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A histogram demonstrating a normal sleep pattern for a young adult. REM indicates rapid eye movement. Reprinted from Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine (reference 1) with permission from Elsevier.
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Context 1
... consists of four stages of non-rapid- eye-movement (NREM) sleep and REM sleep. In NREM stage 1, people pass from relaxed wakeful- ness (alpha-type electroencephalogram [EEG] ac- tivity) to a slower rhythm, or theta type of activity. In NREM stage 2, special types of EEG phenomena called K complexes and sleep spindles are superimposed on theta activity. In NREM stages 3 and 4 sleep, the EEG continues to slow to what is called delta activity. This is where mental and physical processes slow and physical restoration occurs. In REM sleep, the brain is active; the sleeper is dreaming in a paralyzed body since skeletal muscle is quiescent. This stage of sleep is associated with mental restoration. The EEG of REM sleep is similar to the EEG of wakefulness, except for the right and left oculogram channels, which show rapid eye movements. Sleepers cycle in and out through these stages every 90 to 120 minutes; most slow-wave sleep occupies the early portion of the night, and most REM sleep comes at the end of the night (Figure 1). Those who are sleep deprived preferentially recover slow-wave sleep first, so teleologically slow-wave sleep is more ...
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Introduction
It is well documented that on entering college, students experience a multitude of changes in sleep habits. Very few studies have been conducted that explore sleep quality in Indian undergraduate students; fewer still study the effects of burnout in the same population. Medical students, in particular, are believed to be more stressed,...
Citations
... Frequent and excessive occurrences of arousals, which are considered a sign of sleep disorders [7], can disrupt sleep stage patterns [8,9]. Since REM and NREM sleep are responsible for mental and physical restoration of the body, respectively, impaired sleep stage patterns lead to poor sleep quality and have negative impacts on physical and mental health [10]. Thus, accurate detection of arousals and sleep stages is of great importance for the diagnosis of sleep disorders. ...
Objective. Sleep is a critical physiological process that plays a vital role in maintaining physical and mental health. Accurate detection of arousals and sleep stages is essential for the diagnosis of sleep disorders, as frequent and excessive occurrences of arousals disrupt sleep stage patterns and lead to poor sleep quality, negatively impacting physical and mental health. Polysomnography is a traditional method for arousal and sleep stage detection that is time-consuming and prone to high variability among experts. Approach. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-task learning approach for arousal and sleep stage detection using fully convolutional neural networks. Our model, FullSleepNet, accepts a full-night single-channel EEG signal as input and produces segmentation masks for arousal and sleep stage labels. FullSleepNet comprises four modules: a convolutional module to extract local features, a recurrent module to capture long-range dependencies, an attention mechanism to focus on relevant parts of the input, and a segmentation module to output final predictions. Main results. By unifying the two interrelated tasks as segmentation problems and employing a multi-task learning approach, FullSleepNet achieves state-of-the-art performance for arousal detection with an area under the precision-recall curve of 0.70 on Sleep Heart Health Study and Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis datasets. For sleep stage classification, FullSleepNet obtains comparable performance on both datasets, achieving an accuracy of 0.88 on the former and an accuracy of 0.83 on the latter. Significance. Our results demonstrate that FullSleepNet offers improved practicality, efficiency, and accuracy for the detection of arousal and classification of sleep stages using raw EEG signals as input.
... Frequent and excessive occurrences of arousals, which are considered a sign of sleep disorders [7], can disrupt sleep stage patterns [8,9]. Since REM and NREM sleep are responsible for mental and physical restoration of the body, respectively, impaired sleep stage patterns lead to poor sleep quality and have negative impacts on physical and mental health [10]. Thus, accurate detection of arousals and sleep stages is of great importance for the diagnosis of sleep disorders. ...
Objective. Sleep is a critical physiological process that plays a vital role in maintaining physical and mental health. Accurate detection of arousals and sleep stages is essential for the diagnosis of sleep disorders, as frequent and excessive occurrences of arousals disrupt sleep stage patterns and lead to poor sleep quality, negatively impacting physical and mental health. Polysomnography is a traditional method for arousal and sleep stage detection that is time-consuming and prone to high variability among experts. Approach. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-task learning approach for arousal and sleep stage detection using fully convolutional neural networks. Our model, FullSleepNet, accepts a full-night single-channel EEG signal as input and produces segmentation masks for arousal and sleep stage labels. FullSleepNet comprises four modules: a convolutional module to extract local features, a recurrent module to capture long-range dependencies, an attention mechanism to focus on relevant parts of the input, and a segmentation module to output final predictions. Main results. By unifying the two interrelated tasks as segmentation problems and employing a multi-task learning approach, FullSleepNet achieves state-of-the-art performance for arousal detection with an area under the precision-recall curve of 0.70 on Sleep Heart Health Study and Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis datasets. For sleep stage classification, FullSleepNet obtains comparable performance on both datasets, achieving an accuracy of 0.88 and an F1-score of 0.80 on the former and an accuracy of 0.83 and an F1-score of 0.76 on the latter. Significance. Our results demonstrate that FullSleepNet offers improved practicality, efficiency, and accuracy for the detection of arousal and classification of sleep stages using raw EEG signals as input.
... Algunos de los aspectos más importantes que se deben considerar en la promoción de la salud son: el sueño, entendido como un estado fisiológico activo y rítmico que alterna con otro estado de conciencia básico que es la vigilia y cuya calidad se asocia al número de horas que se duerme [15], y el deporte, que es una actividad de carácter competitivo que mejora la condición física. ...
Objetivo: analizar los hábitos saludables y condiciones de salud en un grupo trabajadores de confección de dos empresas de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de alcance analítico, con enfoque cuantitativo y de corte transversal, la muestra correspondió a un grupo de 36 trabajadores de dos empresas caso de estudio, la muestra fue tomada durante el 2020-1. Para esto se aplicó un cuestionario y posteriormente se realizó un análisis de agrupamiento de k-medias. Resultados y Conclusiones: se encontraron diferencias entre el grupo 1 y grupo 2, mostrando reporte de mayor frecuencia y diversidad de morbilidad en el grupo 2 que en el grupo 1, así como un perfil socio-demográfico similar, jornadas laborales extensas y porcentajes bajos de estilos de vida saludables en ambos grupos; por consiguiente se recomienda aprovechar los entornos laborales para promover hábitos alimenticios saludables y actividad física, de esta forma se fomentan además otros comportamientos saludables y se promueve la disminución del riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y otras enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles.
... Over the last two decades, surveys indicate that interns work more hours than residents, and surgical subspecialists tend to work the most, ranging from 35 to 120 hours per week on average [8]. A study done by Howard suggests that respondents believe that longer work hours negatively impact patient care and safety [9]. This causes long wait times and delays in treatment, which increase patient and attendee stress and worries, leading to violence [10]. ...
Workplace violence (WPV) against doctors is a growing epidemic in India, with at least two-thirds of doctors facing some form of abuse during their careers. Verbal abuse is common, but doctors are also subjected to brutal attacks that endanger their lives. This review lists abusive incidents reported by the media since 2021. Despite increased respect for healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic, doctors in India are under significant stress due to inadequate medical infrastructure, mismanagement of young doctors, increasing mistrust between doctors and patients, a shortage of doctors, and overworked healthcare workers, leading to delays in attention and treatment. Additional factors contributing to the situation include the lack of proper insurance coverage, weak primary healthcare with overburdened tertiary care, the lack of an effective grievance redressal system, and the poor state of medical education. To combat this epidemic, collaborative efforts are needed between doctors, hospitals, the government, and society. Improving communication skills and treating patients with empathy are essential for healthcare workers. Meanwhile, hospitals should implement an efficient security system, a transparent billing system, and an active complaint system to prevent incidents. Unbiased reporting and adequate documentation are required to further investigate this occupational health hazard. The government should focus on building better medical facilities and passing a strict law against violence against doctors to ensure the safety of medical professionals. This review presents some solutions, along with the current legal coverage provided to healthcare professionals regarding WPV.
... Para entender mejor la privación del sueño es importante mencionar las fases del proceso en el que una persona se queda dormida. Howard (2005) postula que el sueño consta de cuatro etapas de sueño sin movimientos rápidos de los ojos (NREM, por sus siglas en ingles) y el sueño con movimientos rápidos de los ojos (REM, por sus siglas en inglés). En el sueño sin movimientos rápidos de los ojos, la etapa uno, las personas pasan de la vigilia relajada, o la actividad de electroencefalograma (EEG) de tipo alfa, a un ritmo más lento, o actividad tipo Theta causando un sueño superficial. ...
... En esa misma línea, la somnolencia diurna tiene implicaciones en los determinantes fisiológicos de la homeostasis del sueño y el ritmo circadiano (Howard, 2005). El primero se da cuando la cantidad de sueño en las noches anteriores ha sido inadecuada, y en la que el cuerpo busca compensarlo por lo que causa sueño. ...
Los/as profesionales de la medicina de sala de emergencia suelen tener turnos nocturnos que los pone en riesgo de privación de sueño. Este último ocurre cuando un adulto no duerme lo suficiente, de siete a ocho horas, para sentirse alerta y descansado (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2008). Esta investigación tuvo el propósito de auscultar los niveles de privación de sueño en los médicos de sala de emergencias y determinar su relación con el desempeño. A través de un diseño
no experimental, de corte transversal, se encuestó electrónicamente a 32 médicos de salas de emergencias en Puerto Rico. Los resultados muestran que después de ser llamados a un turno nocturno la mayoría de los médicos indican estar irritados/as (50%, n = 16) y menos empáticos/as con los pacientes (40%, n = 13). Los resultados son consistentes con investigaciones previas, en las que los/as profesionales de la medicina están privados del sueño y se vincula a su desempeño laboral.
... 14 pasien. 12,13 Kualitas hidup yang baik juga dapat tercapai jika mahasiswa menjaga pola tidurnya sesuai dengan jam biologis tubuh. 8 Pengaturan jadwal pribadi maupun jadwal kuliah yang lebih baik perlu dilakukan agar tidak menganggu irama sirkadian normal tubuh. ...
Background: Every person has a different diurnal preference, sleep-wake cycle, and alertness known as chronotype. There are three chronotypes, that is morning, evening, and intermediate type. Medical students with evening chronotype are still forced to follow the standard academic schedule in the morning, hence their sleep time is reduced. This problem results in lower grade points since sleep quality affects academic achievement. This study aimed to analyze the difference in grade points between morning and evening chronotypes among medical students.Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was performed among 102 preclinical students class 2018 of School Medicine and Health Sciences of Atma Jaya Catholic University Indonesia. All personal data, grade points, and chronotypes were taken using google form. Chronotypes and sleep characteristics were determined with Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) by calculating weekend mid-sleep time and sleep debt. Unpaired t-test and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the statistical significance.Results: The results of evening chronotype 44.1% respondents, morning chronotype 31.4% respondents, and intermediate chronotype 24.5% respondents were obtained from 102 respondents. There were 65.7% of students with grade points greater than or equal to three and 34.4% lower than three. There was no significant difference in grade points between morning and evening chronotypes on semester 1, 2, 3, nor grade point average 3 (p>0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant difference in grade points between morning and evening chronotypes among preclinical students class 2018 of School Medicine and Health Sciences Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia.
... It should be no major revelation that lack of sleep affects one's mood, which in turn, can affect the quality of patient care. 1 Healthy health care practitioners are better suited to advise and support their patients. ...
... Especially working with the shift system, prolonged working hours cause poor sleep quality and decreased total sleep time (13,14). Impaired sleep time and quality have been associated with reduced attention, learning speed, response speed, and reduced ability to cope with daily problems (15,16). It has been suggested that all this makes the person more susceptible to burnout (13,15,17). ...
... Impaired sleep time and quality have been associated with reduced attention, learning speed, response speed, and reduced ability to cope with daily problems (15,16). It has been suggested that all this makes the person more susceptible to burnout (13,15,17). ...
Background:
Burnout is a multidimensional syndrome associated with intense working conditions and negative psychosocial factors in physicians. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of living and working conditions of physicians on burnout level and sleep quality in Turkey.
Methods:
In this internet-based questionnaire study, 1053 physicians [General Practitioners (n=233); Basic Medical Sciences (n=26); Internal Medical Sciences (n=530), and Surgery Sciences (n=264)] were included in the study, filling the forms consisting of study conditions, Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questions.
Results:
Negative occupational factors such as physicians having a night shift, high number of patients who are cared for daily, short examination period, low financial gain, exposure to violence, and mobbing were associated with poor sleep quality and burnout. Factors such as being subjected to violence, mobbing, and age are predictive of increasing burnout in women. Working on night shifts or being on-call were associated with all aspects of burnout. The proportion of those with poor sleep quality was significantly higher in those working night shifts (74.6%) than those working daytime shifts (67.2%) and those who were exposed to violence (75.1%) compared to those who were not exposed to violence (43.2%) (p=0.013, p<0.001, respectively).
Conclusions:
Impaired sleep quality, violence, mobbing, young age, excessive night shifts, short examination period, and low income may play a role in physician burnout. Our study data suggest that it is important to improve physicians' unfavorable working conditions and to prevent violence against burnout.
... High proportion of physicians who reported not practicing any type of exercise or having restricted to health diet regime could be explained by the long and exhausting work hours of them where many physicians did not have the time for indulge in physical exercise or stick to their dietary regimes as many of them do not find the physical or mental strength to practice some healthy habits after working long hours each day which could affect the quality of healthcare services they provide to their patients [ 22 ]. Moreover, poor lifestyle habits among both physicians in Saudi Arabia and other neighboring countries reflect rooted cultural patterns present in the Middle Eastern population that may be exaggerated among physicians due to excessive workload and long shifts [ 23 ]. ...
... In study of Borgan, the authors found that the most common medical conditions among physicians were hypertension, and diabetes mellitus with prevalence of 20.3 % and 11 % [ 19 ]. Moreover, Sleep deprivation has been shown to affect physician clinical performance and cognitive scores [ 21,23 ]. Considering sleep pattern of the physicians, we found that 77.9 % of the participants reported having sleeping pattern of 6-8 hours daily where 15.4 % slept for less than 6 hours. ...
Background: Most medical research today focuses on three aspects: stress and burnout at work mental illness such as depression and suicide and drug addiction. On the other hand, little research has been done among physicians so far on behavioral and preventive interventions including healthy lifestyles habits among physicians. Therefore, the aim of this study to assess the lifestyle habits practicing among KSMC physicians, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh (including all physicians in King Saud Medical City), from April, 2020 till December 2021 using pre-designed questionnaire which was distributed online. The questionnaire was prepared to assess the demographic factors, physical activity, eating pattern, health concern. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 for data analysis. Results: we were able to collect data from 104 physicians in response to our questionnaire where all of them where medicine physicians and 57.7 % of them were males. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 18.4 % and 27.2 % respectively. Moreover, 55.8 % of physicians reported that they did not practice any type of exercises however, 32.7 % practiced endurance or aerobic exercise. Furthermore, 24 % of the participants reported being on diet where 8.7 % were on keto diet and 1.9 % were on Mediterranean diet. In our study, poor exercise and diet habits were associated with poor BMI, poor sleep pattern and higher prevalence of medical conditions. Conclusion: We found that there is high prevalence of obesity and overweight among physicians at KSMC, Saudi Arabia which in addition to poor sleep pattern and high incidence of other medical conditions were significantly associated with the poor life-style habits including low level of practicing exercise and having health diet regime.
... This may indicate a subset of physicians who are not getting adequate sleep. Sleep deprivation in physicians is related to poor outcomes including increased fatigue and medical errors 50,51 , and worryingly sleep deprived doctors are unable to recognize self-fatigue 50 . The relationship between sleep, suicide, depression and how each can independently affect patient care means that getting adequate sleep in physicians is important to address 50 . ...
... This may indicate a subset of physicians who are not getting adequate sleep. Sleep deprivation in physicians is related to poor outcomes including increased fatigue and medical errors 50,51 , and worryingly sleep deprived doctors are unable to recognize self-fatigue 50 . The relationship between sleep, suicide, depression and how each can independently affect patient care means that getting adequate sleep in physicians is important to address 50 . ...
Depression amongst physicians can lead to poor individual and institutional outcomes. This study examined the prevalence and factors associated with depression and suicidal ideation amongst doctors in Hong Kong. Doctors who graduated from medical school at the University of Hong Kong between 1995 and 2014 were invited to participate in a survey measuring depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation and thoughts of self-harm, lifestyle behaviours, career satisfaction and socio-demographic characteristics. Data collection occurred between January and April 2016. The prevalence of screened-positive depression was 16.0% and 15.3% of respondents reported having suicidal ideation. Amongst those with positive depression screening scores, less than half reported having a diagnosed mood disorder. Sleeping fewer hours was associated with higher depression scores (P < 0.001) and an increased odds of meeting the cut-off for depression (P < 0.001). Factors associated with suicidal ideation included being unmarried (P = 0.012) and sleeping fewer hours (P = 0.022). Hong Kong doctors appear to have high rates of undiagnosed depression, and high levels of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideations. There is a need for greater awareness of the morbidity due to depression and to promote better mental health help-seeking among physicians. Barriers to mental health help-seeking need to be addressed and appropriate resources allocated to reduce suffering.
