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Abstract
Employing sunlight to produce electrical energy has been demonstrated to be one of the most promising solutions to the world’s energy crisis. The device to convert solar energy to electrical energy, a solar cell, must be reliable and cost-effective to compete with traditional resources. This paper reviews many basics of photovoltaic (PV) c...
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... solar cell is a p-n junction device. n-type refers to the negatively charged electrons donated by donor impurity atoms and p-type refers to the positively charged holes created by acceptor impurity atoms, referring to Figure 1 of a PV structure [15][16][17]. The working principle of solar cells is based on the photovoltaic effect. ...
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... it was found that the performance of solar modules is affected by the parasitic resistances 'R s ' and 'R sh '. For ideal PV performance, 'R sh ' must be as high as possible while 'R s ' must be as low as possible [94], referring to Figure 10. A previous study by [101] focused on modelling a multi-junction solar cell (MJSC) of InGaP/GaAs/Ge using MATLAB/Simulink to compare with standard Si solar cells. ...
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... meshing approaches produce ideal results [109,110]. Figure 11 shows the doping profile under the front surface of a simple 1D model of a silicon PV cell performed with the COMSOL-Semiconductor Module. The generation and S-R-H recombination rates can also be found throughout the depth of the cell (Figure 12). ...
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Earlier theoretical approaches have analyzed the performance of semiconductor materials for the influence of temperature and band gap which is implemented in solar photovoltaic systems. This paper investigates the detailed mathematical analysis of single junction semiconductor materials such as Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), mono-crystalline Silicon (m-S...
Citations
... The photo voltaic effect is the basic principle on which solar cell depends to produce electricity and in which conversion is based on three essential stages. The energy released from the sun is in the form of photons and when the solar cell is exposed to the sun it absorbs the incident photon to generate an electron-hole pair near the junction [3]. If the energy absorption from the photon is more than the energy gap between the valency and conduction band, then the electron is removed from the valency band leaving a hole in the conduction band thus an electron-hole pair is formed. ...
... In general, the solar radiation efficiency is nearly 22% which is very low and needs to improve to extract maximum solar power from the sun to produce electricity. This can be improved based on two factors, by material used for solar panels and secondly by using tracking of solar energy such that to increase the radiation efficiency [3]. Schematic representation of Proposed Scheme was illustrated in figure 6. ...
... P-N junction PV cell[3]. ...
Solar energy plays a vital role in power generation as a part of renewable energy source. Due to the intermittent nature of solar input and to increase the power output a dual-axis solar tracker is considered initially, and the power output is stored in the battery. The power extracted from the solar is enhanced with a dual tracker compared with other techniques. Moreover, the stored power in the battery is effected by cycles of charging and discharge. To aid and improve the performance of batteries a novel smart battery protection scheme is introduced. This scheme considers the battery parameters such as voltage, current, and temperature within the prescribed limit. Also, during fault conditions, this scheme provides safe operation of the battery which enhances the battery life.
... Solar energy is gaining popularity as an efficient alternative to conventional sources due to its environmental sustainability and diverse applications in both industrial and residential settings (Iysaouy et al., 2019a;Gopi et al., 2023). Solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies are widely recognized worldwide, ranging from smallscale autonomous systems to large photovoltaic energy farms (Rani et al., 2013;Pareek and Dahiya, 2015;Lahcen et al., 2018;Al-Ezzi and Ansari, 2022;Soomar et al., 2022). However, partial shading remains a significant challenge, leading to decreased efficiency, shortened lifespan, and reduced power output of PV systems (Balato et al., 2011;HIGUCHI and BABASAKI, 2018). ...
... Among these approaches, the PV array is one of the most suitable methods to minimize power losses. The extent of power losses due to partial shading depends on the shading patterns, the position of shaded modules within the array, and the overall configuration (Huynh et al., 2013;Rani et al., 2013;Lahcen et al., 2018;Marhraoui et al., 2018;Pachauri et al., 2018;Abdulmawjood et al., 2022;Al-Ezzi and Ansari, 2022;Boghdady et al., 2022;Chadge et al., 2022;Janandra Krishna Kishore et al., 2022;Kim et al., 2022;Rajani and Ramesh, 2022;Soomar et al., 2022;Zhang et al., 2022;Kishore D. K. et al., 2023;Kishore D. J. K. et al., 2023). Different array configurations, such as Series-Parallel (SP), Bridge Linked (BL), Honey Comb (HC), and Total Cross Tied (TCT), have been compared in the literature for their losses, shunt resistance effect, maximum power, diode derivation, and performance under various shading conditions (Huynh et al., 2013;Rani et al., 2013;Lahcen et al., 2018;Marhraoui et al., 2018;Pachauri et al., 2018;Abdulmawjood et al., 2022;Al-Ezzi and Ansari, 2022;Boghdady et al., 2022;Chadge et al., 2022;Janandra Krishna Kishore et al., 2022;Kim et al., 2022;Rajani and Ramesh, 2022;Soomar et al., 2022;Zhang et al., 2022;Kishore D. K. et al., 2023;Kishore D. J. K. et al., 2023). ...
... The extent of power losses due to partial shading depends on the shading patterns, the position of shaded modules within the array, and the overall configuration (Huynh et al., 2013;Rani et al., 2013;Lahcen et al., 2018;Marhraoui et al., 2018;Pachauri et al., 2018;Abdulmawjood et al., 2022;Al-Ezzi and Ansari, 2022;Boghdady et al., 2022;Chadge et al., 2022;Janandra Krishna Kishore et al., 2022;Kim et al., 2022;Rajani and Ramesh, 2022;Soomar et al., 2022;Zhang et al., 2022;Kishore D. K. et al., 2023;Kishore D. J. K. et al., 2023). Different array configurations, such as Series-Parallel (SP), Bridge Linked (BL), Honey Comb (HC), and Total Cross Tied (TCT), have been compared in the literature for their losses, shunt resistance effect, maximum power, diode derivation, and performance under various shading conditions (Huynh et al., 2013;Rani et al., 2013;Lahcen et al., 2018;Marhraoui et al., 2018;Pachauri et al., 2018;Abdulmawjood et al., 2022;Al-Ezzi and Ansari, 2022;Boghdady et al., 2022;Chadge et al., 2022;Janandra Krishna Kishore et al., 2022;Kim et al., 2022;Rajani and Ramesh, 2022;Soomar et al., 2022;Zhang et al., 2022;Kishore D. K. et al., 2023;Kishore D. J. K. et al., 2023). ...
Introduction: The utilization of solar energy in large-scale photovoltaic arrays has gained immense popularity on a global scale. However, shadows in the array lead to significant reductions in power output and create multiple power peaks in the P-V characteristics. To address this issue, the Total Cross Tie (TCT) interconnection pattern is commonly employed to minimize mismatch loss. Additionally, physical relocation methods have proven effective in dispersing shadows.
Method: In this context, the Magic Square View (MSV) offers a physical rearrangement of PV modules within a TCT scheme, effectively scattering shadows across the entire photovoltaic array.
Results: Simulation results confirm the MSV efficacy in enhancing the PV array’s output power under various Partial Shading Conditions (PSCs) patterns. Four PSCs patterns (Short and Wide, Long and Wide, Long and Narrow, and Short and Narrow) are considered and compared to the TCT and the recently validated Competence Square (CS) techniques. The MSV method is vital in improving the PV array’s power output, especially when confronted with Long and Wide shading patterns. The outcomes demonstrate that adopting the MSV configuration leads to a substantial increase of 33.78% and 29.83% in power output for LW and SW shading patterns, respectively, compared to the TCT setup. Even under LN and SN shading patterns, there is a notable power enhancement, achieving a remarkable 25.15% increase for the LW shading pattern compared to the TCT, surpassing enhancements achieved by SuDoKu, DS, and CS methods, which improved by 20.5%, 18.2%, and 21.6%, respectively. Overall, the MSV configuration presents a promising solution for enhancing the performance of photovoltaic arrays under shading conditions.
... The arrangements in which n-type material is built on one side while p-type on other side is known as p-n junction. When light is absorbed by the cell, free electrons of n-side will move toward p-side while holes of p-side move toward n-side to counterbalance their respective deficiencies [50,52]. ...
... The free electrons of n-side move towards p-side while holes of p-side move towards n-side to counterbalance their respective deficiencies when the cell is connected to the load [54]. [52]. b) Solar cell Copyright 2017 IJRASET [50]. ...
Solar energy offers a clean and abundant alternative to the challenges associated with fossil fuels such as greenhouse gas emissions and resource depletion. The review focuses on the environmental impacts of solar photovoltaic technology throughout its life cycle, from manufacturing to disposal, and highlights potential hazards associated with using and producing photovoltaic technology, including releasing toxic gases and other trace elements into the environment. The paper concludes by summarizing various recycling techniques that can be employed to address these challenges and to take full advantage of solar photovoltaic technology without causing harm to the environment.
... Both photothermal (PT) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] and photovoltaic (PV) thin films [1][2][3][4][5][30][31][32][33][34] have been used for solar harvesting and energy generation. The former converts photons to thermal energy while the latter generates electricity through different mechanisms, with both characterized by power conversion efficiency (PCE). ...
... We have developed transparent PT and PV films for solar harvest and energy generation [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. These materials have varying optical characteristics and are used in different applications, such as solar desalination, photothermal energy generation, and smart build-ing skins [20][21][22][26][27][28][29]. Figure 2 displays the absorption spectra of various materials, with gold nanoparticles [37] exhibiting strong absorption below 300 nm and a peak at 520 nm for visible light absorption. ...
... Two types of materials, iron oxides and porphyrins, were synthesized for PT and PV applications in previous works [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Iron oxides have been widely researched on small quantities of nanoparticles in solutions for medical theranostics [39][40][41][42], but few studies have been conducted on their use in transparent, robust thin films for energy applications [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. ...
Photovoltaic solar cells have been extensively used for various applications and are considered one of the most efficient green energy sources. However, their 2D surface area solar harvesting has limitations, and there is an increasing need to explore the possibility of multiple layer solar harvest for enhanced energy density. To address this, we have developed spectral-selective transparent thin films based on porphyrin and iron oxide compounds that allow solar light to penetrate multiple layers, significantly increasing solar harvesting surface area and energy density. These thin films are designed as photovoltaic (PV) and photothermal (PT) panels that can convert photons into either electricity or thermal energy for various green energy applications, such as smart building skins and solar desalination. The advantages of this 3D solar harvesting system include enlarged solar light collecting surface area and increased energy density. The multilayer system transforms the current 2D to 3D solar harvesting, enabling efficient energy generation. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis and characterization of PV and PT transparent thin films for solar harvesting and energy generation using multilayers. Major applications of the 3D solar harvesting system are reviewed, including thermal energy generation, multilayered DSSC PV system, and solar desalination. Some preliminary data on transparent multilayer DSSC PVs are presented.
... In order to overcome that energy losses, new technologies have been developed. Connected with PV panels, these technologies mitigate or eliminate the mismatch effects, even though difference irradiance, temperature, dirt, or object shadow (Al-Ezzi & Ansari, 2022;Romeiro & Rodrigues, 2021). ...
In this chapter, the eco-friendly applications, disposal, and the risks of inorganic nanoparticles to human health and to the environment are discussed, including the advancements in the green applications of green nanomaterials for their sustainable and competitive energy systems. The first section summarizes an introduction with the importance of the nanomaterials in scientific and industrial applications. The second and third sections present green nanoparticles applications for energy generation (green electricity generation by wind and solar energies, luminescent solar concentrators, and photovoltaics and bioenergy production). In the fourth section, the effects of nanotechnology on the human health and ecosystems and also regulations to work with nanomaterials are presented. This chapter illustrates the main principles and progress of nanotechnology and their positive and negative impacts into the environment and human health.
... The PV cell consists of two independent thin layers differently doped with electrons and holes overloaded with semiconductor materials. Once the P-N junction is exposed to sunlight, it absorbs photons energy exceeding its bandgap energy to form barriers, namely electron-hole pairs [44]. In contrast, the excess photon's energy is converted into heat. ...
The irradiation intensity is the primary catalyst for energy production in photovoltaic (PV) systems. Nevertheless, it alleviates partial shading (PS) by inhibiting power production, primarily in habitable metropolitan areas, owing to surrounding objects or high soiling rates, particularly in dry and semi-arid climates. Hence, the PV module’s location, orientation, and tilt angle significantly affect the performance and shorten durability. Thus, this study undertakes a benchmark analysis of the performance of two distinct panel positions using PSIM and MATLAB software simulations and an actual practical test. Visual inspection of a solar power plant in Morocco’s Green Energy Park is the origin of the survey concept; it observes that the soil density consistently covers certain PV panel spots. In this context, the solar energy data of an intelligent home deployed in the earlier-mentioned research platform has been deployed to emulate the performance of future buildings challenged with various obstacles. Therefore, the roof-mounted PV system satisfied the energy demands of the home. In the first scenario, the PV module was in portrait mode. In the second case, they were in landscape orientation. The findings of this investigation demonstrate that standard PV panels produce more power when arranged in a landscape configuration than in a portrait form, with a discrepancy of up to 1010
Wh
for modest PV plants. Finally, this study suggests appropriate orientation and design recommendations for standard and advanced solar modules, mainly those deployed in arid and heavily populated urban regions featuring severe shading constraints.
... The PV effect involves three essential steps that contribute to the cell's operation [25,26]. When a p-n junction semiconductor observes photons, electron-hole pairs are produced. ...
... Additionally, the n-layer is coated with an anti-reflective substance to lessen surface reflection and improve light transmission to the semiconductor material. This improves how well light is transmitted to the semiconductor material [25]. As per the above discussed mechanisms of PV effect, a SC is a special kind of semiconductor diode designed to harness the energy of sunshine. ...
The scientific community has developed new technologies, including solar cells (SCs), to meet global energy demands. SCs convert solar energy into electrical energy, providing renewable, sustainable, and green energy. Despite the availability of PV systems for many years, power generation through SC technology remains costly due to the low conversion efficiency (CE). Their low CE is due to limitations in semiconducting materials. In the present review, the basic mechanism of SC and techniques for modify SC have been discussed. The main focus of this review is to given an overview about the bimetallic materials and their application in SC. Bimetallic materials consist of two metallic components that can be synthesized using different methods. They exhibit exceptional properties, including improved electrical conductivity, tunable electrochemical activity, and high charge capacity compared to monometallic materials, making them promising candidates for use as electrochemical catalysts and photocatalysts. Various types of bimetallic composites and compounds, such as, oxides, phosphide, sulfide and carbon-based bimetallic composites is explained in the context of their compositions, synthesis techniques and their power generation efficiency. In the last portion of review, the importance of bimetallic materials in SC application with their possible promising research direction and challenges are presented. ©2023 UGPH. Peer review under responsibility of UGPH.
Scientific interest in luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) has reemerged mainly due to the application of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as highly efficient luminophores. Recently, LSCs have become attractive proposals for Building-Integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) since they could help conventional photovoltaics to improve sunlight harvesting and reduce production costs. However, most of the modern LSCs rely on heavy-metal QDs which are highly toxic and may cause environmental concerns. Additionally, their absorption spectra give them a characteristic color limiting their potential application in BIPV. Herein, we fabricated transparent and colorless LSCs by embedding nontoxic and cost-effective zinc oxide quantum dots (ZnO QDs) in a PMMA polymer matrix (ZnO-LSC), preserving the QD optical properties and PMMA transparency. The synthesized colloidal ZnO QDs have an average size of 5.5 nm, a hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure, a broad yellow photoluminescent signal under ultraviolet excitation, and are highly visibly transparent at the employed concentrations (>95% in wavelengths above 400 nm). The optical characterization of the fabricated ZnO-LSCs showed a good visible transparency of 80.3% average visible transmission (AVT), with an LSC concentration factor (C) of 1.02. An optimal device (ZnO-LSC-O) could reach a C value of 2.66 with the combination of optical properties of colloidal ZnO QDs and PMMA. Finally, simulations of the performance of silicon solar cells coupled to the fabricated and optimal LSCs under standard AM 1.5G illumination were performed employing the software COMSOL Multiphysics. The fabricated ZnO-LSC achieved a simulated maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.80%, while the optimal ZnO-LSC-O reached 5.45%. Also, the ZnO-LSC generated a maximum power of 15.02 mW and the ZnO-LSC-O generated 40.33 mW, employing the same active area as the simulated solar cell directly illuminated, which generated 14.39 mW. These results indicate that the ZnO QD-based LSCs may be useful as transparent photovoltaic windows for BIPV applications.
Automation is the use of advanced technologies without
human intervention for operating equipment in desired manner.
The paper describes this automation in its own unique way
using a wheelchair, to make a smart and automated wheelchair
that can be used by any aged person or physically impaired
people. Smart wheelchair is an automated device designed to
reduce human administration and force the wheelchair to follow
the assigned instructions strictly. The wheelchair comprise of
a joystick with the control of which an impaired person can
move easily, it is also provided with obstacle avoider and edge
detection that is given to the wheelchair to protect the person
from any accident. The smart wheelchair is charged by solar
panels, which provides a sustainable and ecofriendly solution
to the power requirements of the smart wheelchair. Moreover,
solar charging feature offers a cost-effective and durable energy
solution. The wheelchair assists the disabled to move conveniently,
while keeping cost at bay and affordable quality.
