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A list of isolates and their GenBank accessions used in phylogenetic analyses. Bold accession numbers were generated in this study.
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Cercospora (Mycosphaerellaceae) is a large genus of fungi comprising many important plant pathogens. In recent years DNA-based studies have revealed multiple genera of cercosporoid fungi being poly- and paraphyletic. Among these genera, the genus Cercospora has always been perceived as monophyletic. In the present study, phylogenetic inferences bas...
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... new sequences generated during this study were deposited in NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database (www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov) and the accession numbers of the sequences used for the phylogenetic analyses are listed in Table 1. The alignment and phylogenetic trees were deposited in TreeBASE (www.TreeBASE.org). ...
Citations
... A number of molecular studies using internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based phylogenies confirmed that Cercospora is a well-supported monophyletic clade in Mycosphaerellaceae (Crous et al. 2000(Crous et al. , 2009Goodwin et al. 2001;Pretorius et al. 2003;Stewart et al. 1999). Later, the monophyletic origin of Cercospora was questioned (Bakhshi et al. 2015b(Bakhshi et al. , 2018Bakhshi and Braun 2022), and the main conclusion is that Cercospora-like morphologies are not necessarily part of a single monophyletic genus. Thus, identification and descriptions of new Cercospora-like taxa should be avoided without phylogenetic support both at species and genus level (Bakhshi et al. 2018;Bakhshi and Braun 2022). ...
Soybean diseases induced by Cercospora spp. exhibit a global prevalence worldwide. Cercospora kikuchii causes both Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) and purple seed stain (PSS), whereas Cercospora sojina is a causal agent of frogeye leaf spot (FLS). Eighteen Cercospora isolates originating from soybean plants exhibiting CLB, PSS, and FLS symptoms were obtained from continental Russia, the Crimea Peninsula, and South America. The identification was based on the Consolidated Species Concept and involved multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, assessment of cercosporin production capacity, and pathogenicity testing. Ten isolates were identified as C. sojina; the eight remaining ones were categorized into seven distinct species. Two isolates of C. kikuchii were obtained from South America, along with a single isolate each of Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae and Cercospora sp. Q from the Russian Far East and South America, respectively. Three isolates from the Russian Far East were identified as Cercospora cf. alchemillicola and Cercospora celosiae. A single isolate formed a distinct monophyletic clade that did not include ex-type or representative Cercospora strains and is, therefore, considered a candidate for a new Cercospora species. Cercosporin production in vitro is not a stable and reliable feature for species identification; it could vary and depends on factors such as the nutrient medium composition and the specific lighting conditions during the culturing process. In Russia, multiple Cercospora species are associated with PSS: at least C. cf. alchemillicola, C. cf. sigesbeckiae, and C. celosiae, which are new records for Russia. Cercospora kikuchii and Cercospora sp. Q emerge as causal agents of PSS in South America. PSS and CLB symptoms evident on soybeans are intricate features; thus, they can no longer be definitively regarded as unequivocal signs for the presence of C. kikuchii.
... Cercospora is one of the largest genera in the Hyphomycetes family, mostly infects the aerial parts of its host plants quite prevalent and extremely destructive across the nation (Haque et al., 2013;Barro et al., 2023;Azevedo et al., 2017). The majority of the primary flora including cereals, pulses, vegetables, plantation crops, medicinal and aromatic plants and woods are affected by leaf spots caused by Cercospora species (Crous and Braun, 2003;Groenewald et al., 2013;Bakhshi et al., 2015;Kang et al., 2019;Gupta, 2022). Marigold flowers gained popularity amongst gardeners and dealers on its easy cultivation and wide adaptability (Priyanka et al., 2018). ...
A study was undertaken during first week of October to second week of October for two consecutive years i.e. 2017 and 2018 at Dr. YSP University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (173 230), India.The objective of the investigation was to find out the prevalence of of Cercospora tageticola through morphological analysis, pathogenicity and physiological studies for developing future control strategies. Highest disease incidence and severity (62.4% and 70.4%) was recorded in Nauni while, least incidence was observed in Chhogtali (8.9% and 8.6%) of Sirmaur district. The disease exhibited characteristic symptoms, starting as circular to angular, dark reddish brown or purplish spots that turned almost brown black, the centre of which is often greyish in colour. On advancement, symptoms slowly develop from lower to upper leaves giving blighted appearance. Flowers displayed small but noticeable light to dark brown lesions as they grow, initially circular and later becoming unequal to irregular blotches. Morphological analysis of the test pathogen revealed hyaline, septate and branched mycelia (8.54-11.34 mm2) in older cultures. The pathogen produced geniculate conidiophores (3.5-6×50-300mm) with hyaline conidia (2.7-5×70-200 mm2). The identified pathogen was Cercospora tageticola. Koch’s postulates confirmed its pathogenicity on “Pusa Narangi Gainda” variety, with symptoms appearing 8 days after inoculation, indicating a 192-hour incubation period. Cultural and physiological factors such as Carrot decoction agar as the optimal medium, 25°C as the temperature and pH 5.5 for maximum radial growth and dry mycelial weight significantly influenced pathogen growth in vitro, with black to greyish mycelial growth displaying good sporulation.
... They can be plant pathogenic to endophytic, saprobic, or even hyperparasitic and associate a wide range of hosts/substrates. In recent years, more than 100 genera have been accepted in Mycosphaerellaceae by morphomolecular studies (Videira et al. 2017;Crous et al. 2020;Bakhshi et al. 2015bBakhshi et al. , 2021aRajeshkumar et al. 2021). In the current study, a new monotypic genus, Acericercospora, has been detected in this family, with the new species Acericercospora hyrcanica, on A. cappadocicum and A. velutinum in Iran, described on the basis of a combination Morphologically, the strains of Acericercospora hyrcanica fit within Cercospora Fresen. ...
... ex Fuckel by having pigmented conidiophores, with conspicuously thickened and darkened conidiogenous loci (scars) and hyaline conidia and conspicous, thickened and darkened conidial hila (Crous and Braun 2003). Although, primary molecular evidences Bakhshi et al. 2015a) suggested that Cercospora could be a monophyletic genus within Mycosphaerellaceae, phylogenetic analyses of sequences retrieved from two cercospora-like isolates obtained from Bishop's flower (Ammi majus L.), raised doubts over the monophyly of this genus, and led to the introduction of the new genus Neocercospora M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babaiahari & Crous (Bakhshi et al. 2015b) to accommodate these cercospora-like isolates. Bakhshi et al. (2015b) presumed that (IRAN 18152F). ...
... Although, primary molecular evidences Bakhshi et al. 2015a) suggested that Cercospora could be a monophyletic genus within Mycosphaerellaceae, phylogenetic analyses of sequences retrieved from two cercospora-like isolates obtained from Bishop's flower (Ammi majus L.), raised doubts over the monophyly of this genus, and led to the introduction of the new genus Neocercospora M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babaiahari & Crous (Bakhshi et al. 2015b) to accommodate these cercospora-like isolates. Bakhshi et al. (2015b) presumed that (IRAN 18152F). a-f Conidiophores and conidia. ...
Maples (Acer spp., Sapindaceae) are one of the most important and dominant groups of trees in Hyrcanian forests of Iran. During our survey of leaf-inhabiting fungi associated with trees in Hyrcanian forests, several hyphomycetous fungal strains were recovered from leaf spot symptoms of maple trees. The identification of these isolates was performed using phylogenetic analyses coupled with morphological observations. Based on these data, two new genera of the Dothideomycetes were discovered. Acericercospora gen. nov. (Mycosphaerellaceae) is introduced to accommodate Acericercospora hyrcanica sp. nov. associated with leaf lesions on Acer cappadocicum and A. velutinum. Paramycocentrospora gen. nov. (Dothidotthiaceae) with Paramycocentrospora acericola sp. nov. as type species, is associated with leaf lesions on seedlings of A. velutinum. In this paper, detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided for the new taxa, supplemented by comprehensive comparisons with allied and similar taxa.
... As a result, he synonymized many cercosporoid genera with Cercospora. Deighton (1967Deighton ( , 1973Deighton ( , 1976Deighton ( , 1979Deighton ( , 1987Deighton ( and 1990 and Ellis (1971) narrowed the generic concept of Cercospora sensu lato and, again, formed smaller taxonomic units at the generic level (Bakhshi & al. 2015b). Crous &Braun (2003) presented a compilation of more than 3000 names that have been published or proposed under Cercospora, of which 659 were presently recognized in this genus and 281 were referred to as Cercospora apii sensu lato. ...
... In total 5720 names were separated based on a combination of characters, of which the structure of conidiogenous loci (scars) and hila, and the presence or absence of pigmentation in conidiophores and conidia are considered to be the most important. Most of the findings by Crous & Braun (2003) about generic circumscriptions were confirmed by Bakhshi & al. (2015b). Recently, many cercosporoid genera have been introduced, and previous genera have been resurrected to obtain monophyletic clades, e.g., Pallidocercospora, Paracercospora, Phaeocercospora, Porocercospora, and Neopseudocercospora (Bakhshi & al. 2015a). ...
... A total of 120 genera are accepted within the family Mycosphaerellaceae (Videira & al. 2017). Except for Cercospora, several other cercosporoid genera are polyphyletic and paraphyletic (Bakhshi & al. 2015b). Cercospora is currently recognized for having pigmented conidiophores with conspicuous (thickened and darkened) conidiogenous loci and hyaline conidia with conspicuous hila as well as the ability to produce cercosporin toxin. ...
Cercosporoid fungi are important fungal pathogens significant for quarantine as well as bio-security regulations. This group of fungi also produces many secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical importance. Cercosporoid fungi have not been reviewed by sequence-based classification and identification in India. This review covers a total of 1871 cercosporoid fungi reported from India up to 2021. Currently, out of 1871, only 1252 cercosporoid fungi (67%) from India are accepted in global fungal databases. Most of the cercosporoid reported from India are based on the genus concept proposed by Deighton (1976), and most type specimens of these species are not available in the form of cultures for re-investigation and reevaluation of the holotypes.
... However, the monophyly of Cercospora s. str. was rejected by Bakhshi et al. (2015b) who introduced the genus Neocercospora with cercospora-like morphology, clustering in a clade in Mycosphaerellaceae apart from Cercospora s. str., suggesting that also at generic level, molecular identification is practically mandatory for the classification of cercospora-like taxa. ...
This paper is the fourth contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions and information about the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms, as well as DNA barcodes for the taxa covered. Moreover, 12 whole-genome sequences for the type or new species in the treated genera are provided. The fourth paper in the GOPHY series covers 19 genera of phytopathogenic fungi and their relatives, including Ascochyta , Cadophora , Celoporthe , Cercospora , Coleophoma , Cytospora , Dendrostoma , Didymella , Endothia , Heterophaeomoniella , Leptosphaerulina , Melampsora , Nigrospora , Pezicula , Phaeomoniella , Pseudocercospora , Pteridopassalora , Zymoseptoria , and one genus of oomycetes, Phytophthora . This study includes two new genera, 30 new species, five new combinations, and 43 typifications of older names.
... Cercospora is typified by C. apii and it contains several important plant pathogens (Videira et al. 2017;Rashmi et al. 2019). Species are abundant in tropical and subtropical regions and they can be pathogens, saprobes as well as endophytes (Bakhshi et al. 2015). Cercospora species have a wide host distribution, occurring on several flowering and ornamental plants, ferns, gymnosperms, grasses and other monocotyledons . ...
Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems as endophytes, pathogens and saprobes. The current estimate of fungal diversity is highly
uncertain, ranging from 1.5 to 12 million, but only around 150,000 species have been named and classified to date. Since
the introduction of DNA based methods for species identification, the number of newly described taxa has increased from
approximately 1000 to around 2000 yearly. This demonstrates the importance of DNA based methods to identify and distinguish species, especially cryptic species. Many novel species from recent studies have been found in historically understudied
regions and habitats, but these still represent only a small percentage of the estimated species. In this paper, we examine 16
genera from the top 40 most speciose genera as listed in Species Fungorum as case studies to examine the diversity of taxa in
each genus. The genera treated herein are Cercospora, Diaporthe, Meliola, Passalora, Phyllachora, Phyllosticta, Pseudocercospora, Ramularia (ascomycetes) and Cortinarius, Entoloma, Inocybe, Marasmius, Psathyrella, Puccinia, Russula, Uromyces
(basidiomycetes). We critically evaluate the number of species in these genera and correlate these numbers with the number
of entries in GenBank. We introduce 18 new species Apiospora multiloculata, Candolleomyces thailandensis, Cortinarius
acutoproximus, Cortinarius melleoalbus, Cortinarius pacificus, Cortinarius parvoacetosus, Diaporthe guizhouensis, Entoloma
pseudosubcorvinum, Inocybe meirensongia, Marasmius albulus, Marasmius obscuroaurantiacus, Meliola camporesii, Phyllachora siamensis, Phyllosticta doitungensis, Picipes yuxiensis, Pseudocercospora vignae, Puccinia maureanui and Russula
inornata. We also introduce a new record of Candolleomyces cladii-marisci and Inocybe iringolkavensis. We discuss the
genera Colletotrichum and Pleurotus that are speciose, but do not occur in the top 40. We hypothesize whether there might be
more species in these genera and discuss why these genera have some of the largest number of species.
... Cercosporoid make up the largest ascomycetes genera composing of approximately 2000 species that can cause leaf spot, fruit spot, and blight diseases in many different plants worldwide [1][2][3][4][5]. Cercosporoid hyphomycetes classification is primarily based on factors including host specificity, morphological characteristics, and molecular phenotyping. ...
... They are morphologically similar to or only slightly different from Pseudocercospora, but they were clearly segregated as distinct genera on the basis of phylogenetic data Hyde et al. 2013). Despite previous assumption of the monophyly of the genus Cercospora Bakhshi et al. 2015a), Bakhshi et al. (2015b) introduced the genus Neocercospora M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babai-ahari & Crous, characterized by being morphologically cercospora-like, but clustering in a separate clade in Mycosphaerellaceae apart from Cercospora s. str. Regarding the genus Stenella, sequencing of the type species (S. araguata Syd.) revealed that it belongs to Teratosphaeriaceae and the remaining species in Mycosphaerellaceae. ...
Species of Passalora s. lat. are phytopathogenic fungi that generally cause leaf spot diseases on a broad variety of plants throughout the world. During our investigations exploring cercosporoid fungi associated with leaf spot symptoms of fruit and forest trees in northern and north-western Iran, several passalora-like fungi were isolated from symptomatic leaves of trees belonging to the Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Rosaceae, and Ulmaceae. A polyphasic taxonomic approach applying molecular data, morphological features, and host data was employed to identify the isolates. In a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis (LSU, ITS, and RPB2), these isolates are clustered in four clades in the Mycosphaerellaceae. The taxa encompassed Paracercosporidium microsorum on Tilia platyphyllos, Prathigadoides gleditsiae-caspicae gen. et. sp. nov. on Gleditsia caspica, Pruniphilomyces circumscissus on Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus, and Sirosporium celtidis on Celtis australis. The new genus Prathigadoides and its type species Prathigadoides gleditsiae-caspicae are molecularly distinct from all phylogenetically related genera, and some characteristics of the conidiophores and conidia differ from those of the morphologically similar species Prathigada condensata on the North America Gleditsia triacanthos.
... The genus Cercospora was erected by Fresenius (1863) with C. apii as the type species and consists of plant pathogens (Fig. 7). Species of Cercospora are distributed world-wide and are responsible for causing leaf spots on both dicotyledons and monocotyledons, and on some Acrogymnospermae and ferns (Meghvansi et al. 2013;Bakhshi et al. 2015;Park et al. 2017). Species of Cercospora were conventionally identified based on the ecological species criterion namely after the host from which they were isolated (Chupp 1954;Ellis 1971;To-anun et al. 2011). ...
The species is one of the basic units of biological classification. Both species concepts and recognition are essential topics in taxonomic studies and other biological research. In the first part of this review, we briefly discuss the taxonomic history of the class Dothideomycetes. In the second part of the paper, we review four commonly used species concepts, focusing on morphological, ecological, biological and phylogenetic criteria and their applicability in the taxonomy of Dothideomycetes. The application and utility of the four criteria is discussed with examples in the genera Ascochyta, Cercospora and Neofusicoccum. Some problems and challenges of studying Dothideomycetes are analyzed and basic guidelines for classifying species under the above criteria are provided.
... They are morphologically generally similar to or only somewhat different from Pseudocercospora, but they were clearly segregated on the basis of phylogenetic data as distinct genera Hyde et al. 2013). Despite the previous assumption of the monophyly of the genus Cercospora ; Bakhshi et al. 2015a), Bakhshi et al. (2015b) introduced the genus Neocercospora M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babai-ahari & Crous, characterized by being morphologically cercospora-like, but clustering in a separate clade in Mycosphaerellaceae apart from Cercospora s. str. Regarding the genus Stenella, sequencing of the type species (S. araguata Syd.) revealed that it belongs to Teratosphaeriaceae, and the remaining species in Mycosphaerellaceae. ...
... Some genera of cercosporoid fungi of Iran, e.g. Cercospora (Bakhshi et al. 2015a(Bakhshi et al. , 2015b(Bakhshi et al. , 2018; Bakhshi 2019; Bakhshi and Zare 2020) and Pseudocercospora (Bakhshi et al. 2014;Braun et al. 2020), have been relatively well-documented in recent years based on recent molecular revisions of these genera Crous et al. 2013). Nevertheless, except for Nothopassalora personata , no molecular studies have so far been conducted on other passalora-like species known from Iran. ...
Species of Passalora s. lat. are eminent phytopathogenic fungi that cause generally leaf spot diseases on a broad variety of plants throughout the world. During our investigations exploring cercosporoid fungi associated with leaf spot symptoms of fruit and forest trees in northern and north-western Iran, several passalora-like infections were isolated from symptomatic leaves of different trees belonging to the Fabaceae , Malvaceae , Rosaceae and Ulmaceae . A polyphasic taxonomic approach by applying molecular data, morphological features and host data, was employed to identify the isolates. In a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis (LSU, ITS and RPB2 ), these isolates clustered in four clades in the Mycosphaerellaceae . The revealed taxa encompass Paracercosporidium microsorum on Tilia platyphyllos , Prathigadoides gleditsiae-caspicae gen. et. sp. nov. on Gleditsia caspica , Pruniphilomyces circumscissus on Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus , and Sirosporium celtidis on Celtis australis. The new genus Prathigadoides and its type species Prathigadoides gleditsiae-caspicae are molecularly distinct from all phylogenetically related genera, and some characteristics of the conidiophores and conidia differs from those of the morphologically similar species Prathigada condensata on the North America Gleditsia triacanthos .
