertical dimension the position of the mental foramen more The prevalence was between the apex of the first and second premolars with 49.3% on the right side and 52.9% on the left side. Conclusions: The most prevalent position of the mental foramen was between the lower first and second premolars.
... Fuentes et al. (2014) analysed the visibility of the MF in a Chilean population sample in conventional panoramic radiographs and reported a rate of 87.9 %, observing that detection of the MF is less frequent with advancing age and that it is more prevalent in men. The variations in this foramen have been studied in different populations in dry mandibles (Zografos & Mutzuri, 1989;Roopa et al., 2003), radiographic imaging techniques like CBCT (Naitoh et al., 2009a,b) and panoramic radiographs (Naitoh et al., 2011;Al-Shayyab et al., 2016;Srinivas et al., 2017); the reported prevalence varies between 3 % and 7 %. ...
... The frequency of double MF has been studied in dry mandibles and in CBCT, with reported frequencies of around 7 % in Greek and Indian populations (Zografos & Mutzuri; Roopa et al.), and 3 % to 13 % in Asiatic populations (Katakami et al., 2008;Naitoh et al., 2009a,b;Olivera-Santos et al., 2011;Imada et al., 2014;Srinivas et al.). In our study of digital panoramic radiographs in a sample of Chilean patients, we report a prevalence of 2.58 %; this is lower than that described in the literature (around 5 %) (Naitoh et al., 2011;Al-Shayyab et al.;Srinivas et al.). The percentage difference in the prevalence may be due to the sample size (much larger in our case) and to ethnic origin (most studies of prevalence have been carried out in Asian populations). ...
The morphological variations of the mental foramen (MF) and mandibular foramen (MBF) have been studied for several years, and the prevalence and morphometric characteristics of double and triple foramina have been reported. The objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of variations in the MF and MBF, and to carry out a morphometric analysis of a Chilean population using digital panoramic radiographs. The study included 927 radiographs; the observed prevalence of double MF was 2.58 %, while the prevalence of double MBF was 1.51 %. No cases of triple foramina were found. In men, double MF was found more frequently in the left hemiarch (64.28 % of cases), while in women it was more frequent in the right hemiarch (80 %). Double MBF was found more frequently in the right hemiarch in women (80 % of cases), while the distribution between left and right in men was even. The mean area, width and height of the double MF were 5.46 mm2, 2.77 mm and 2.57 mm respectively. The means of the same morphometric measurements in double MBF were 6.37 mm2, 2.27 mm and 3.19 mm respectively. In both foramina, statistically significant differences were only found between the height of the foramen and the age of the subjects, with the observation that the greater the subject's age, the smaller the height. Dental surgeons must take these anatomical variants into consideration in clinical and surgical actions; timely diagnosis by radiograph is important to avoid possible complications.
... [8] In dental practice, the importance of MF refers to the use of this structure as a reference point in the implementation of local anesthesia, in the insertion of dental implants and in the implementation of prosthetic, endodontic, and other dental procedures in that region. [3,[9][10][11][12][13] Anatomical variations of MF can occur in a certain number of cases in the form of differences in shape, size, position, and number of openings. In some cases, there are one or more additional openings, which are called accessory mental foramen (AMF). ...
Introduction: Accessory mental foramen (AMF) is defined as any additional opening on the anterior surface of the mandible body that is connected to the mandibular canal. The presence of AMF is an important anatomical parameter when planning the therapy to avoid neurovascular bundle injury and other complications. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides an accurate, three-dimensional determining of the position, its dimensions and the relation of AMF to the mental foramen (MF), as well as the distinction from nutritive openings. Material and Methods: The research was carried out at the Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, as a retrospective study where 148 CBCT images were analyzed. The analysis of the position of AMF, the relation to and the distance from the MF were made on cross-sectional and axial images. Only those openings that have had a clear connection with the mandibular canal were counted as AMF. Results: AMF was present in 12 (8.11%) patients. In most cases, AMF was positioned superior to MF, in 27% of patients. There was no significant statistical difference between sex and the jaw side. The average distance of AMF from MF was 4.52 ± 2.21 mm. In most cases, AMF is round shaped (60%). The average value of the surface area is 1.62 ± 1.14 mm². Discussion and Conclusion: Timely detection of AMF using CBCT contributes to the diagnosis and planning of appropriate dentures, surgical technique, preventing possible damage to adjacent anatomical structures, or some other therapy. © 2020 Journal of the Anatomical Society of India. All rights reserved.
... The panoramic image and intraoral images of premolars in each side of mandible for each patient were assessed for the existence of ECF in males and females, whereas ECF found on face (right or left division of lower jaw) were documented [12] and also of age coterie young and old. [13] According for position, ECFs were divided in two classes in agreement with Naitoh et al. [14] in front or behind the chin foramen [ Figure 1]. ...
Aims and Objectives: The extra chin foramen (ECF) is a scarce structure in the anatomy of human lower jaw. When it is present,
the dental surgeon should take care during anesthesia and surgical procedures for anterior teeth. To investigate the existence of the
ECF and the direction in relation to chin foramen in chosen Ramadi City community persons, Al-Anbar Governorate, Iraq, digital
panoramic and conventional intraoral (bisecting line angle technique) X-ray was used. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients
(200 sides of mandible), 54 males and 46 females were selected. Each one was subjected to digital panoramic and conventional
intraoral technique. The obtained images were evaluated for the existence of ECF in both male and female patients on each direction
of lower jaw (left and right). Age relation to ECF existence was reported. Position of ECF to chin foramen (anterior or posterior) was
calculated. The collected data were treated by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 22. Results: ECFs
were seen within 3.5% of the chosen population. Nonsignificant variations were observed between the existence of ECFs regarding
gender, side of mandible, age coterie, and position of ECF to chin foramen (P > 0.05). Conclusion: A total of 7 (3.5%) ECFs were
detected from 200 sides of mandible. ECFs were observed more in males (5 ECFs, 2.5%), at left side of mandible (4 ECFs, 2%), young
patients (4 ECFs, 2%), and anterior to chin foramen (5 ECFs, 2.5%), so they were subjected to complications of damage to nerves and
vessels during interventional dental surgery and anesthesia.
Keywords: Chin Foramen, Digital Panoramic, Extra Chin Foramen, Ramadi City
... The panoramic image and intraoral images of premolars in each side of mandible for each patient were assessed for the existence of ECF in males and females, whereas ECF found on face (right or left division of lower jaw) were documented [12] and also of age coterie young and old. [13] According for position, ECFs were divided in two classes in agreement with Naitoh et al. [14] in front or behind the chin foramen [ Figure 1]. ...
... The location of the MF has been widely studied using various methods. In our study with digital panoramic radiograph, we found that its most frequent position is between the first and second premolar ( The analysis of the supero-inferior position of the MF in our study agrees with other reports (Al-Khateeb et al.;Al-Shayyab et al., 2016;Chkoura & El Wady;Von Arx et al.), which frequently locate it below the level of the dental apices of the adjacent teeth (94.34 % on the right side and 95.68 % on the left). It has been reported that this location may vary with age (Mohamed et al.) and sex (Al-Talabani et al.; Gungor et al.; Mohamed et al.). ...
The purpose of the current research was to describe the location of mental foramen (MF) through digital panoramic radiographs in a Chilean population sample. A cross sectional study was carried out in which 500 radiographs taken at a university clinic in Temuco, Chile, were analyzed. Exclusion criteria were applied and the radiographs were analyzed by two previously calibrated examiners. The antero-posterior and supero-inferior positions of the MF were established in relation to longitudinal axes of premolars and the height of their apices, respectively. The distances from the center of the MF to the inferior margin of the mandible, the midline and the height of the dental apices were measured. In total, 163 radiographs were analyzed (93 female, 70 male). On both left and right sides, the MF was most commonly found between the longitudinal axes of premolars (58.49 % and 65.43 %) and below of the apices (94.34 % and 95.68 %), with no significant differences for sex and age. On the right side the mean distance to the inferior margin of the mandible (D1) was 11.87±1.46 mm; to the midline (D2) it was 24.46±2.99 mm and to the height of the apices (D3) it was 5.03±8.44 mm. On the left side the same distances were 11.98±1.62 mm, 25.85±2.87 mm and 4.09±2.21 mm respectively. In conclusions, the distances measured from the MF to anatomical landmarks are smaller in women, however significant differences were only found for D1 (right and left sides) and D3 (left side). D2 was the only distance found to diminish with age (left side).
... This contradicts the findings of Muinelo-Lorenzo et al., who reported that the most frequently found shape was oval (73.1 %); and of Guedes et al., who reported that it was irregular (62.7 %). Al-Shayyab et al. (2016), Gupta et al. and Verma et al., describe that the most frequent appearance in X-ray is as a continuation of the mandibular canal (MC), followed by appearance separately from the MC. ...
The mental foramen (MF), located in the body of mandible in the region below the inferior premolars, is the anatomical structure through which the mental neurovascular bundle emerges. The MF can be seen clearly in panoramic X-rays. The object of the present study was to carry out a literature review in order to identify the frequency and position of the MF in panoramic X-rays. We looked for articles in the SCiELO, Pubmed, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science and EBSCOhost databases, for the years 2006 to 2016. The key words used were "mental foramen", "mandibular canal", "inferior alveolar nerve", "anatomy" and "panoramic X-ray". Once the articles had been selected, an analysis was made of their methodological quality; poor-quality articles were excluded. In each article the frequency and position of the MF in each hemi-mandible was analyzed. We found 82 articles, of which 20 were retained after application of the exclusion criteria. The MF was found in 4,824 hemi-mandibles (95.2 %), with greater presence on the left side (50.29 %) than the right (49.71 %). The MF is most commonly located between the apices of the inferior premolars (42.22 %), coincident with the root of the second inferior premolar (33.98 %) or distal of the root of the second inferior premolar (10.98 %). The MF is a very frequent anatomical structure. Knowledge of its location is fundamental for reducing the risk of accidents and unexpected events during clinical and surgical manoeuvres.
... In dental practice, the importance of this structure is mainly related to the positioning of dental implants and to other surgical procedures in this region, for example endodontic surgery. There are some reports on the anatomical variations of the MF such as the presence of accessory mental foramina (AMFs) [2,5,[7][8][9][10][11]. When AMF is present, the nerves and vessels that go through the mental foramen must follow alternative courses and special care must be taken during dental treatment planning. ...
Background
Accessory mental foramen (AMF) is a rare anatomical variation. When accessory mental foramen is present, the nerves and vessels that go through the mental foramen (MF) must follow alternative courses and special care must be taken during dental treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and the location of AMF in a selected Polish population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods
Two hundred CBCT (105 males and 95 females) examinations were evaluated for the presence of AMFs. The location and side of AMFs were reported. The mean distance between MF and AMF was also calculated. The vertical size of MF on the side with and without AMF was measured. The obtained variables were statistically analyzed. ResultsAMFs were observed in 7% of the patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the appearance of AMF and sex (p > 0.05). We found no significant difference in the vertical size of MF between individuals with and without AMFs (p < 0.05). Conclusion
Twenty-eight AMFs (7%) were observed from 400 sides of 200 patients. AMFs occurred more often in males (18 AMFs) than in females (10 AMFs). Twenty AMFs (71.4%) were located anteriorly, and eight (28.6%) - posteriorly. Fifteen AMFs (53.6%) were on the right side and thirteen (46.4%) - on the left.
ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan: Mental foramen dan mandibular canal merupakan struktur anatomi penting untuk melakukan tindakan perawatan gigi dan mulut seperti anestesi lokal, penempatan implan, fraktur mandibula, dan intervensi bedah di daerah mandible. Identifikasi tipe visibilitas mental foramen dapat membantu meminimalisir terjadinya resiko cedera saraf mentalis. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui tipe visibilitas mental foramen dengan mandibular canal pada radiograf panoramik berdasarkan usia dan perbedaan jenis kelamin. Metode: Jenis penelitian deskriptif observasional dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan pada rekam medis panoramik pasien RSGM Maranatha pada tahun 2019-2020 yang berusia 17-25 tahun, menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Tipe visibilitas mental foramen diamati berdasarkan hubungannya dengan mandibular canal pada kedua sisi mandible dari 216 radiograf panoramik. Tipe visibilitas mental foramen dan mandibular canal diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 tipe: 1. Continous type; 2. Separated type; 3. Diffuse type; 4. Unidentified type. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan metode distribusi frekuensi relatif dan tabulasi silang dengan perhitungan persentase baris. Hasil: Tipe visibilitas mental foramen dengan mandibular canal pada pasien usia 17-25 tahun adalah separated type dengan persentase tertinggi sebesar 44,4%. Pasien laki-laki dengan jumlah 87 responden menunjukkan tipe visibilitas mental foramen tertinggi yaitu continuous type (43,7%) dan pasien perempuan dengan jumlah 129 responden menunjukkan tipe visibilitas mental foramen tertinggi yaitu separated type (48,1%). Simpulan: Tipe visibilitas mental foramen dengan mandibular canal berdasarkan radiografi panoramic pada pasien dengan usia 17-25 tahun menunjukkan tipe visibilitas mental foramen yang paling sering ditemukan adalah separated type, dan terdapat perbedaan tipe visibilitas mental foramen dengan mandibular canal berdasarkan jenis kelamin pada pasien dengan usia 17-25 tahun.
Kata kunci: tipe visibilitas; mental foramen; mandibular canal; radiograf panoramik; usia; jenis kelamin
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Mental foramen and mandibular canal are a clinically critical anatomical landmarks for clinicians when performing dental care, such as local anesthetics, implant placement, mandibular fractures, and surgical intervention in the mandible area. Determining the visibility type of the mental foramen can help to preclude iatrogenic complications such as mental nerve injury that can lead to lower lips paresthesia. This study aimed to determine the visibility type of mental foramen towards the mandibular canal in male and female patients using panoramic radiographs. Methods: The research method used in this study was descriptive observational with a cross sectional research design. Panoramic radiographs were randomly selected using simple random sampling from the dental records of RSGM Maranatha patients between the ages of 17-25 in 2019-2020. Visibility Mental foramen type was observed based on its relationship with the mandibular canal on both sides of the mandible from 216 panoramic radiographs. Visibility of the mental foramen and mandibular canal classified into four types of visibility: 1. Continous type; 2. Separated type; 3. Diffuse type; 4. Unidentified type. Results: The result showed that “separated type” (44.4%) was the highest percentage of the visibility of Mental foramen towards the Mandibular canal in patients aged 17-25 years old. There is a difference in the visibility type of Mental foramen between male and female patients. Out of 87 male patient respondents, the highest visibility of Mental foramen is “continuous type” (43.7%); meanwhile, out of 129 female patient respondents, the highest visibility of Mental foramen is “separated type” (48.1%). Conclusion: “Separated type” is the most common discovery of visibility type of Mental foramen towards the Mandibular canal in patients between the ages of 17-25. The visibility type of Mental foramen may differ according to their sex.
Keywords: visibility type; mental foramen; mandibular canal; panoramic radiograph; age; sex
