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A header switch topology. The wake-up signal activates an NMOS, which activates the PMOS header switch through a pull-up resistor.
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Despite technical advances in efficiency, devices in standby continue to consume up to 16% of residential electricity. Finding practical, cost-effective reductions is difficult. While the per-unit power consumption has fallen, the number of units continuously drawing power continues to grow. This work reviews a family of technologies that can elimi...
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Context 1
... header switch is a high-side PMOS (p-type MOSFET) sleep transistor, shown in Figure 7. This configuration is useful in applications that require a fixed ground reference between the device and wake-up signal. ...
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The process of modelling the energy expenditure for IoT systems is distinct when compared to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), due to a number of factors and metrics. Few of such factors to mention are the IoT layers being different from the Open System Interconnection (OSI) with communication protocols like IPv6 Low power Wireless Personal Area Netw...
Citations
... In the last few decades, considerable progress in reducing standby energy consumption in specific products has been achieved through a variety of policies and technologies. However, as Meier (2019) and also Gerber et al. (2023) rightly observe, we have also seen in the last 20 years an explosion in the number of devices that rely on power supplies and continuous power consumption. This growth can be attributed to the proliferation of devices that require DC power, traditional AC-powered devices that now have electronics, and mobile devices with batteries. ...
Rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) are of significant concern in modern society, as they lead to global warming and consequential environmental and societal changes. The standby energy consumption of appliances in households is considerable and can be up to 15% of the appliance energy consumption in the residential sector. Overall, standby energy consumption is accountable for roughly 1% of total global CO2 emissions. When we contrast this impact on global CO2 emissions with the impact of the transportation sector, standby energy's contribution is minimal. The transportation sector is responsible for about 24% of the global CO2 emissions arising from the combustion of fuel. Nevertheless, a significant reduction in standby energy consumption in the residential sector is crucial to reduce the CO2 footprint accordingly.
This paper is among the first to assess the magnitude of standby energy consumption and to explore options for reducing standby energy consumption in the Caribbean. The Caribbean island Curaçao was taken as a first case study. In a field study of 20 households, the standby energy consumption of about 300 appliances were measured. It was estimated that about 8% of residential electricity consumption was linked to standby energy consumption. The average standby power of the 20 households in Curaçao is 50.3 W. Past research shows that it may be possible to reduce the estimated standby energy consumption by approximately 43%, which is about 6.4 MWh/year in Curaçao. Besides adopting technical solutions, the intended reduction of standby energy consumption can be realized through the introduction of import regulations to favor the selling of appliances with lower standby energy consumption and the creation of public awareness through TV and other media campaigns.
... The power analyzer is commonly utilized for testing electrical equipment's power performance, encompassing various aspects such as standby power consumption, startup inrush behavior, operational efficiency, power factor, harmonic interference and load regulation [8][9][10][11]. The standby power consumption of household appliances ranges from 0.2 W to 10 W [12,13], while their rated power consumption can vary from a few watts to several kilowatts. In cases of CNC machine tools, the power consumption during initial startup is usually several hundred watts, with inrush power peaking at 5.5 kW [14]. ...
Current-sensing topology with multi resistors in series has limitations in improving the dynamic range of current acquisition, so a sensing topology with multi resistors in parallel is proposed. The overcurrent state of a parallel shunt circuit cannot be latched, resulting in protection hiccups. A dual threshold-detection circuit is designed to achieve protection state latching and self-recovery. The rectified mean circuit is applied for overcurrent magnitude detection and its validity is proved. But the delay and ripple of the output waveform of the rectified mean circuit may also cause protection hiccups. Combining Fourier series representation, Fourier transform and inverse transform, the time domain expressions of the output of the rectified mean circuit for three common waveforms are obtained. Furthermore, the estimation formulas for the residual ripple amplitude of the three waveforms are derived. In an experiment, the protection hiccup issue in parallel sensing topology was eliminated, while the time constants and hysteresis ratios of the protection circuits were properly set according to theoretical calculation results. With five parallel sensing resistors, the ratio of the maximum to minimum range of the single current channel reaches 1.28×104, which is higher than counterparts with multiple series sensing resistors. The advantages of parallel sensing topology in improving dynamic range are confirmed.
... In addition to providing instant energy consumption information to the user, smart sockets also prevent energy loss by cutting the energy drawn from the network when the devices are in standby mode (Veleva and Davcev, 2012;Amin and Wollenberg, 2005). In some studies, it is aimed to detect standby current and prevent standby power consumption by using smart sockets (Clement et al., 2007;Gerber et al., 2019;Shin et al, 2016;Kang et al., 2011;Kıral, 2014) in the literature. ...
In this study, it was aimed to provide energy saving by informing the user about the power consumption instantly with the power control system (PCS) design and by cutting the energy of the devices in standby mode. The power consumptions of 39 PCs in Lab-1 and Lab-2 in Amasya University Engineering Faculty were examined through the designed system. Lab-1 contains older PCs while Lab-2 contains new generation PCs. The PCs used in the measurements made within the scope of the study were energized via PCS instead of a direct electrical socket. With this method, it has been tried to determine the electrical power consumptions in active work and standby work for calculate the annual electricity consumption and to reflect it on the invoices. The experimental method was carried out on the daily PC staying active for 2 hours and standby for 22 hours. According to the results, it is predicted that 56% lost standby power on an annual basis can be avoided with the use of PCS. The annual invoice cost of this lost power is calculated as 14.116,93 TL and 8.470,12 TL for Lab-1 and Lab-2 respectively. It is thought that the study will make an important contribution to researchers working on this subject.
... Yapılan çalışmalarda bekleme durumu elektrik enerji sarfiyatı bir konut ya da iş yerinin enerji sarfiyatının %3'ü ile %16'sı aralığındadır ve bir konutun bekleme durumu sarfiyatı senelik minimum 100 kWh seviyesindedir [19][20][21]. ...
Ülkemizdeki toptan elektrik enerjisi sarfiyatının ortalama yüzde yirmi beşi hanelerde
kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’de konutlarda kullanılan elektriğin seneler boyunca değişimi, elektrik enerjisi çıktısının enerji kaynağına bağlı yayılımı ve bu durumda bekleme durumu elektrik tüketimine ilişkin verilerden bahsedilmiştir. Bu çalışmada İzmir ili özelinde elektrik tüketimi hesaplama ve Türkiye genelinde konutlarda kullanılan cihazların pasif durumdaki enerji kaybı ve örnek hesaplamaları yapılmıştır
... However, despite increased realisation that typical household electricity-use practices such as not switching off lights when not needed, overloading refrigerators and leaving appliances on standby mode [17][18][19][20][21][22] can result in avoidable electricity losses, there has been limited attention to behavioural strategies for addressing wasteful behaviour, particularly in Africa. One of the key limitations for the integration of behavioural strategies into electricity demand-side management and decision making is limited insight into complex electricity consumption behaviour [19]. ...
Unsustainable use of electricity has severe implications on the environment and human well-being. With an estimated consumption of about 20% of total global electricity demand, the household sector is a key player in efforts for crafting interventions for reducing electricity consumption. Despite increasing calls for behavioural solutions to electricity conservation at the household level, more attention has been paid to technical than behavioural interventions. Yet a deeper understanding of electricity use behaviour is needed to design interventions and engender integration of behavioural interventions into demand-side management and decision making. Although South Africa is energy insecure and a major greenhouse gas emitter, less attention has been paid to household electricity use using behavioural lenses. Using a scoping review approach, this study inductively reviewed publications to examine the state of research on household electricity use in South Africa, focussing on (1) research trends and contexts, (2) conceptual focus, (3) proposed interventions for reducing electricity consumption and (4) future research needs. Very few publications considered reported and actual electricity use behaviour. Most publications (65%) paid attention to technical dimensions for reducing household electricity consumption such as economic nudges and technical retrofits, rather than behavioural strategies. Of the publications that focussed on behaviour, very few explicitly examined reported electricity use behaviour. Most publications did not consider the role of partnerships in designing interventions for reducing electricity consumption but rather employed individualistic perspectives. Overall, the results suggest that calls for behaviour change research have not been fully heeded. More studies on electricity use behaviour in different contexts, including across an income heterogeneity gradient, and the role of context dependent collective settings in drafting interventions, are required to better inform pathways to sustainable electricity use.
... This is the case especially in application scenarios where the deployment and regular replacement of a sensor node is cumbersome. Besides energy harvesting for fully selfpowered devices [3][4][5], numerous concepts have been proposed on software and hardware levels to increase the lifetime of autonomous sensor nodes by a reduction in unwanted energy loss [6,7]. Since the power consumption in standby between measurement events can noticeably shorten the battery life of a sensor node, a major direction of development aims at the realization of zero-power standby solutions to extend battery lifetime [6]. ...
... Besides energy harvesting for fully selfpowered devices [3][4][5], numerous concepts have been proposed on software and hardware levels to increase the lifetime of autonomous sensor nodes by a reduction in unwanted energy loss [6,7]. Since the power consumption in standby between measurement events can noticeably shorten the battery life of a sensor node, a major direction of development aims at the realization of zero-power standby solutions to extend battery lifetime [6]. ...
... A common zero-power standby scheme utilizes a transistor switch to cut off the power supply of a device when it does not needed to operate [6]. In this case, a wakeup unit is required which provides a voltage signal at the transistor gate at specific wakeup events. ...
A zero-power wakeup scheme for energy-efficient sensor applications is presented in this study based on a piezoelectric MEMS energy harvester featuring wafer-level-integrated micromagnets. The proposed setup overcomes a hybrid assembly of magnets on a chip-level, a major drawback of similar existing solutions. The wakeup device can be excited at low frequencies by frequency up-conversion, both in mechanical contact and contactless methods due to magnetic force coupling, allowing various application scenarios. In a discrete circuit, a wakeup within 30–50 ms is realized in frequency up-conversion at excitation frequencies < 50 Hz. A power loss in the off state of 0.1 nW renders the scheme virtually lossless. The potential extension of battery lifetime compared to cyclical wakeup schemes is discussed for a typical wireless sensor node configuration.
... The scattering of critical factors reveals that plate area and hotness stowage capacity are not sensitive characteristics, and that reducing the cold storing capacity to a minimum is a preferable technical and economic choice. In this study [32] looks at a group of technologies that can eliminate standby consumption across a wide range of electrical outlet loads. It also conducts in-depth research and prototype development on a number of alternative alternatives. ...
With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, people have higher requirements for quality of life, and they have put forward higher requirements for visualization and intelligence for various environmental indicators of the house. Buildings are one of the largest energy consumers. Renewable energies, in addition to electricity networks, can be employed to meet the energy demands of buildings. Building energy consumption could also be managed using intelligent systems such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor technologies. Luckily, combining renewable energy sources with these sophisticated technologies allows for the construction of nearly zero-energy structures. Therefore, in this research article, we will highlight the Internet of Things (IoT) network that interconnected computing devices and technologies with the goal of enhancing efficiency in energy use in both residential and commercial buildings. To properly appreciate the application of IoT to increase energy efficiency in buildings, a thorough review of a plethora of empirical surveys and research will conduct. A modern overview of the current research also looks into how these technologies might be improved furthermore required solutions should be provided. The majority of the research we looked at focused on the applicability of various components of IoT to a given application.
... The redundancy of having several ASIC devices ensures reliability over a long-term space mission. Even if it proves impractical for that purpose, a power-generating ASIC has applications in industry, energy, aerospace, medical devices, and robotics (Gerber, Meier, Liou, & Hosbach, 2019). Instead of relying on energy storage, it would be able to constantly generate power (La Rosa, Livreri, Trigona, Di Donato, & Sorbello, 2019). ...
A possible concept for a self-contained optoelectronic microcraft.
... This is partly due to forgetfulness, lack of awareness, laziness, unwillingness to compromise convenience, and the need for personal comfort [34]. However, leaving appliances on standby mode results in "vampire losses" because appliances consume electricity when they are not in use [35,36]. The literature suggests that standby electricity consumption can account for a significant proportion of household electricity consumption ranging from as low as 4% [37] to as high as 40% [36]. ...
... The losses could be quite substantial considering that most households own such entertainment gadgets in South Africa. In response, stringent measures aimed at promoting the manufacturing and purchasing of energy-efficient gadgets (e.g., smart TVs) might provide a pathway to reducing standby losses, as seen in the EU [35]. However, technical interventions alone might be insufficient to address wasteful electricity use practices, particularly in contexts where households might not be able to afford to replace or purchase 'wasteful appliances'. ...
Households consume up to 20% of overall electricity consumption globally; hence, they are important role players in efforts towards promoting sustainable consumption. Research on electricity use behaviour is important for informing intervention strategies; however, relative to developed countries, research on this subject is lacking in developing countries where electricity access is limited. In South Africa, electricity use behaviour among poor neighbourhoods remains little studied and understood. This study was carried out among low-income households in Makhanda, South Africa, characterised by high poverty and unemployment rates, low education levels, and limited access to basic services. Using a self-reporting approach, electricity use behaviour of low-income households was assessed against a list of common household electricity use actions. A survey of 297 households was conducted. The findings show mixed results, with households reporting both good electricity use behaviour (e.g., cooling down hot food before refrigeration and using washing machines on full load) and wasteful actions (e.g., leaving appliances on standby). Our results show that electricity use behaviour was influenced by socio-psychological values including universalism, benevolence, hedonism, and power. Some of the reported electricity behavioural patterns are consistent with those previously reported among high-income households. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
... This standby energy was measured by researchers both in the EU and in the USA (among other places) and several research papers discussed the finding. It was suggested that out of the total energy consumption of a home, between 5% and 30% represents "standby energy" [8][9][10][11]. This is quite a broad interval as the results are influenced by multiple factors such as the location of the residence, the time of the year when measurements were conducted, the number of surveyed locations or the accuracy of the measurement device used. ...
... Several studies [8][9][10][11] concluded that standby energy represents between 5-30% of the total amount of energy used in typical households. In this context, the energy reduction achievable by using our proposed HEMS (5.8%) is closer to the lower end. ...
In the context of the ongoing global warming, with environmental concerns regarding the greenhouse gas emissions due to our increasing energy consumption, smart energy management solutions have gained popularity as they have the potential to reduce our impact on the environment and also on our budgets. This paper proposes one of the most affordable designs for an autonomous, microcontroller-based demand-side energy management system to be installed in a home environment where it reduces the standby power consumed by the controlled devices. As a secondary function, it monitors and controls the lights to further save energy. The proposed system is designed to operate independently and also to limit the new wireless sources of electro-magnetic radiation introduced in the home environment. Six homes have been analyzed in terms of the measured energy consumption and to evaluate the energy management capabilities of the system, a prototype was built and tested. Promising results have been obtained and are detailed in the Results and Conclusion sections. A very low purchase price and good performance make this design a viable solution for intelligent home energy management, in today’s economic context.
