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![Fig. 2. Drones docking stations [28], [29].](profile/Mohamed-Boukoberine/publication/336669179/figure/fig2/AS:815798406885376@1571512905365/Drones-docking-stations-28-29_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 3. Laser-beam powered drones [32].](profile/Mohamed-Boukoberine/publication/336669179/figure/fig3/AS:815798406877184@1571512905469/Laser-beam-powered-drones-32_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 7. Solar-powered drones [50], [51].](profile/Mohamed-Boukoberine/publication/336669179/figure/fig4/AS:815798406897675@1571512905537/Solar-powered-drones-50-51_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 8. A hybrid fuel cell-battery-supercapacitor drone system [54].](profile/Mohamed-Boukoberine/publication/336669179/figure/fig5/AS:815798406897676@1571512905637/A-hybrid-fuel-cell-battery-supercapacitor-drone-system-54_Q320.jpg)
Drones are recently receiving a growing attention in both civil and military sectors. Despite their good features such as high maneuverability, wide variety of usage, and low cost; battery-powered drones are still limited in terms of endurance. They cannot perform long flights and persistent missions. This paper proposes then a review-based discuss...
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... power. In addition, the supercapacitor technology is characterized by a fast charging/discharching speed, overcharge tolerance, and the ability to extremely reduce the DC bus voltage fluctuations [53]. In this context, a supercapacitor will reinforce the hybrid power supply system offering higher power density and allowing rapid power response (Fig. 8). In this case an energy management system (EMS) is necessary to enable optimal operation for each power ...
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The multirotor drones have been used extensively in modern farming. This device can help to tackle many tasks that is limited to human such as planting, watering, monitoring, spraying disinfectant, and so on. This device can be so much useful in wide area of farms. Hence, it can save farmer's time and energy. Drones mostly use battery or supercapac...
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... From the refueling perspective, blockchain can record data on emissions produced during the fueling process and verify the authenticity and quality of the station's utilized fuel, ensuring that it meets quality standards, while in terms of charging stations, data on the energy efficiency of charging equipment can be recorded on the ledger, helping consumers to filter their available options on stations that use energy-efficient technology. For both cases, data related to the maintenance and status of the charging or refueling equipment can be recorded on the blockchain, ensuring that the equipment is well maintained and reducing the risk of service disruptions [223]. Blockchain can also facilitate the integration of smart grid practices by allowing proper load balancing and grid optimization for drones to access only the required amount of resources, as well as accessing available charging or fueling resources from other users in a decentralized network. ...
The Internet of Drones (IoD) is a decentralized network linking drones’ access to controlled airspace, providing high adaptability to complex scenarios and services to various drone applications, such as package delivery, traffic surveillance, and rescue, including navigation services. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), combined with IoD principles, offer numerous strengths, e.g., high mobility, wireless coverage areas, and the ability to reach inaccessible locations, including significant improvements such as reliability, connectivity, throughput, and decreased delay. Additionally, emerging blockchain solutions integrated within the concept of the IoD enable effective outcomes that surpass traditional security approaches, while enabling decentralized features for smart human-centered applications. Nevertheless, the combination of the IoD and blockchain faces many challenges with emerging open issues that require further investigation. In this work, we thoroughly survey the technological concept of the IoD and fundamental aspects of blockchain, while investigating its contribution to current IoD practices, the impact of novel enabling technologies, and their active role in the combination of the corresponding synergy. Moreover, we promote the combination of the two technologies by researching their collaborative functionality through different use cases and application fields that implement decentralized IoD solutions and highlighting their indicative benefits, while discussing important challenges and future directions on open issues.
... The use of drone technology may potentially improve long-term performance, increase agricultural yields, reduce time, and contribute to land management in a more environmentally responsible manner. In recent years, drone power supply has become one of the main topics in the drone industry [2] [3]. A lot of research and development has been conducted to make an alternative power supply for the drone to increase flying time for the drone [4] [5]. ...
... Drones in the market nowadays are powered mostly by batteries [2]. They supply most small drones that provide the propulsion system with versatility and simplicity [9]. ...
... While these innovative design strategies yield promising mechanical traits such as a lightweight, compact form, and a reliable, straightforward control system, the FAR does have a notable limitation due to its wired system. Specifically, it relies on a cable connected to the vehicle to provide power for movement, which restricts its workspace [21]. ...
This study introduces a fruit harvesting mechanism powered by a single motor, designed for integration with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The mechanism performs reciprocating motion by converting linear motion into rotational motion. Consequently, the end-effector can execute multi-dimensional kinematic trajectories, including biaxial and rotational movements, synchronized with the motor’s position. These axial and rotational motions facilitate the gripper’s ability to reach, retrieve, and detach fruit from branches during the harvesting process. Notably, a critical consideration in designing this fruit harvesting mechanism is to generate the necessary torque at the end-effector while minimizing reaction forces and torque that could destabilize the UAV during flight. With these considerations in mind, this preliminary study aimed to harvest a Fuji apple and conduct a dynamic analysis. We constructed a prototype of the single motor-driven fruit harvesting mechanism using a suitable servo motor. To assess its mechanical performance and evaluate its impact on the hexacopter, we developed both a specific test platform featuring a six-spherical-prismatic-spherical parallel structure and a virtual environmental flight simulator. Overall, the results demonstrate the successful harvesting of a Fuji apple weighing approximately 300 g by the single motor-driven fruit harvesting mechanism, with no adverse effects observed on the hexacopter’s operation.
... While these innovative design strategies yield promising mechanical traits such as lightweight, compact form, and a reliable, straightforward control system, the FAR does have a notable limitation due to its wired system. Specifically, it relies on a cable connected to the vehicle to provide power for movement, which restricts its workspace [21]. ...
This study introduces a fruit harvesting mechanism powered by a single motor, designed for integration with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The mechanism performs reciprocating motion by converting linear motion into rotational motion. Consequently, the end-effector can execute multi-dimensional kinematic trajectories, including biaxial and rotational movements, synchronized with the motor's position. These axial and rotational motions facilitate the gripper's ability to reach, retrieve, and detach fruit from branches during the harvesting process. Notably, a critical consideration in designing this fruit harvesting mechanism is to generate the necessary torque at the end-effector while minimizing reaction forces and torque that could destabilize the UAV during flight. With these considerations in mind, this preliminary study aimed to harvest a Fuji apple and conducted dynamic analysis. We constructed a prototype of the single motor-driven fruit harvesting mechanism using a suitable servo motor. To assess its mechanical performance and evaluate its impact on the hexacopter, we developed both a specific test platform featuring a six-spherical-prismatic-spherical parallel structure and a virtual environmental flight simulator. Overall, the results demonstrate the successful harvesting of a Fuji apple weighing approximately 300 g by the single motor-driven fruit harvesting mechanism, with no adverse effects observed on the hexacopter's operation.
... Currently, a large number of smoke detectors require a certain level of smoke concentration to be detected, resulting in poor timeliness, and they also have the disadvantage of not being useable outdoors [5,6]. With the widespread use of video surveillance equipment and drones in the power system [7,8], these devices can provide a large amount of image data in real-time indoors and outdoors, providing the basic data for smoke identifcation through images. Terefore, identifying smoke based on images has a very good application prospect in the power system. ...
Fire in power equipment has always been one of the main hazards of power equipment. Smoke detection and recognition have always been extremely important in power equipment, as they can provide early warning before a fire breaks out. Compared to relying on smoke concentration for recognition, image-based smoke recognition has the advantage of being unaffected by indoor and outdoor environments. This paper addresses the problems of limited smoke data, difficult labeling, and insufficient research on recognition algorithms in power systems. We propose using three-dimensional virtual technology to generate smoke and image masks and using environmental backgrounds such as HDR (high dynamic range imaging) lighting to realistically combine smoke and background. In addition, to address the characteristics of smoke in power equipment, a dual UNet model named DS-UNet is proposed. The model consists of a deep and a shallow network structure, which can effectively segment the details of smoke in power equipment and handle partial occlusion. Finally, DS-UNet is compared with other smoke segmentation networks with similar structures, and it demonstrates better smoke segmentation performance.
... Communica�on in the broadest sense of the word means interac�on between objects. One form of op�cal communica�on is the transfer of energy from one object to another, for example, from the Sun to the Earth, or from a terrestrial laser to a drone [1]. Another form is the transmission of informa�on by means of light, and such op�cal communica�on has a long history that began several millennia ago, when armies announced their victory or defeat with a relay of balefires on hills [2]. ...
The article considers a model of a free-space communication line between several closely located points on the terrain that are outside the line of sight. For the rapid deployment of communication lines with a range of up to hundreds of meters, any tall building visible to all callers can be a kind of optical signal repeater. Compared to radio communication channels, an optical communication line has a higher speed of information transmission, is insensitive to electromagnetic interference and is more protected from eavesdropping. To increase the range of the communication line and increase the signal to noise ratio, it is proposed to use a smart reflector based on the mirror of the two-axis scanner, the angular position of which is controlled by the microcontroller. The microcontroller receives information about the angle of incidence of the laser beam on the smart reflector in the form of photoelectric signals. These signals are formed by a position-sensitive photodetector and a lens in front of it. Depending on the angle of incidence of the laser beam, the position of the laser spot focused by the lens on the photodetector changes, and with it, both signals at its output. To facilitate the search of the smart reflector by transceivers, it is suggested to use an LED beacon in it.
... To improve the operational effectiveness of the entire UAV, it is vital to develop an endurance evaluation model for various types of UAVs and rationalize the battery and operating load parameters on this basis. Therefore, new approaches and optimization algorithms are needed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of autonomous pollination by UAVs (Nadir;Zhou;Benbouzid, 2019). ...
... To improve the operational effectiveness of the entire UAV, it is vital to develop an endurance evaluation model for various types of UAVs and rationalize the battery and operating load parameters on this basis. Therefore, new approaches and optimization algorithms are needed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of autonomous pollination by UAVs (Nadir;Zhou;Benbouzid, 2019). ...
... To improve the operational effectiveness of the entire UAV, it is vital to develop an endurance evaluation model for various types of UAVs and rationalize the battery and operating load parameters on this basis. Therefore, new approaches and optimization algorithms are needed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of autonomous pollination by UAVs (Nadir;Zhou;Benbouzid, 2019). ...
Pollination using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has emerged as a promising solution to the current pollination crisis. The dwindling number of natural pollinators forces the production of cutting-edge pollination technologies. This work proposes a module to optimize path planning for UAVs to travel in a minimum time. This study suggests a novel approach to maximize cross-pollination and minimize travel time with a highly efficient meta-heuristic optimization algorithm. This paper briefly describes a process we previously developed for flower insights that includes flower gender and gene identification and classification. With an insight into flowers, the proposed algorithm aims to achieve efficient and accurate pollination while minimizing energy consumption and convergence time. The Versatile Flower Pollination Algorithm’s (VFPA) approach is superior because it significantly reduces the amount of computing required while maintaining almost optimal performance. The proposed algorithm was successfully implemented to compute the distance between the male and female flowers and transfer nectar with a difference in the nectar value. The proposed approach shows promise for addressing the pollination crisis and reducing the reliance on traditional methods.
Index terms:
Autonomous pollination; uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV); route planning; optimization algorithm; energy consumption.
... It has been noted that most trials used drones with payload capacities of under 4000 g. These drones have been used because of their high endurance, ample payload capability, lengthy flight times, and simplicity of operation in any environment [84,85]. The cargo comprises low-cost sensors, microcontrollers, GPS, and other components. ...
... Drones with advanced features like waterproof and amphibian capabilities can partially address the issue of marine surveillance. Due to the widespread acceptance of their designs and sizes, mimic bio drones and micro drones will become more prevalent in the area of ecology [84,[102][103][104]. Future uses like planting and pollination may make use of the micro drone. ...
Drone-aided systems have gained popularity in the last few decades due to their stability in various commercial sectors and military
applications. The conventional ambient air quality monitoring stations (AAQMS) are immovable and big. This drawback has been significantly
overcome by drone-aided low-cost sensor (LCS) modules. As a result, much research work, media information, and technical notes have been
released on drone-aided air quality and ecological monitoring and mapping applications. This work is a sincere effort to provide a comprehensive
and structured review of commercial drone applications for air quality and environmental monitoring. The collected scientific and non-scientific
information was divided according to the different drone models, sensor types, and payload weights. The payload component is very critical in
stablility of the multirotor drones. Most study projects installed inexpensive sensors on drones according to the avilibility of the space on drone
frame. After reviewing of multiple environmental applications the common payload range was 0 gm to 4000 gm. The crucial elements are
addressed, including their relation to meteorological factors, air isokinetics, propeller-induced downwash, sensor mounting location, ramifications
etc. As a result, technical recommendations for AQ monitoring assisted by drones are addressed in the debate part. This work will help researchers
and environmentalists choose sensor-specific payloads for drones and mounting locations. Also, it enables advanced methods of monitoring
parameters that help policymakers to frame advanced protocols and sensor databases for the environment and ecology.
... The 5v 200mA Mini Solar Panel for DIY Projects is ready to use without requiring a frame or special modifications [19]. Implement these Polycrystalline solar cells because they are laser cut to the proper size and encapsulated in special sun and weather-resistant materials, which give them unique characteristics [20,21]. The 5v 200mA Mini Solar Panel has Polycrystalline solar cells, which are encased and protected by a durable outer poly frame. ...
This project presented the transformative potential of integrating solar panels into drones. This innovative approach addresses the long-standing issue of limited battery life, enabling drones to operate continuously, adapt to changing mission demands, and contribute to sustainability efforts in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles. This development represents a significant step forward in the evolution of drone technology, promising a more versatile and self-sustaining future for drones across various sectors. Factors like high-speed flight, aggressive maneuvers, heavy payloads, and adverse weather can dramatically reduce battery life. Surveillance drones, for instance, are confined to covering limited areas before returning for battery changes or recharging. A groundbreaking solution lies in the incorporation of solar panels directly into the drones, allowing them to self-charge when required. This innovation ensures uninterrupted drone operation, regardless of the prospects of energy demands, thus marking a significant step forward in drone technology. With this integration of solar power, drones are poised to become not only versatile but also autonomous, promising a transformative development in the world of unmanned aerial vehicles.
... One characteristic of this type of tool is the use of on-board batteries to power the UAV and its accessory systems [7]. Onboarding powering batteries lead to a total flight time of under 1 hour for most UAVs [8]. ...
... During data collection, two recent reviews that concern tUAVs were found: one covering general aspects of tUAVs [9] and another regarding power supply architectures [7]. The following topics are missing in recent reviews about tUAV: the control and perception techniques used in tUAVs, the different types of aircraft that are most often used in each application scope, and the energy transfer technique characteristics for tUAVs. ...
In recent years, there has been a remarkable surge in the development and research of tethered aerial systems, thus reflecting a growing interest in their diverse applications. Long-term missions involving aerial vehicles present significant challenges due to the limitations of current battery solutions. Tethered vehicles can circumvent such restrictions by receiving their power from an element on the ground such as a ground station or a mobile terrestrial platform. Tethered Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can also be applied to load transportation achieved by a single or multiple UAVs. This paper presents a comprehensive systematic literature review, with a special focus on solutions published in the last five years (2017–2022). It emphasizes the key characteristics that are capable of grouping publications by application scope, propulsion method, energy transfer solution, perception sensors, and control techniques adopted. The search was performed in six different databases, thereby resulting in 1172 unique publications, from which 182 were considered for inclusion in the data extraction phase of this review. Among the various aircraft types, multirotors emerged as the most widely used category. We also identified significant variations in the application scope of tethered UAVs, thus leading to tailored approaches for each use case, such as the fixed-wing model being predominant in the wind generation application and the lighter-than-air aircraft in the meteorology field. Notably, the classical Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) control scheme emerged as the predominant control methodology across the surveyed publications. Regarding energy transfer techniques, most publications did not explicitly describe their approach. However, among those that did, high-voltage DC energy transfer emerged as the preferred solution. In summary, this systematic literature review provides valuable insights into the current state of tethered aerial systems, thereby showcasing their potential as a robust and sustainable alternative to address the challenges associated with long-duration aerial missions and load transportation.
