Fig 4 - uploaded by Ahmad Oryan
Content may be subject to copyright.
A higher magnification of myocardium infection with Sarcocystis (cyst). Eosinophils (arrowhead), lymphocytes, plasma cells, fibroblasts (arrows), and fibrous connective tissues are infiltrated between muscle fibers (H-E stain, Scale bar = 110 μ m).
Source publication
The prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. was investigated by gross and histopathological examinations in 250 camels (Camelus dromedarius) slaughtered from 2002 to 2005 in the Mashhad Slaughterhouse, eastern Iran. Samples were taken from the diaphragm, heart, tongue, esophagus and masseter muscles for histopathological studies. No macroscopic sarcocysts w...
Similar publications
The present study was conducted to determine whether preferential muscle catabolism [psoas major (PM) > rectus femoris (RF)] observed during the chronic intramuscular stage of Sarcocystis cruzi infection could be associated with the pathological consequences of increased protein tyrosine nitration in fibers characteristically more metabolically act...
Sarcocystis spp. are protozoa belonging to the Phylum Apicomplexa, order Eucoccida, family Sarcocystis that cause sarcocystosis in humans, other primates and in many animal species. In this study the authors report the results of a survey on the presence of these parasites, in 50 horses slaughtered in the province of Bari. The inspection visit, by...
Sarcocystis spp. are protozoan parasites with a heteroxenous life cycle, which produce cysts in the muscle of herbivorous animals. In these animal species, sarcocystosis is frequently asymptomatic, although it may occur with high prevalence. Seven Sarcocystis spp. have been described in red deer (Cervus elephus). The aim of this study was to determ...
Sarcocystis is an intracellular protozoan parasite that manifests as a sarcocyst within the muscle fibers of an intermediate host. Sarcocystis commonly affects animals; in fact, cases of sarcocystosis involving human hosts are rare and often undiagnosed. The two types of Sarcocystis species that may infect and utilize humans as a definitive host ar...
During 2002-15 we examined the causes of mortality in a population of northern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris kenyoni). Beachcast sea otters were collected primarily from the coast of Washington. Although there are no permanent sea otter residents in Oregon, several beachcast otters were collected from the Oregon coast. Infectious diseases were the pr...
Citations
... Severe sarcocystosis may also result in death or abortion in pregnant camels [14]. Prevalence data on camel sarcocystosis have been reported from different Asian and African countries, such as Iran [24], Saudi Arabia [12], Egypt [14], Iraq [9], Mongolia [25], and Somalia [26]. ...
Sarcocystis is one of the most prevalent protozoan parasites that infect many domestic and wild animals worldwide. Ruminants as one of the sources of meat products for the human are exposed to contamination with these parasites. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Sarcocystis in slaughtered ruminants, using the histology method in the Kashan region,central Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 96 heart muscle samples, including 29 samples from cattle, 36 from sheep, and 31 from camel (approximately 5-10 g in weight), were randomly collected from the slaughterhouse of Kashan. The samples were subsequently, preserved in 10% formalin for histological processing and staining using haematoxylin and eosin stain. In total, Sarcocystis cyst was found in 72 (75 %) out of 96 animal heart samples. The prevalence of Sarcocystis infection was 100%, 97.2%, and 25.8% in cattle, sheep, and camel, respectively. The present study showed a high prevalence of infection to
Sarcocystis in ruminants slaughtered in Kashan similar to another region of Iran. So, the conduct of preventive measures for the reduction of animal infection is recommended.
... In a study performed in slaughtered dromedaries from Iran, different degrees of inflammatory responses were observed in tissues surrounding old, degenerating microscopic Sarcocystis sp. sarcocysts, with infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and fibroblasts [50]. In agreement with an inflammatory response, expression of the interleukin-6 gene was significantly increased in the Sarcocystis sp. ...
... Microcysts identified as Sarcocystis spp. were also reported in the same tissues of dromedaries from Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Mongolia, and Ethiopia [48,50,53,[67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. Unfortunately, nucleotide sequences of taxonomic relevance for S. ippeni are missing, as well as species identification in the latter reports. ...
... Available studies on the prevalence of camelid sarcocystosis show high-to-very-high values both in SACs and OWCs [38,[50][51][52][53]56,57,66,68]. Representative examples of these reports are presented in Table S1. ...
Sarcocystis spp. are coccidian protozoans belonging to the Apicomplexa phylum. As with other members of this phylum, they are obligate intracellular parasites with complex cellular machinery for the invasion of host cells. Sarcocystis spp. display dixenous life cycles, involving a predator and a prey as definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively. Specifically, these parasites develop sarcocysts in the tissues of their intermediate hosts, ranging in size from microscopic to visible to the naked eye, depending on the species. When definitive hosts consume sarcocysts, infective forms are produced in the digestive system and discharged into the environment via feces. Consumption of oocyst-contaminated water and pasture by the intermediate host completes the parasitic cycle. More than 200 Sarcocystis spp. have been described to infect wildlife, domestic animals, and humans, some of which are of economic or public health importance. Interestingly, Old World camelids (dromedary, domestic Bactrian camel, and wild Bactrian camel) and New World or South American camelids (llama, alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña) can each be infected by two different Sarcocystis spp: Old World camelids by S. cameli (producing micro- and macroscopic cysts) and S. ippeni (microscopic cysts); and South American camelids by S. aucheniae (macroscopic cysts) and S. masoni (microscopic cysts). Large numbers of Old and New World camelids are bred for meat production, but the finding of macroscopic sarcocysts in carcasses significantly hampers meat commercialization. This review tries to compile the information that is currently accessible regarding the biology, epidemiology, phylogeny, and diagnosis of Sarcocystis spp. that infect Old and New World camelids. In addition, knowledge gaps will be identified to encourage research that will lead to the control of these parasites.
... In a study performed in slaughtered dromedaries of Iran, different degrees of inflammatory responses were observed in tissues surrounding old, degenerating microscopic Sarcocystis sp. sarcocysts, with infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and fibroblasts [49]. In agreement with an inflammatory response, expression of the interleukin-6 gene was significantly increased in Sarcocystis sp. ...
... Microcysts identified as Sarcocystis spp. were also reported in the same tissues of dromedaries from Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Mongolia and Ethiopia [47,49,52,[66][67][68][69][70][71][72]. Unfortunately, nucleotide sequences of taxonomic relevance for S. ippeni are missing as well as species identification in the latter reports. ...
... A few available studies on the prevalence of camelid sarcocystosis show high to very high values both in SAC and OWC [37,49,51,52,55,56,65,67]. ...
Sarcocystis sp. are coccidian protozoans belonging to the Apicomplexa phylum. As other members of this phylum, they are obligate intracellular parasites having a complex cellular machinery for the invasion of host cells. Sarcocystis spp. display dixenous life cycles, involving a predator and a prey as definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively. Specifically, these parasites develop sarcocysts in the tissues of their intermediate hosts, ranging in size from microscopic to visible to the naked eye, depending on the species. When definitive hosts consume sarcocysts, infective forms are produced in the digestive system and discharged into the environment via feces. Consumption of oocyst-contaminated water and pasture by the intermediate host completes the parasitic cycle. More than 200 Sarcocystis spp. have been described infecting wildlife, domestic animals, and humans, some of which are of economic or public health importance. Interestingly, Old World camelids (dromedary, domestic Bactrian camel, and wild Bactrian camel) and New World or South American camelids (llama, alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña) can each be infected by two different Sarcocystis species: Old World camelids by S. cameli (producing micro- and macroscopic cysts) and S. ippeni (microscopic cysts); and South American camelids by S. aucheniae (macroscopic cysts) and S. masoni (microscopic cysts). Large numbers of Old and New World camelids are bred for meat production, but the finding of macroscopic sarcocysts in carcasses significantly hampers meat commercialization. This review tries to compile the information that is currently accessible regarding the biology, epidemiology, phylogeny, and diagnosis of Sarcocystis spp. infecting Old and New World camelids. In addition, knowledge gaps will be identified to encourage research that will lead to the control of these parasites.
... Canids can excrete larvae, oocysts and eggs of various enteric and respiratory parasites resulting in parasitic diseases with potentially severe complications [3,4]. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris), in particular, is regarded as the most common predator host for several Sarcocystis species, including Sarcocystis cruzi, S. levinei, S. tenella, S. arieticanis, S. cameli, S. capracanis, S. hircicanis and S. miescheriana with broad range of herbivorous intermediate hosts including cattle, buffalo, sheep, camel, goat and pig [2,5,6]. Dogs serve also as intermediate hosts for S. caninum, and S. svanai, associated with canine clinical muscular sarcocystosis based on the published revisions of [7]. ...
Background
Sarcocystis species are obligatorily heteroxenous protozoan parasites with predator–prey life cycles. Global Knowledge about the epidemiology and the distribution pattern of different Sarcocystis species in dog feces are very scarce. Therefore, the current investigation was conducted to declare the occurrence of Sarcocystis in the fecal specimens of the most common canids in Egypt, the domestic dogs, and to identify the species present using various parasitological and molecular approaches.
Methods
A total of 100 dog fecal samples were collected and screened using fecal sugar flotation test for the presence of Sarcocystis oocysts/sporocysts. Additionally, thirty samples were used for genomic DNA extraction. The 18S rRNA gene fragment was the target of primers for a PCR, followed by purification and sequencing of the amplicons.
Results
Currently, the results obtained reviewed that 4% of fecal samples were positive for Sarcocystis spp. using LM. Additionally, Sarcocystis spp. were verified in sixteen dogs (53.3%, 16/30) using PCR and subsequent sequencing protocols. Statistically, insignificant difference in prevalence of sarcocystosis relative to age and gender was noticed. Morphologically, the detected sporocysts measured 13.2–16.0 × 9.4–11 μm. Based on the 18S rRNA gene, sequencing analysis of amplicons from sporocysts DNA revealed 99.82% nucleotide homology with published S. tenella partial nucleotide sequences from sheep in Iraq and Iran.
Conclusions
This is the first molecular evidence in support of the final host role of domestic dogs in the life cycle of S. tenella in Egypt, which provides a precious diagnostic tool for further epidemiological studies and for the assessment of the effectiveness of control measures for this disease.
... In this study, the phylogenetic analysis discovered that the local study isolates were identical to the global NCBI-GenBank Indian S. cameli isolate. This is in agreement with the results of other studies as S. cameli is the more prevalent species of Sarcocystis in camels to yet (Valinezhad et al., 2008;Dubey et al., 2015b;Omer et al., 2017;Asopa et al., 2023). For the first molecular proof of S. cameli in camels in Iran (Motamedi et al., 2011), the bradyzoite DNA was amplified from the 18S rRNA gene fragment using traditional PCR. ...
... Another explanation for increasing the rate of infection in older camels is that the older animals are slaughtered at a higher rate than younger ones. In addition, keeping young camels indoors may reduce their exposure to disease (Valinezhad, et al., 2008, Hamidinejat et al., 2013, Omer et al., 2017. Sex was discovered as a crucial factor linked to infection. ...
... Sex was discovered as a crucial factor linked to infection. Our findings were consistent with numerous studies conducted in southern Ethiopia (Woldemeskel and Gumi, 2001), Iran (Valinezhad et al., 2008), and Egypt (Rabie et al., 2021) which found that male camels were more susceptible to infection than females. Omer et al. (2017) showed that the slaughtered female camels were usually over 4 years old, whereas male camels were under 2 years old. ...
Background
Sarcocystis is an intracellular parasite of particular importance as it infects many domestic animals as camels that play the role of intermediate host for the parasite.
Aim
This study aimed to identify Sarcocystis species in camels by molecular assay with confirmation of local isolates by phylogenetic analysis.
Methods
A total of 200 slaughtered camels (Camelus dromedarius) that were slaughtered in Al-Najaf province (Iraq) abattoirs from October (2021) to July (2022) were subjected to collect the fresh tissues from four organs (esophagus, diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and heart), to be tested later by the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, a total of 20 positive genomic DNA samples were sequenced, named, got specific access numbers (OP785703.1 to OP785722.1), and compared with the NCBI-GenBank isolates.
Results
Targeting Cox1 gene, 80% of collected tissues were found positive by the conventional PCR assay. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the local Sarcocystis isolates were identical to Indian S. cameli isolates at 99.70%–99.90%. Significantly, an increase in Sarcocystis infection was seen in the esophagus compared to the diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and heart; older (>4 years) than younger (≤4 years) camels, and in females more than males.
Conclusion
To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first molecular study in Iraq that identifies Sarcocystis cameli in camels. However, additional epidemiological and molecular studies in camel populations as well as in other domestic and wild animals appeared to be necessary.
... This parasite is considered one of the coccidial parasites that causes cysts in animals. Different species of this parasite in its evolution have two hosts, including the final host of the group of carnivores and the intermediate host of the group of herbivores (2). ...
Introduction: Sarcocystosis is one of the most common protozoan parasites in the domestic livestock and causes severe infection in some hosts such as cattle and sheep. In addition to domestic animals, Sarcocystis infects many wild animals, birds, coldblooded animals, and humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate and estimate the initial status of Sarcocystis infection in minced beef in Tabriz. Methods: For digestion test and diagnosis of Sarcocystis contamination from butchers in Tabriz, 300 samples and 100 grams of minced meat samples were prepared and transferred in plastic bags and separately to the parasitology laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Iran. After preparing the digestive solution according to the standard method, an experiment was performed for each sample. Results: In this study, out of the total number of 300 collected samples, 189 samples were infected with the Sarcocystis parasite (63%). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the prevalence of Sarcocystis infection is high and this issue, in addition to inflicting economic losses due to livestock losses and seizure of infected carcasses or organs, as well as reducing livestock production, indicates the existence of health risks for residents. Due to the life cycle and epidemiology of this parasite, the need for further studies and control and health measures is important.
... has a definite economic impact on domestic animals production [21] . They can affect growth and weight gain, reduce the meat quality, and reduce milk yield, cause anorexia, fever, anemia, abortion, muscle weakness, and even death [22] . It was concluded that the detection rate and distribution intensity of Sarcocystis spp. ...
Background: Sarcocystis spp. are one of the most common food-borne tissue cyst-forming coccidia with public health and veterinary concern.
Objective: The presented study aimed to assess the epidemiological profile of Sarcocystis spp. infection in goats slaughtered for human consumption in Aswan, Egypt.
Material and Methods: A total of 180 goats were included in the study. Specimens from the cardiac and skeletal muscles collected from slaughtered goats, were subjected to histological examination of sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).
Results: The results showed that 35 % of goats contained tissue cysts histologically compatible with Sarcocystis spp. Microscopic sarcocysts were more prevalent in female goats (43.3%) than in males (30.8%). The detection rate of Sarcocystis spp. was 47.3% and 21.8% in adult and young, respectively. The results demonstrated that the most affected muscles with Sarcocystis spp. were the cardiac (8.3%), and skeletal (26.7%) ones.
Conclusion: The obtained results confirmed the high detection rate and tissue distribution pattern of sarcocystosis in the examined goats. Therefore, efficient cooking of goat meat is highly recommended before serving for human consumption.
Keywords
goats; human consumption; Sarcocystis spp; Upper Egypt
... Canids symbolize one of the most signi cant animal species that serve as a host and reservoir for various parasites of concern to public health and veterinarians, they emit larvae, oocysts and eggs of enteric and respiratory parasites resulting in parasitic diseases with potentially severe complications [3,4]. Furthermore, the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) was regarded as the most public and frequent predator nal host of several Sarcocystis species, including S. cruzi, S. levinei, S. tenella, S. arieticanis, S. cameli, S. capracanis, S. hircicanis and S. miescheriana with broad series of herbivorous intermediate hosts like cattle, buffalo, sheep, camel, goat and pig for these species, respectively based on the parasitological and phenotypic analysis [2,5,6]. Dogs also have recently been discovered to be serving as an intermediate host for S. caninum, and S. svanai, associated with clinical muscular sarcocystosis based on the published revisions of [7]. ...
Background
Sarcocystis species are obligatorily heteroxenous protozoan parasites with predator-prey cycle. Global and national Knowledge about the epidemiology and the distribution pattern of different Sarcocystis species in dog feces are very scarce. Therefore, the current investigation was executed to declare the occurrence of Sarcocystis in the fecal specimens of the most common canids in Egypt, the domestic dogs and to recognize the species using parasitological and phenotypic approaches.
Methods
A total of 100 dog fecal samples were gathered and screened using sugar flotation for the presence of Sarcocystis oocysts/sporocysts. Additionally, thirty samples (30) were used for genomic DNA extraction. The 18S rRNA gene fragment was the target of primers for a PCR, followed by purification and sequencing of the amplicons.
Results
Currently, the results obtained appraised that 4% of fecal samples were positive for Sarcocystis spp. Under LM, the sporocysts of the canine S. tenella isolate measured 13.2–16.0 × 9.4–11 µm. Additionally, Sarcocystis spp. were verified in sixteen dogs (53.3%) using PCR and subsequent sequencing protocols. Statistically, insignificant difference in frequency of sarcocystosis relative to age and gender was noticed. Based on 18S rRNA gene, sequencing analysis of amplicons from sporocysts DNA revealed 99.82% nucleotide homology with already reported sequences of S. tenella from sheep in Iraq and Iran.
Conclusions
This is the first molecular evidence in support of the final host role of domestic dogs in the life cycle of S. tenella in Egypt, which provides a precious diagnostic tool for further epidemiological studies and for the assessment of the effectiveness of control measures for this disease.
... The infected muscle's vascular lesion includes vascular growth and wall hyperplasia. Figure 9. Study by Valinezha et al (2008) noted that the presence of inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, eosinophils, fibroblasts, and connective tissues around the degenerating cyst concur with the findings. S. gigantea in sheep was found to have ruptured macrocysts that produced merozoites and necrotic centers that were invaded by inflammatory cells, particularly eosinophils. ...
This study aimed to determine and identify Sarcocystis spp. infection in sheep and goats in Misan governorate, Iraq. samples from oesophagus, diaphragm, tongue, and heart muscles were examined histologically for microscopic and macroscopic cyst , 70 out of 90 sheep 77.78 % had microscopic thick walled sarcocysts with mean 53 ×24.72 μm diagnosed as Sarcocystis tenella while 25 out of them 27.78 % had microscopic thin-walled sarcocysts with mean 49.45×33 μm diagnosed Sarcocystis arieticanis , esophagus showed the highest infection rate above all organs examined for thick – walled Sarcocystis while diaphragm was the highest for thin –walled Sarcocystis , the heart was the lowest infected organ for both type as 27.78% and 3.33% respectively . In goats 50 sample examined revealed 20 infected with thick walled sarcocysts only with different in distribution according to organs being high in esophagus 40% and lowest in heart 16% with mean measurement 60.61 × 37.75 μm diagnosed as Sarcocystis capracanis.
... Camels are affected by various cardiac diseases such as pericarditis, vegetative valvular endocarditis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, necrotic myocarditis and congenital defects including septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, transposition of the aorta and pulmonary artery, persistent aortic trunk, and persistent right aortic arch and sarcocystosis (Fatani et al, 1996;Bekele, 1999;Woldemeskl and Gumi, 2001;Al-Ani, 2004;Valinezhad et al, 2008;Abdel-Ghaffar et al, 2009;Fowler, 2010). These heart diseases are mostly diagnosed at slaughterhouses or incidentally discovered at postmortem examination (Fowler, 2010), showing that the diagnosis of camel heart disease is a challenging task especially when typical clinical signs of heart failure are absent. ...
