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A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree constructed using 28S rDNA sequences of members of different families of Massarineae (order
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During a collecting trip exploring new habitats and locations for keratinophilic fungi, soil samples were collected from Bohani village in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Following isolation using a hair baiting technique, one sample yielded an interesting hyphomycetous fungus. The fungus, which could easily be observed under a dissecti...
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... and phylogenetically quite distinct from the type species of Polyschema, P. terricola (Castañeda-Ruiz et al. 2000). In spite of various ongoing studies, sequence databases still poorly reflect the diversity that exists in this group of fungi ( Zhang et al. 2012, Boonmee et al. 2014). A neighbour- joining phylogenetic tree constructed (Fig. 3) using the LSU sequences of Matsushimamyces revealed that the genus belonged to a monophyletic lineage with Latorua and Polyschema species in Latoruaceae (Pleosporales). Matsushimamyces is separate from other families of suborder Massarineae, and forms a distinct clade of Latoruaceae (with 99 % bootstrap support) with six other members, ...
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... belonged to a monophyletic lineage with Latorua and Polyschema species in Latoruaceae (Pleosporales). Matsushimamyces is separate from other families of suborder Massarineae, and forms a distinct clade of Latoruaceae (with 99 % bootstrap support) with six other members, four species of Polyschema forming a subclade and two species of Latorua (Fig. 3). The same topology was also achieved by running maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses (trees not included). In these analyses, Matsushimamyces was most closely related to Latorua (Crous et al. 2015) and Polyschema, whose species are distinguished on the basis of their conidial morphology (Castañeda-Ruiz et al. 2000). The genus ...
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... The Pleosporales is the largest order of the class Dothideomycetes (phylum Ascomycota), encompassing more than 4 700 species distributed over 332 genera, and 53 families (Kirk et al. 2008, Zhang et al. 2009, Amaradasa et al. 2014, Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2014, Wijayawardene et al. 2014, Crous et al. 2015a, Sharma et al. 2015, Tanaka et al. 2015, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2016, Crous & Groenewald 2017, Hashimoto et al. 2017, Hern andez-Restrepo et al. 2017. These fungi are characterised by the production of pseudothecial ascomata (mostly globose and usually papillate) consisting of a peridial wall composed by several layers of cells, within which the fissitunicate (bitunicate) asci are produced amidst a persistent hamathecium (the vegetative structures inside an ascoma) (Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2016, Zhang et al. 2009 and ascospores, which are mostly septate but variable in shape and pigmentation. ...
The taxonomy of the coelomycetes has undergone dramatic changes in recent years, but remains controversial due to the high number of taxa involved, their poor morphological differentiation, the rare occurrence of the sexual morphs, and rapid loss of fertility in vitro. In the present study, we revisited the families Cucurbitariaceae and Didymellaceae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes), which include numerous plant pathogens, endophytic species associated with a wide host range, and saprobes. The taxonomy of two of the most relevant genera, i.e. Phoma and Pyrenochaeta, remains ambiguous after several phylogenetic studies, and needs further revision. We have studied a total of 143 strains of coelomycetes from clinical or environmental origin, by combining the LSU, ITS, tub2 and rpb2 sequences for a multi-locus analysis and a detailed morphological comparison. The resulting phylogenetic tree revealed that some fungi previously considered as members of Cucurbitariaceae represented five different families, and four of them, Neopyrenochaetaceae, Parapyrenochaetaceae, Pseudopyrenochaetaceae and Pyrenochaetopsidaceae, are proposed here as new. Furthermore, 13 new genera, 28 new species, and 20 new combinations are proposed within the Pleosporineae. Moreover, four new typifications are introduced to stabilise the taxonomy of these fungi.
... The Pleosporales is the largest order of the class Dothideomycetes (phylum Ascomycota), encompassing more than 4 700 species distributed over 332 genera, and 53 families (Kirk et al. 2008, Zhang et al. 2009, Amaradasa et al. 2014, Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2014, Wijayawardene et al. 2014, Crous et al. 2015a, Sharma et al. 2015, Tanaka et al. 2015, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2016, Crous & Groenewald 2017, Hashimoto et al. 2017, Hern andez-Restrepo et al. 2017. These fungi are characterised by the production of pseudothecial ascomata (mostly globose and usually papillate) consisting of a peridial wall composed by several layers of cells, within which the fissitunicate (bitunicate) asci are produced amidst a persistent hamathecium (the vegetative structures inside an ascoma) (Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2016, Zhang et al. 2009 and ascospores, which are mostly septate but variable in shape and pigmentation. ...
Human infections by coelomycetous fungi are becoming more frequent and range from superficial to systemic dissemination. Traumatic implantation of contaminated plant material is the most common cause. The typical morphological feature of these fungi is the production of asexual spores (conidia) within fruiting bodies called conidiomata. This study aimed to determine the distribution of the coelomycetes in clinical samples by a phenotypic and molecular study of a large set of isolates received from a USA reference mycological institution and by obtaining the in vitro antifungal susceptibility pattern of a selected group of strains against nine antifungals. A total of 230 isolates were identified by sequencing the D1 and D2 domains of the LSU nrRNA gene and by morphological characterization. Eleven orders of the phylum Ascomycota were identified: Pleosporales (the largest group; 66.1%), Botryosphaeriales (19.57%), Glomerellales (4.35%), Diaporthales (3.48%), Xylariales (2.17%), Hysteriales and Valsariales (0.87%), and Capnodiales , Helotiales , Hypocreales and Magnaporthales (0.43% each one). The most prevalent species were Neoscytalidium dimidiatum , Paraconiothyrium spp., Phoma herbarum , Didymella heteroderae and Epicoccum sorghinum . The most common anatomical site of isolation was superficial tissue (66.5%), followed by the respiratory tract (17.4%). Most of the isolates tested were susceptible to the majority of antifungals and only flucytosine showed poor antifungal activity.
... This family was established by Crous et al. (2015a) to accommodate two hyphomycetous genera, Latorua and Polyschema, both mostly known from soil (Ellis 1976, Shenoy et al. 2010, Crous et al. 2015a). More recently, a new genus Matsushimamyces from soil has been added to this family (Sharma et al. 2015). Lentitheciaceae (Figs 12–24). ...
We here taxonomically revise the suborder Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota). Sequences of SSU and LSU nrDNA and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1) are newly obtained from 106 Massarineae taxa that are phylogenetically analysed along with published sequences of 131 taxa in this suborder retrieved from GenBank. We recognise 12 families and five unknown lineages in the Massarineae. Among the nine families previously known, the monophyletic status of the Dictyosporiaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Latoruaceae, Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, Massarinaceae, Morosphaeriaceae, and Trematosphaeriaceae was strongly supported with bootstrap support values above 96 %, while the clades of the Bambusicolaceae and the Lentitheciaceae are moderately supported. Two new families, Parabambusicolaceae and Sulcatisporaceae, are proposed. The Parabambusicolaceae is erected to accommodate Aquastroma and Parabambusicola genera nova, as well as two unnamed Monodictys species. The Parabambusicolaceae is characterised by depressed globose to hemispherical ascomata with or without surrounding stromatic tissue, and multi-septate, clavate to fusiform, hyaline ascospores. The Sulcatisporaceae is established for Magnicamarosporium and Sulcatispora genera nova and Neobambusicola. The Sulcatisporaceae is characterised by subglobose ascomata with a short ostiolar neck, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, clavate asci, broadly fusiform ascospores, and ellipsoid to subglobose conidia with or without striate ornamentation. The genus Periconia and its relatives are segregated from the Massarinaceae and placed in a resurrected family, the Periconiaceae. We have summarised the morphological and ecological features, and clarified the accepted members of each family. Ten new genera, 22 new species, and seven new combinations are described and illustrated. The complete ITS sequences of nrDNA are also provided for all new taxa for use as barcode markers.
During a survey of thermotolerant fungi in China, three isolates were obtained from soil samples. Phylogenetic analysis of a combined internal transcribed spacer and large subunit dataset showed that these isolates belong to the same species, which form a well-separated lineage distinct from the other genera in Latoruaceae. Morphologically, the isolates are characterized by having globose and smooth conidiogenous cells, verruculose mycelium and cymbiform conidia. Combining the phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics, Multiverruca gen. nov. is proposed and introduced to accommodate a single new species, Multiverruca sinensis sp. nov. Detailed descriptions, illustrations and notes are provided for the new genus and species.
Keratinophilic fungi colonize keratinous substrates and convert them to the constituent components of low molecular weight. These fungi can be distinguished from others in their characteristic that they are adapted to consumption of keratinous proteins as sources of carbon and nitrogen. These tend to utilize proteins, peptides, and amino acids as carbon sources even in the presence of sugars. They also exhibit a great diversity in their mode of nutrition and physiology. This chapter critically reviews not only the distribution of keratinophilic fungi but also their social and environmental implications. Recycling of keratin contributes to nutrients in soils, pollution control, and solid waste management.
Keratinophilic fungi are a group of environmentally and epidemiologically important fungi that cycle a recalcitrant animal protein know as keratin. A large group of keratinophilic fungi cause diseases in human and animal mycoses so called as dermatophytes. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the diversity and activity for the group of keratinophilic fungi from the humus of “Phumdis” in Loktak Lake. Keratin-degrading keratinophilic fungus was isolated from the humus of “Phumdis” collected from fresh water Loktak Lake. The isolated fungal strains were initially identified on the basis of macro- and microscopic characteristics and confirmed using molecular approach. This study indicates first time that this Loktak Lake is a significant reservoir of keratinophilic fungi which can pose a health risk to its users, particularly the tourists and the employees. The keratinolytic activity of these fungi is crucial to cause superficial infections in human and animals, and recycling of keratinic material of this atmosphere.
