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A maximum likelihood tree inferred from the combined ITS, MCM7, RPB1 and TEF1 sequence datasets. Species with Harpophora asexual states are underlined and their asexual state morphology is diagrammed on the right. Taxa with revised taxonomic names in this study are in boldface. Branches with significant support are noted with thickened lines. Strong branch support is defined when ML bootstrap proportion (MLBP) is $ 75%, MP bootstrap proportion (MPBP) $ 75% and BI posterior probability (BIPP) $ 0.95.
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We investigated the phylogenetic relationships among Magnaporthales fungi with harpophora-like asexual states based on DNA sequences of ITS, MCM7, RPB1 and TEF1 genes. The results indicated that these species are polyphyletic. Based on the four-gene phylogeny, the type species of Harpophora, H. radicicola, belongs to Gaeumannomyces and thus Harpoph...
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... model with a number of invariant sites estimated and gamma-distributed rate variation among sites (GTR+I+G), which was used in both ML and BI analyses. The phylogenetic tree was reconstructed by using ML, MP and BI methods, each of which yielded one tree. The topologies of these three trees were similar and only the ML tree was shown in FIG. 1, on which the branches with significant support were noted with thickened lines. Strong branch support was defined when ML bootstrap proportion (MLBP) was $ 75%, MP bootstrap proportion (MPBP) $ 75%, and BI posterior probability (BIPP) $ 0.95. Three major clades were identified in the 4-gene phylogenetic tree (FIG. 1) Luo et al. 2014, ...
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... only the ML tree was shown in FIG. 1, on which the branches with significant support were noted with thickened lines. Strong branch support was defined when ML bootstrap proportion (MLBP) was $ 75%, MP bootstrap proportion (MPBP) $ 75%, and BI posterior probability (BIPP) $ 0.95. Three major clades were identified in the 4-gene phylogenetic tree (FIG. 1) Luo et al. 2014, Klaubauf et al. 2014). However, this genus is characterized by densely branched conidiophores, straight conidiogenous cells, strongly curved and sickle-shaped conidia, absence of simple condiophores and rounded con- idia, and beneficial and endophytic to rice host ( Yuan et al. 2010, Luo and Zhang 2013, Luo et al. ...
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... includes more than 200 species ( Besi et al. 2009, Zhang et al. 2011). Based on the LSU and RPB1 gene data, Magnaporthales was classified into three families, Magnaporthaceae, Pyr- iculariaceae and Ophioceraceae ( Klaubauf et al. 2014), which also were recognized in our four-gene phylog- eny, corresponding to clades A, B and C, respectively (FIG. 1). Ophioceraceae is the early divergent lineage including saprotrophic taxa (Ophioceras and Pseudoha- lonectria) usually associated with woody substrates from aquatic environments. Pyriculariaceae clade is charac- terized by Pyricularia asexual states and pathogenicity to Poaceae or other monocot plants. Magnaporthaceae produce ...
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... shape was regarded as an important charac- ter in delimiting fungal genera (Bussaban et al. 2005). The sickle-shaped conidia were defined as a key character for the genus Harpophora (Gams 2000). However, in this study the multilocus phylogeny in- dicated that the species with harpophora-like conidia in Magnaporthales are polyphyletic (FIG. 1). Conidio- phores and colony characters, such as phialidic con- idiogenous cells and thin colonies, also were used to delimit Harpophora but these characteristics are shared by other lineages in Magnaporthales. Therefore a com- bination of characters, including teleomorph, host range, pathogenicity as well as conidial morphology, is ...
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Citations
... Among them, the take-all fungus of cereals, i.e., Gaeumannomyces graminis (Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2016) and summer patch fungus of turf grass, i.e., Magnaporthiopsis poae (Luo and Zhang, 2013) are the two most important pathogens. Bussabanomyces, Falciphora, and Pseudophialophora are endophytic fungi (Yuan et al., 2010;Klaubauf et al., 2014;Luo et al., 2015bLuo et al., , 2017. Kohlmeyeriopsis was derived from the dead stem of Juncus effusus with unknown nutritional modes and lifestyles (Klaubauf et al., 2014). ...
The order Magnaporthales belongs to Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota. Magnaporthales includes five families, namely Ceratosphaeriaceae, Pseudohalonectriaceae, Ophioceraceae, Pyriculariaceae, and Magnaporthaceae. Most Magnaporthales members are found in Poaceae plants and other monocotyledonous herbaceous plants ubiquitously as plant pathogens or endophytic fungi, and some members are found in decaying wood or dead grass as saprophytic fungi. Therefore, studying the biogeography and ecology of Magnaporthales is of great significance. Here, we described the biodiversity of endophytic Magnaporthales fungi from Poaceae at three latitudes in China and conducted a meta-analysis of the geography and ecology of Magnaporthales worldwide. We found that Magnaporthales is a dominant order in the endophytic fungi of Poaceae. More than half of the endophytic Magnaporthales fungi have a taxonomically uncertain placement. Notably, few endophytic fungi are grouped in the clusters with known saprophytic or pathogenic Magnaporthales fungi, indicating that they may have saprophytic and parasitic differentiation in nutritional modes and lifestyles. The meta-analysis revealed that most species of Magnaporthales have characteristic geographical, host, and tissue specificity. The geographical distribution of the three most studied genera, namely Gaeumannomyces , Magnaporthiopsis , and Pyricularia , in Magnaporthales may depend on the distribution of their hosts. Therefore, studies on the endophytic fungal Magnaporthales from monocotyledonous plants, including Poaceae, in middle and low latitudes will deepen our understanding of the biogeography and ecology of Magnaporthales.
... Gga and Ggt produced simple hyphopodia, but Ggg produces lobed hyphopodia (Walker 1981). Furthermore, G. graminis varieties had a harpophora-like asexual morph, which was exhibited by the production of lunate phialospores (Walker 1981;Gams 2000;Luo and Zhang 2013;Luo et al. 2015). ...
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis (Ggg) has been the etiological agent of take-all root rot (TARR) in St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) and root decline of the other warm-season turfgrasses. Seventy-five Ggg isolates were obtained from St. Augustinegrass in central and east Texas. Evaluation of colony morphologies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) within 2 wk and follow-up multilocus phylogenic analyses revealed three phenotypic groups associated with different Gaeumannomyces species: (i) G. floridanus, highly melanized with round colony formation; (ii) G. arxii, none to slightly melanized with round colony formation; and (iii) G. graminicola, highly melanized with irregular colony formation. Further examination with representative isolates from each group revealed that their phenotypic characterizations supported the distinctive genetic groups within Ggg associated with St. Augustinegrass TARR. Gaeumannomyces floridanus isolates grew faster at warmer temperature (30 C) than G. arxii or G. graminicola. Pathogenicity assays using rice seedlings indicated that G. floridanus was more aggressive in disease symptom development than G. arxii or G. graminicola. A multilocus phylogeny reconstruction supported that most of Gaeumannomyces isolates tested in this study were separated into three phylogenetically distinct groups: G. floridanus, G. arxii, and G. graminicola. The resolution of intravarietal complexities of causal fungi of TARR is important for proper diagnostics and management strategies for TARR in St. Augustinegrass and other root-decline diseases in warm-season turfgrasses.
... The genus Harpophora has been proposed to accommodate Phialophora-like fungi with sickle-shaped conidia, fast-growing colonies, and differences in pigmentation of vegetative structures, according to age, within the family Magnaporthaceae (Gams, 2000). However, Harpophora has been considered synonymous with Gaeumannomyces, based on results from phylogenetic analysis (Luo et al., 2015). ...
... Harpophora-like asexual morphs and have similar morphological characteristics that were the basis for their taxonomy, together with ecological data (Gams, 2000;Luo and Zhang, 2013;Luo et al., 2015; Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2016). In recent years, molecular data analyses have been used to understand the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy in this group of fungi and delimit genera and species in Magnaporthaceae (Luo and Zhang, 2013;Klaubauf et al., 2014;Luo et al., 2015;Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2016;Silva et al., 2019). ...
... Harpophora-like asexual morphs and have similar morphological characteristics that were the basis for their taxonomy, together with ecological data (Gams, 2000;Luo and Zhang, 2013;Luo et al., 2015; Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2016). In recent years, molecular data analyses have been used to understand the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy in this group of fungi and delimit genera and species in Magnaporthaceae (Luo and Zhang, 2013;Klaubauf et al., 2014;Luo et al., 2015;Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2016;Silva et al., 2019). ...
In Brazil, Paspalum species are commonly used in sports lawns, landscape projects,
and as forage for livestock. Paspalum guenoarum plants showing symptoms of takeall disease were observed in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The fungus
Gaeumannomyces graminis is the only species reported associated with this disease
on Paspalum. In recent years, new species of Gaeumannomyces have been proposed
based on molecular studies, which demonstrated the existence of a species complex.
Take-all affects rice and wheat, but the aetiology of this disease on P. guenoarum is
still unknown; this work aimed to elucidate the aetiology of the take-all on P. guenoarum in Brazil and evaluate possible alternative hosts of agricultural importance.
Based on combined phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, TEF-1α, and RPB1 sequences,
the fungal pathogen was identified as Atripes paspali gen. et sp. nov., which is proposed as a new genus in the Magnaporthaceae family. A representative isolate of
A. paspali was inoculated on healthy P. guenoarum plants and reproduced the same
symptoms of take-all observed in the field. Furthermore, this fungus is also able to
cause take-all on wheat plants; temperature directly affected the incidence and development of the disease in wheat. Take-all on P. guenoarum is caused by A. paspali.
... Luo & N. Zhang [56] / 根生顶囊壳 c Globisporangium root rot a (Pythium root rot) 球孢囊霉根腐病 b / Pythium debaryanum Hesse [44] Globisporangium debaryanum (R. ...
By reorganization of maize diseases and causal agents reported worldwide, a proposal for standardized translation of Chinese names of maize diseases and pathogens has been given in this article. A total of 185 fungal, oomycete, bacterial, viral and nematode diseases and 380 species/times causal agents in maize were gathered from books, including Compendium of Corn Diseases
... Members of the genus Magnaporthiopsis are primarily necrotrophic pathogens of Poaceous roots (Luo et al. 2017). Many of these species produce ectotrophic dark, runner hyphae and simple hyphopodia on plant roots and stems during colonization (Scott and Deacon 1983;Clarke and globose perithecia with a long, cylindrical neck, fusiform to fusoid, septate ascospores, and phialophora-or harpophora-like conidia (Cannon 1994;Luo and Zhang 2013;Luo et al. 2015c). We have frequently observed ectotrophic dark, runner hyphae on roots of ultradwarf bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) putting green turf exhibiting field symptoms of canopy decline during summer months in the Deep South. ...
The genus Magnaporthiopsis of Magnaporthaceae (Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) contains species that are predominantly necrotrophic pathogens, often producing simple hyphopodia and dark, ectotrophic runner hyphae on plant roots and stems during colonization. Fungal isolates from turfgrass roots with dark and ectotrophic runner hyphae were examined and identified based on morphological, biological, and phylogenetic analyses. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods were implemented to obtain phylogenetic trees for partial sequences of the 18S nuc rDNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer, and 28S nuc rDNA regions, and of the minichromosome maintenance complex 7 (MCM7), largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) genes. Our isolates consistently formed a distinct and highly supported clade within Magnaporthiopsis. These findings were reinforced by common and distinctive biological and morphological characters. Additionally, we conducted pathogenicity evaluations and demonstrated the ability of this fungus to colonize roots of ultradwarf bermudagrass, one of its native hosts, via ectotrophic, dark runner hyphae, causing disease symptoms including root discoloration and reduced root and shoot mass. Altogether, our discoveries enabled recognition and description of a new species, Magnaporthiopsis cynodontis, which has widespread distribution in the United States.
... Classification of the family Magnaporthaceae was proposed by Cannon (1994) to accommodate the genus Magnaporthe and related genera, Buergenerula, Clasterosphaeria, Gaeumannomyces, Herbampulla, and Omnidemptus. In recent years, the number of taxa classified under Magnaporthaceae has increased with the introduction of new genera, such as Magnaporthiopsis (Luo and Zhang 2013); Bussabanomyces, Kohlmeyeriopsis, and Slopeiomyces (Klaubauf et al. 2014); Pseudophialophora (Luo et al. 2014); Falciphora (Luo et al. 2015); Neogaeumannomyces (Liu et al. 2015); Budhanggurabania (Crous et al. 2015); and Falciphoriella and Gaeumannomycella (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2016). Currently, the family includes 23 genera and more than a 100 species (Thongkantha et al. 2009;Zhang et al. 2011;Klaubauf et al. 2014;Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2016;Luo et al. 2017;Crous et al. 2017;Wijayawardene et al. 2018). ...
... The family Magnaporthaceae consists of several genera, including Magnaporthe, Gaeumannomyces, and Buergenerula, that are pathogens of monocotyledonous plants (Cannon 1994). Magnaporthaceae also includes endophytic taxa, such a s B u s s a b a n o m y c e s ( K l a u b a u f e t a l . 2 0 1 4 ) , Pseudophialophora (Luo et al. 2014), and Falciphora (Luo et al. 2015). The new genus Bifusisporella was isolated living Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, rpb1, and tef1, using sequences of 43 representative taxa belonging to 24 genera distributed amongst Magnaporthaceae, Pyriculariaceae, and Ophioceraceae, including asexual morphological characters such as macroconidia and microconidia production, confirmed that Bifusisporella is a separate genus, even when compared to Omnidemptus, which is the phylogenetically closest genus. ...
An investigation of endophytic fungi on healthy leaves of Sorghum bicolor in Brazil led to the identification of an interesting fungus. Based on morphological features and multi-locus analyses, including ITS and LSU nrDNA, rpb1, and tef1 sequences, we propose a new genus, Bifusisporella, in the family Magnaporthaceae. The isolates exhibited a phialidic asexual morph with the following characteristics: curved conidiogenous cells, elongated, cylindrical or clavate, solitary or aggregate. Dimorphic conidia: macroconidia curved, falcate, hyaline, smooth, non-septate, guttulate, tapering at both ends; microconidia falcate, straight to slightly curved, hyaline, smooth, non-septate, hyphopodia are brown, smooth, elongated, and multi-lobulate.
... In FUNGuild, G. radicicola is categorized as a plant pathogen, which appears inconsistent with the significant positive correlation between this fungus' relative abundances and their host plant abundances detected here ( Figure 5, Table 3). However, pathogenic Magnaporthaceae are often associated with the roots of grass species (Luo, Walsh, & Zhang, 2015), which happened to be the most abundant group of host plants in our study site (Figure 4), providing high leverage points in the positive correlation ( Figure 5). Such high abundance and host specificity of pathogenic Magnaporthaceae associated with highly abundant grass roots exemplifies the complex nature of roles that root-inhabiting fungi can play in shaping their host plant abundances. ...
Root‐inhabiting fungal communities, including mutualists and antagonists, influence host plant performance, and can potentially shape plant community composition. However, there is uncertainty about how root‐inhabiting fungal communities are structured, and if fungal community characteristics are significant predictors of host plant abundance.
In this study, we first assessed how root‐inhabiting fungal communities were structured in relation to the phylogeny and geographic origins (native vs. exotic) of their host plants in an old‐field community. In addition, we took into consideration the spatial arrangements (i.e. physical locations) of the individual host plants. We then tested if the relative abundances of pathogenic and beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi could predict host plant abundances.
We found that host plant phylogeny was an important factor in structuring the whole fungal community, irrespective of host plant origin. Furthermore, the spatial arrangements of individual host plants were a strong predictor of AM fungal community structure. Host plant phylogeny and spatial arrangements appeared to similarly affect the structure of pathogenic fungal communities. No distinct differences were observed between native and exotic plant species in fungal community characteristics. The relative abundances of AM and pathogenic fungi were not significant predictors for observed abundances of their host plants.
Synthesis. Host plant phylogeny and spatial arrangements can structure naturally occurring root‐inhabiting fungal communities. The absence of distinct differences in fungal community composition, including pathogens, in exotic and native plants suggests long residence times and the consequent naturalization of exotic species in the region, allowing for the establishment of similar plant–microbial interactions between native and exotic species.
... From these eight species, two belonged to Harpophora spp., which is a soilborne and apparently seedborne fungus; based on phylogenetic analyses, Harpophora spp. has been reported to be related to the root-infecting species in the genus Gaeumannomyces (Luo et al., 2015;Zhang et al., 2016). The other five species belonged to five different genera and three families: Glomerellaceae, Nectriaceae, and Magnaporthaceae. ...
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) is the main soilborne factor that affects wheat production around the world. Recently we reported the occurrence of six suppressive soils in monoculture areas from indigenous “Mapuche” communities, and evidenced that the suppression relied on the biotic component of those soils. Here, we compare the rhizosphere and endosphere microbial community structure (total bacteria, actinomycetes, total fungi, and ascomycetes) of wheat plants grown in suppressive and conducive soils. Our results suggested that Ggt suppression could be mediated mostly by bacterial endophytes, rather than rhizosphere microorganisms, since the community structure was similar in all suppressive soils as compared with conducive. Interestingly, we found that despite the lower incidence of take-all disease in suppressive soils, the Ggt concentration in roots was not significantly reduced in all suppressive soils compared to those growing in conducive soil. Therefore, the disease suppression is not always related to a reduction of the pathogen biomass. Furthermore, we isolated endophytic bacteria from wheat roots growing in suppressive soils. Among them we identified Serratia spp. and Enterobacter spp. able to inhibit Ggt growth in vitro. Since the disease, but not always pathogen amount, was reduced in the suppressive soils, we propose that take all disease suppressiveness is not only related to direct antagonism to the pathogen.
... From these eight species, two belonged to Harpophora spp., which is a soilborne and apparently seedborne fungus; based on phylogenetic analyses, Harpophora spp. has been reported to be related to the root-infecting species in the genus Gaeumannomyces (Luo et al., 2015;Zhang et al., 2016). The other five species belonged to five different genera and three families: Glomerellaceae, Nectriaceae, and Magnaporthaceae. ...
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) is the main soilborne factor that affects wheat production around the world. Recently we reported the occurrence of six suppressive soils in monoculture areas from indigenous “Mapuche” communities, and evidenced that the suppression relied on the biotic component of those soils. Here, we compare the rhizosphere and endosphere microbial community structure (total bacteria, actinomycetes, total fungi, and ascomycetes) of wheat plants grown in suppressive and conducive soils. Our results suggested that Ggt suppression could be mediated mostly by bacterial endophytes, rather than rhizosphere microorganisms, since the community structure was similar in all suppressive soils as compared with conducive. Interestingly, we found that despite the lower incidence of take-all disease in suppressive soils, the Ggt concentration in roots was not significantly reduced in all suppressive soils compared to those growing in conducive soil. Therefore, the disease suppression is not always related to a reduction of the pathogen biomass. Furthermore, we isolated endophytic bacteria from wheat roots growing in suppressive soils. Among them we identified Serratia spp. and Enterobacter spp. able to inhibit Ggt growth in vitro. Since the disease, but not always pathogen amount, was reduced in the suppressive soils, we propose that take all disease suppressiveness is not only related to direct antagonism to the pathogen.
... However, these genus concepts based on morphology were not supported by the molecular phylogeny. Based on SSU, LSU, ITS, MCM7, RPB1, and TEF1, genera Gaeumannomyces, Magnaporthe, Harpophora, and Pyricularia were revised, and anamorphic and ecological characters were suggested more informative than teleomorphic characteristics in defining monophyletic genera (Luo, Walsh, & Zhang, 2015;Luo & Zhang, 2013;Zhang, Zhao, & Shen, 2011). By using LSU and RPB1, three families were established for these fungi (Klaubauf et al., 2014). ...
... A robust phylogeny based on 226 genes revealed that Magnaporthales is monophyletic and forms a sister group to the order Ophiostomatales. The close relationship between these two orders is supported by several overlooked phenotypic characters (Luo, Qiu, et al., 2015;Luo, Walsh, et al., 2015). To study the evolutionary relationships within Magnaporthales, 24 Magnaporthales and five outgroup taxa were 319 Fungal Phylogenomics and Their Impact on Fungal Systematics included in the phylogenomic analysis. ...
In the past decade, advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and bioinformatic pipelines for phylogenomic analysis have led to remarkable progress in fungal systematics and taxonomy. A number of long-standing questions have been addressed using comparative analysis of genome sequence data, resulting in robust multigene phylogenies. These have added to, and often surpassed traditional morphology or single-gene phylogenetic methods. In this chapter, we provide a brief history of fungal systematics and highlight some examples to demonstrate the impact of phylogenomics on this field. We conclude by discussing some of the challenges and promises in fungal biology posed by the ongoing genomics revolution.
