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![A horizontal axis wind turbine [7, 8].](publication/245535586/figure/fig1/AS:1089078128844817@1636667868900/A-horizontal-axis-wind-turbine-7-8.jpg)
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![A horizontal axis wind turbine [7, 8].](publication/245535586/figure/fig1/AS:1089078128844817@1636667868900/A-horizontal-axis-wind-turbine-7-8_Q320.jpg)
![A. Wind Turbine with a Squirrel Cage Induction Generator [5].](publication/245535586/figure/fig3/AS:1089078133035018@1636667869104/A-Wind-Turbine-with-a-Squirrel-Cage-Induction-Generator-5_Q320.jpg)
![B. Wind Turbine with a Wound Rotor Induction Generator [5].](publication/245535586/figure/fig4/AS:1089078133047311@1636667869147/B-Wind-Turbine-with-a-Wound-Rotor-Induction-Generator-5_Q320.jpg)
![C. Wind Turbine with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator [5].](publication/245535586/figure/fig5/AS:1089078133047314@1636667869183/C-Wind-Turbine-with-a-Permanent-Magnet-Synchronous-Generator-5_Q320.jpg)
In recent years, the energy production by wind turbines has been increasing, because its production is environmentally friendly; therefore, the technology developed for the production of energy through wind turbines brings great challenges in the investigation. This paper
studies the characteristics of the wind turbine in the market and lab; it
is...
Similar publications
A With the rapid increase of the proportion of double-fed induction wind turbines generator (DFIG), higher requirements are proposed for the continuous operation ability under external power grid failure. The paper first analysed the transient process of DFIG in cases of power grid voltage surge, proposed the related standard requirements for high...
Citations
... At a specific wind speed, the system achieves its optimum conversion efficiency; at other wind speeds, efficiency decreases. Fixed-speed wind turbines (FSWT) operate at nearly constant velocity; however, variable-speed wind turbines (VSWT) can utilize a wide range of wind velocities to maximize energy conversion efficiency [16]. ...
The increasing demand for renewable energy worldwide has positioned wind power as a leading solution of clean energy solutions. This paper dives into the realm of wind energy, specifically focusing on wind turbine dynamics and efficiency. As wind power surpasses other alternative energy resources in growth rate, there is a compelling need to enhance the productivity and efficiency of wind turbines. The study encompasses a detailed exploration of the components comprising wind energy conversion systems, namely the rotor, generator, and gearbox.
The primary contribution of this work lies in the meticulous mathematical modeling and simulation of wind turbine components using MATLAB/Simulink. The study presents a comprehensive analysis of the mechanical energy produced by wind turbines, incorporating key parameters such as power coefficient, tip speed ratio, and blade pitch angle. The simulations offer insights into the complex relationships governing wind turbine performance under varying conditions. The experimental section provides a detailed exploration of wind turbine modeling.
... The model considers three uniformly cantilevered beams with mass at the root, representing the nacelle and accounting for blade-tower interaction. Arturo Soriano et al. [20] conducted a comprehensive review of nonlinear and linear techniques for dynamic modeling of wind turbines, including actuators, and explored various control methodologies, including nonlinear ones. Liu [21] analyzed the tower-cabin-blade coupling system for wind turbines, establishing the coordinate system and motion equation as a single-degreeof-freedom (SDOF) system. ...
Background
This study introduces a numerical model designed to simulate interactions occurring between a wind turbine's tower and the surrounding soil, as well as between the nacelle, blades, and the surrounding environment. This simulation accounts for both fore–aft and side-to-side movements. To describe these interactions, the model leverages the Euler–Lagrange equations. It calculates wave loads utilizing the Morison equation, with wave data generated based on the JONSWAP spectrum. Furthermore, aerodynamic loads are determined using the blade element moment theory, and the wind spectrum is generated using the Von Karman turbulence model. The tower is represented as a variable cross-sectional beam, employing a two-noded Euler beam element with two degrees of freedom: transverse displacement and rotation, and utilizing Hermite polynomial shape functions.
Results
In a comparative analysis against experimental data, this modified model demonstrates significant enhancements in accurately reproducing the dynamic behavior of wind turbines with variable cross-sectional towers, outperforming models that approximate the tower with a constant cross section. Our findings reveal that the modified model achieves a remarkable improvement of 15% in replicating the tower's dynamic response when compared to the constant cross-sectional models. As a case study, a 5 MW monopile wind turbine with a flexible foundation, specifically the one provided by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), is employed to simulate its dynamic response.
Conclusions
This research presents a robust numerical model for simulating wind turbine behavior in various environmental conditions. The incorporation of variable cross-sectional tower representation significantly improves the model's accuracy, making it a valuable tool for assessing wind turbine dynamics. The study's findings highlight the importance of considering tower flexibility in wind turbine simulations to enhance their real-world applicability.
... The need to use environmentally friendly energies to mitigate the impact of global warming and the adverse changes it brings to the surrounding environment has become more important as energy use from burning petroleum or fossil fuels and other unclean fuel sources have increased [1]. One of the most significant renewable energies that has started to be used in this sector is wind energy. ...
Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) now play a significant role in meeting the world's energy needs. Several different approaches are used to try to increase the reliability of these renewable energy systems. Smart systems are designed to be more proactive to improve the performance of renewable energy equipment. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have a variety of applications, including controlling renewable energy systems. Using optimal torque control (OTC) system based prediction techniques, a controller to monitor a maximum point of wind turbine output power (MPPT) is designed and modeled in this paper. MATLAB/Simulink package tools for neural networks are also used to design the controller and simulate it to achieve the necessary results and to obtain an appropriate analysis for the controller. The results show that the ANN is more active and delivers better output than the traditional controller.
... There exists two types of wind turbines: those rotating around a horizontal axle, that is, horizontal wind turbines (HWTs), which can be installed in an urban area, and those rotating around a vertical axle, that is, vertical wind turbines (VWTs), which can be installed onshore or offshore [37][38][39][40]. ...
... Although the use of DC generators has stopped for a long time, another variant has replaced it (brushless DC generators). The main generators used in wind systems are as follows [37][38][39][40][41]: ...
... These topologies are indexed with respect to the type of aero-generator used or with respect to their converters. The most interesting publications are those that give the state of the art concerning all possible topologies [37,[54][55][56][57]. ...
The overexploitation of non-renewable fossil resources has led to dangerous warming of our planet due to greenhouse gas emissions. The main reason for this problem is the increase in global energy demand. The rising prices of oil and gas have pushed governments around the world to turn to renewable energy, especially solar and wind power. For this reason, the present paper aimed to focus on photovoltaic and wind energy systems. However, exploitation of these two sources individually is not always easy because of their intermittent and irregular characters. Therefore, the obvious solution is the hybridisation of these two sources, which, when used alongside other systems such as batteries, increases the reliability, availability, and efficiency of these renewable sources. The main objective of this paper is to give an overview of different configurations of hybrid solar and wind energy conversion systems. First, the behaviour of each system, as well as their mathematical models, characteristics, and existing topologies, is presented. Then, the control strategies, optimal configurations, and sizing techniques, as well as different energy management strategies, of these hybrid PV–wind systems are presented.
... It is more efficient than HPT, but the probability of failure is higher (Liu et al., 2015). In addition, the maintenance cost of the gear train is higher, and it may be faded out whenever the power rating is more than 3 MW (Arturo Soriano et al., 2013). However, there is no provision to store the extra energy generated from the wind turbine during cyclones, storms, etc. ...
A multi-body dynamical model of a wind turbine power generation system (WTPGS) based on hydromechanical hybrid power
transmission (HMHPT) technology is developed and simulated to overcome the
individual drawbacks of the gear train and hydrostatic power
transmission (HPT) system. The HMHPT is a hybrid concept of a single-stage
planetary gear train (SSPGT) and a typical HPT. The input shaft of the SSPGT is coupled with the turbine rotor, whereas the output shaft of the SSPGT is coupled with the shaft of a hydraulic pump. The hydraulic pump supplies flow
to the hydro-motor, and its shaft is coupled with the generator. An existing
turbine blade model of 750 kW based wind turbine is used for further
development and analysis of the HMHPT. The simulation responses indicate
that the power generation and the control potential both have been
improved using the HMHPT in a wind turbine. Moreover, the influence on
the motor power generation due to variations of pump and motor leakages is
addressed. Additionally, it is found that if the order of the SSPGT and the
HPT are swapped in the proposed HMHPT, then the settling time, maximum
overshoot, and rise time of the system responses are increased. As a result,
the controllability of the system is decreased.
... Te turbine transforms the kinetic energy of the wind captured by the blades of the wind turbine into mechanical energy available on its shaft. Te output mechanical power extracted by the wind turbine is given by [21] ...
... where λ is the tip speed ratio; β is the blade pitch angle; R is the blade radius; ω T is the mechanical turbine speed Te output of the turbine is the mechanical torque. Te wind turbine torque may be written as follows [21]: ...
... Te wind turbine mechanical subsystem as known as the drive train consists of the rotor shaft, the generator shaft, and a gearbox. Te simplifed model of drive train is shown in Figure 4 [21]. ...
This paper proposes a multisource power plant management strategy for the proposed structure. This power plant consists of photovoltaic, wind, and grid. The principle of this management strategy is based on the reference currents and defines two components of the current namely a harmonic component related to the harmonics contained in the load current and current called fundamental related to the fundamental of the load current. This proposed strategy allows the different renewable sources to supply the load partially or totally. The harmonic component performs the power quality function while the fundamental component feeds the load and injects the surplus production into the grid. The power management is done according to the established scenarios and responds to the demand of the load. The simulations were carried out with Matlab software, and these results show the performance of this strategy for this structure studied to fulfill the following functions: power supply to the load, power factor (PF) correction, harmonic elimination, reactive energy compensation, and injection in the network of a current with a low rate of harmonic distortion lower than 1% in accordance with the IEEE Std 519-2014 standard.
... WECS technologies can be divided into various classifications on the basis of different criteria or factors. According to [6], [8], [10], [74], the most popular classification factors include: (i) WECS electric output power scale (small, moderate, and large power), (ii) aerodynamic power control strategy for strong wind-speed characteristics (stall pitch control), (iii) configuration of wind generator shaft with reference to the installation ground (HAWT and VAWT), (iv) type of system to deliver the electric output power (autonomous and grid-tied), (v) wind generator applicable speed with reference to the changing wind speeds, (vi) site for installation of WECS (onshore and offshore), (vii) type of mechanical integration across the turbine and generator shaft (with gearbox and direct-drive), and (viii) wind speed velocities (slow, medium, and maximum) impacting the WECS. The overall quality of wind energy conversion is generally not satisfactory with VAWTs, and hence, the modern commercial WECSs implement HAWTs with three rotor blades operation. ...
... Advantages Limitations HAWT [75]- [77] ✓ Robust in converting wind energy to electrical output power ✓ Preferable for accessing to reliable wind energy extraction Increased probability of system failure and maintenance due design complexity The wind direction adjustment is mandatory VAWT [78]- [81] ✓ Suitable for installation and maintenance due to simplicity of its configuration ✓ Not reliant on the direction of wind for effective operation Insufficient capability of wind energy harvesting Responsible for increased torque ripples and susceptible to mechanical disturbances FSWT [6], [82], [83] ✓ No complexity in structure, usually not prone to failures, reliable ✓ Reduced installation and maintenance costs Comparatively low energy harvesting capability Maximum fatigue loads Inferior power quality to the grid VSWT [84]- [86] ✓ Superior wind energy harvesting efficiency ✓ Enhanced power quality and stability ✓ Minimized mechanical fatigue loads Extra cost due to making use of converters, which result in electrical losses Highly sophisticated control system, which adds complexity to design process ...
... ▪ A soft starter is used in TG-SCIG WECS for smoothing grid integration by alleviating startup in-rush currents [6]. ▪ A partial-scale converter is used in DFIG-based WECSs for managing slip power and raising speed range in the application [110]. ...
Nowadays, engineers are toiling away to achieve the maximum possible wind energy harvesting with low costs through enhancing the performances of WECSs in efforts to realize the wind power future forecasts. In fact, achieving this is basically not an easy task due to the intricacies that partly stem from the stochastic nature of wind energy. Further, the efforts in this regard can also be impacted by the ongoing trends in various wind energy conversion-related technologies, and engineering approaches. Hence, the wind power optimization is determined depending on the types of WECS technologies, output power smoothing, and design development approaches that be employed. Currently, the variable speed operations-based WECS technologies are generally opted in wind farm applications. Meanwhile, power management system is the heart of a WECS, where smoothing output power with reducing costs could be implemented. On the other hand, the automated control strategies were reported in literatures to better optimize WECSs’ performances particularly in terms of costs compared to ESS devices. On this basis, MBPC and hybrid control algorithms were commonly presented as the current state-of-the-art for systems modeling, whereas MBD was preferred to be an efficient and cost-saving approach for advanced development of automated control systems. This study aims to conduct comparative analyses on WECS technologies (with different generators, and PECs) based on their energy harvesting capability, cost-effectiveness, and advances in designs. Assessments of the approaches and strategies for smoothing power production are also presented. Finally, the study concludes that trends in PECs, automated control strategies and MBD are the most compelling.
... The cost of installation and maintenance is lower than HAWT as the gearbox and other electrical equipment is closer to the ground or on the ground (Abdel-halim, 2015; Arturo Soriano et al., 2013;Johari et al., 2018;Swati, 2013). ...
... Since density is a function of temperature and pressure, increased temperature causes the mechanical power generated to drop and increased pressure causes the mechanical power generated to rise (Arturo Soriano et al., 2013;Kalmikov, 2017;Zafar, 2018). ...
... Wind turbine components (ArturoSoriano et al., 2013) Figure 6 illustrates the simple diagram of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). The wind provides the force to rotate the blades and develops mechanical power to the drive shaft to produce electricity(Arshad and O'kelly, 2013). ...
Increasing demand for goods and services is growing with the evident rise in population globally. To cater to the needs for the planet, manufacturing methods that are part of industry should be more sustainable, while giving major importance to the environmental performance of the products. The concern of diminishing resources and raw materials is driving scientists, researchers, governments, and industry stakeholders to adopt new technologies that can outperform traditional methods of manufacturing. Additive manufacturing is one such manufacturing method that is on the cusp of being largely integrated into the industries of today. It is a technique that benefits the three pillars of sustainably, namely the environment, economy, and society. It plays a crucial role in reducing waste by efficient resource consumption and reduced manufacturing waste, reduction of emissions during the life cycle of a product, promoting on-demand and localized manufacturing, and offers a high level of design freedom which can help manufacture complex parts. The renewable energy industry has challenges such as system reliability, energy security, environmental impacts, and reliability of the systems. However, with growing technology, these issues can be addressed, specifically by integrating additive manufacturing into the industry. Wind energy is one of the most promising types of renewable energy and it is growing globally in terms of capacity installed per year, and overall capacity available. AM is increasingly being used in the wind energy industry, but it is still yet to be made fully commercial and functional. The main benefits are repairs and remanufacturing, improved supply chain, and reduced environmental issues. Life cycle assessment is a powerful tool to study the environmental impacts for the life cycle of a product. It helps to identify the various impacts caused to the environment by addressing specific indicators such as global warming potential, depletion of resources, water consumption, etc. Life cycle analysis can be then further used to improve the product by developing them further, strategic developments, marketing opportunities, and better legislation.
The results of the thesis firstly indicate the environmental impacts caused by traditionally manufactured a 2 MW wind turbine during its life cycle. The findings were that the products, recurring, and transport stages contributed significantly to the greenhouse gas emissions. Steel, resins and adhesives, and concrete are the materials that contribute maximum to the emissions. Other significant indicators to the environmental performance for the life cycle of the wind turbine are ozone depletion potential, abiotic resource depletion, water footprint, and particulate matter emissions. For each of these indicators, the product and recurring stages contribute the most to the environmental impact. Secondly, a case study has been identified to use additive manufacturing to manufacture a rotating unit, which is a part of the hydraulic pitch system of a wind turbine. The results showed that significant material savings can be achieved by using AM, which can positively impact the environmental performance. The weight reduction and material savings for the assembly was approximately 44% and 72% respectively, in comparison to traditionally manufactured rotating unit. Finally, the results of the thesis from both experimental parts were analyzed and discussed to illustrate the environmental benefits gained by integrating additive manufacturing for the life cycle of the wind turbine.
... HAWT is the most common and suitable for largescale application in offshore, coastal, level terrain, open landscape, and rural areas [9,10] with stable and steady wind conditions. Despite higher efficiency [7][8][9][10][11], HAWT has some drawbacks, such as operation depends on wind direction, requires a yaw controlling system, ample space, higher and stronger tower, high maintenance cost, and harmful to ecology [7,11,12]. In addition, it has a higher installation cost since it comprises a yaw controlling system and nacelle, which contains a gearbox, generator, and rotor mounted at the top of the tower [12]. ...
... Despite higher efficiency [7][8][9][10][11], HAWT has some drawbacks, such as operation depends on wind direction, requires a yaw controlling system, ample space, higher and stronger tower, high maintenance cost, and harmful to ecology [7,11,12]. In addition, it has a higher installation cost since it comprises a yaw controlling system and nacelle, which contains a gearbox, generator, and rotor mounted at the top of the tower [12]. However, VAWT can receive air from any direction, even in the cross-flow directions, requires small space and compact auxiliaries, and is easy to design, maintain, and install [7,8,10]. ...
The section parameters of the NACA 4412 airfoil are modified for the best lift/drag ratio at a low Reynolds
number (1.22 × 105
) to implement in Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs). The lift and drag characteristics are
evaluated numerically within the range of angle of attack (AoA) -100
to 150 using the open-source tools Xflr5 and
Qblade. The highest ratio of the coefficient of lift to drag (Cl/Cd) and coefficient of power (Cp) are investigated for
modification of each section parameter by repeated iterations. The Cp value is evaluated by Qblade’s Double Multiple
Stream tube (DMS) algorithms for solidity ratios (SR) of 0.33 and 0.17, respectively, over a range of tip-speed ratios
(TSR). The numerical analysis results are validated by comparing with the baseline NACA 4412 airfoil’s experimental
results. The highest Cp values are found to be 0.387 (at TSR 2.4) and 0.365 (at TSR 2.6) for the SR of 0.33 and 0.17,
respectively, which complies with the Betz limit (Cp = 0.59) and higher than the baseline airfoil NACA 4412 airfoil.
This study will facilitate the implementation of the modified NACA 4412 airfoil in VAWTs for use on the rooftops of
urban and suburban households at a low airspeed.
Keywords: NACA 4412 airfoil; VAWT; Xflr5; QBlade; Betz’s law; Low Reynolds Number.
... Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) has its axis of rotation parallel or horizontal with the ground while vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) axis of rotation is perpendicular or vertical to the ground. The HAWT is preferred for electrical power generation due to its higher conversion efficiency and access to stronger wind at higher hub height [26,27]. The major components of a HAWT and its configuration are shown in Fig. 2. Therefore, this work considered a HAWT with three blades. ...
This paper presents an optimization model to minimize the fuel cost and CO2 emissions on university campuses using a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES). The HRES is made up of solar photovoltaic (PV), diesel generator (DG), wind turbine (WT) and battery energy storage system (BESS). Two university campuses are used as case studies to investigate the efficiency of the proposed HRES. The objective function is formulated such that each campus load is met by the renewable energy source (RES) when available and the DG only switches on when the output of the renewable energy source is not enough to meet the load. The resulting non-linear optimization problem is solved using a function in MATLAB called "quadprog". The results of the simulation are analyzed and compared with the base case in which the DG is used exclusively to meet the entire load. The results show the effectiveness of the optimized HRES in saving fuel when compared to the base case and reflect the effects of seasonal variations in fuel costs.
