Figure 1 - uploaded by Glenn Baggott
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A diagrammatic representation of the extra-embryonic membranes and fluid compartments for the chick embryo around a third of the way through incubation. Note that the sizes of these structures, and their development relative to each other, have been modified to clarify types of cells present in each of the membranes.
Source publication
An account of the development of extra-embryonic membranes in the embryo of poultry. The roles of these membranes in the transfer of water from albumen to yolk and to embryonic tissue is reviewed.
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Citations
... A second in ovo nutritional delivery route widely studied includes the delivery of prebiotics and probiotics through the chorioallantoic membrane by injection in the air cell on E12. At E12, the air cell is highly vascularized and seems to facilitate the transport of prebiotics to the embryo to stimulate gut microbiota development, whereas probiotics stay in the air cell and are ingested when the embryo starts pipping through the air cell membrane prior to hatching (Romanoff and Hayward, 1943;Baggott, 2009;Siwek et al. 2018;Moreira Filho et al., 2019 ). A third option for in ovo interventions relevant to gut development and health relates to the yolk sac contents, which are internalized into the GIT during late incubation (El-Moneim et al., 2020;van der Wagt et al., 2020). ...
In ovo delivery of carvacrol, the primary active compound in oregano essential oil (OEO) has the potential to enhance gut development in broilers. This study aimed to optimize in ovo application of OEO by investigating day and site of injection and delivery of carvacrol to different embryonic tissues. In Experiment 1, 2 d of injection (embryonic day (E) 12 or 17.5) and 3 sites of injection for OEO (air cell, amniotic fluid, or yolk) were evaluated based on hatchability and posthatching performance. Experiment 2 aimed to examine the impact of combining OEO with the nonionic surfactant polysorbate 80 (p80) at ratios to carvacrol of 0:0, 0:1, 0.5:1, and 1:1 on carvacrol concentration in amniotic fluid, blood, and yolk. The concentration of carvacrol was measured at 3, 6, and 9 h after OEO injection either without (0:1) or with (1:1) p80. Injection of OEO on E12 led to a significant lower hatchability compared to E17.5 (P ≤ 0.01; Δ = 9.2%). Injecting OEO into the air cell, amniotic fluid, or yolk at E17.5 did not significantly affect hatchability and posthatching performance. The highest concentrations of carvacrol found in egg tissues were observed when injected together with surfactant at the 1:1 ratio (P ≤ 0.001; 14.45 µM, 16.64 µM, and 124.82 µM, for air cell, amniotic fluid, and yolk, respectively) compared to the 0:0, 0:1 or 0.5:1 ratios. Carvacrol was highest in the amniotic fluid and blood at the first time point (3 h postinjection) and decreased afterward (P ≤ 0.001), whereas the concentration in yolk remained elevated up to 9 h postinjection. In conclusion, the optimization of the in ovo delivery of carvacrol resulted in that early injection (E12) had negative effects on hatchability and should be avoided. The findings also suggest that using a nonionic surfactant was crucial for an effective delivery of carvacrol in ovo and the migration from amniotic fluid to yolk within 3 h. In addition, carvacrol's persistence in yolk may serve as a route for delivery into the gastrointestinal tract via the yolk stalk during the peri-hatching phase, potentially influencing gut development.
... Notably, albumen viscosity also determines functional properties, and it depends on the integrity of the ovomucin-lysozyme complex (Yuceer and Caner, 2014). The observed increase in lysozyme activity and viscosity on day 7 of incubation is assumed to be related to a critical juncture in the incubation process (Baggott, 2009). Viscosity, in turn, regulates the diffusion, growth, and survival of bacteria within the egg (Guyot et al., 2016). ...
... Viscosity, in turn, regulates the diffusion, growth, and survival of bacteria within the egg (Guyot et al., 2016). The fluids within the egg traverse between the albumen, the membranes, and the developing embryo (Baggott, 2009). Excessively high albumen viscosity may impair the flow of essential nutrients and lead to the death of the embryos (Benton and Brake, 1996). ...
Duckling embryogenesis should be deepened due to the hatching technology and its modification possibilities. Many changes occur in incubated eggs, which expose the embryo to hazards. The study aimed to analyze the physicochemical properties of eggshell, yolk, thick albumen (TA), and amniotic fluid (AF) of incubated hatching eggs from 52-week-old Cherry Valley ducks. The morphological features of 18 fresh eggs were analyzed. Over 28 days, a total of 800 eggs underwent incubation. Eggshell surface temperature and egg weight loss were measured on days 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, and 25. Eggshell, TA, AF, and yolk were collected from eggs at incubation days 1–21 (every week). TA was collected on days 0, 1, and 7, while AF on days 7, 14, and 21. The analysis covered a range of physicochemical parameters. Eggshell thickness decreased with incubation, reaching its lowest point post-hatch (P<0.001). The highest pH for TA was recorded on day 1, while the lowest was on day 7 when comparing days 0, 1, and 7 (P<0.001). TA pH was consistently higher than in AF (P<0.001). However, the pH of TA was the highest on day 1 and the lowest on day 7 (P<0.001). Yolk pH increased from day 1 to 21 (P<0.001). There was also a noticeable in egg weight loss (0.34% daily) (P<0.001). Vitelline membrane strength decreased from day 0 to day 1 (P<0.001). Lysozyme activity in thick albumen on day 7 was higher than on days 0 and 1 (P<0.001). Lysozyme activity in AF was higher on day 21 than days 7 and 14 (P<0.001). TA viscosity was highest on day 0 and lowest on day 1, compared to other days (P<0.001). AF viscosity and crude protein content exhibited an increase on day 21 as compared to days 7 and 14 (P<0.001). The crude protein content in TA was notably higher on day 7 than on days 0 and 1 (P<0.001). Polyunsaturated fatty acids declined, while monounsaturated and trans fatty acids increased (P<0.001). Viscosity and lysozyme activity increased on day 7 in TA and day 21 in AF. TA and the amniotic cavity appeared to facilitate the transfer of substances, particularly crude protein. Viscosity could be an indicator for optimizing incubation conditions, as incorrect changes can affect embryo mortality. The results showed the different utilization of nutrients, such as fatty acids. It could support research on the in-ovo administration of various substances.
... If the protein decreases in the following days, it indicates its sorption into the embryo's organism. Baggott (2009) found that the sero-amniotic connection is formed near the 12th day of embryo development and enables protein transfer from albumen and water to the amniotic fluid. In the present research, it is concluded that the crude protein content is related to the viscosity as well as the activity of the lysozyme. ...
The study aimed to analyze the hatching egg and physiochemical features of eggshells, thick albumen, amniotic fluid, and yolk during the incubation of Ross 308 chicken eggs. Eggs (n = 755) were incubated for 21 d. Quality analysis of fresh eggs was performed. Eggshells, albumen, and yolk were collected from fresh eggs and incubation d 1, 7, and 14. Eggshell thickness and strength, pH, vitelline membrane strength, fatty acid (FA) in the yolk, pH, viscosity, lysozyme activity, and crude protein content in thick albumen and amniotic fluid were analyzed. Hatching parameters were calculated. Egg weight loss was constant (8.04% overall). Lower egg surface temperature was found on d 7 compared to d 4, 14, and 18. A lower thickness of posthatch eggshells was found. The strength of the vitelline membrane significantly decreased within 24 h (by over 58%). During incubation, there was a decrease in thick albumen/amniotic fluid pH; an opposite trend was found in yolk pH. The vitelline membrane strength was negatively correlated with the albumen pH. Lysozyme activity was higher in fresh thick albumen and up to 2 wk of incubation. On d 7, the lowest activity was found in the amniotic fluid. On d 14, lysozyme activity increased in amniotic fluid. The higher viscosity of the thick albumen was demonstrated on d 7 and 14 of incubation. The lowest viscosity in amniotic fluid was found on the same days. Crude protein content was higher in thick albumen (d 7 and 14) and lowest in amniotic fluid on d 7. The FA content changed between d 0 and 14. The results indicate different use of FA, where PUFA decreased. Eggshell is used in the last week of incubation. The thick albumen is reduced, while the biological value of amniotic fluid is increasing. Lysozyme activity, viscosity, and crude protein content may be interdependent. It may indicate the flow of substances and the transfer of functions from the thick albumen to the amniotic fluid during chicken embryogenesis.
... However, the mechanism by which the microbes from egg white are transferred to the embryonic gut is unknown. Water and proteins in egg white are transferred into the amniotic fluid for embryo consumption to support embryonic metabolism and growth, and this process also provides protection given the large amounts of antibacterial proteins in amniotic fluid [40,46]. Thus, we hypothesize that the embryonic gut is colonized with microbes through the following process: microbes in egg white cross the amniotic membrane and then enter the amniotic fluid to colonize the embryonic gut after consumption by the embryo. ...
Background
Nutrition drives immunity and health in animals, and maternal immunity benefits offspring. In our previous study, a nutritional intervention strategy was found to promote the immunity of hens, which subsequently improved immunity and growth in offspring chicks. Maternal effects clearly exist, but how are mothers’ immune advantages transferred to their offspring, and how do they benefit them?
Results
Here, we traced the beneficial effects back to the process of egg formation in the reproductive system, and we focused on the embryonic intestinal transcriptome and development, as well as on maternal microbial transfer in offspring. We found that maternal nutritional intervention benefits maternal immunity, egg hatching, and offspring growth. The results of protein and gene quantitative assays showed that the transfer of immune factors into egg whites and yolks depends on maternal levels. Histological observations indicated that the promotion of offspring intestinal development begins in the embryonic period. Microbiota analyses suggested that maternal microbes transfer to the embryonic gut from the magnum to the egg white. Transcriptome analyses revealed that offspring embryonic intestinal transcriptome shifts are related to development and immunity. Moreover, correlation analyses showed that the embryonic gut microbiota is correlated with the intestinal transcriptome and development.
Conclusions
This study suggests that maternal immunity positively influences offspring intestinal immunity establishment and intestinal development beginning in the embryonic period. Adaptive maternal effects might be accomplished via the transfer of relatively large amounts of maternal immune factors and by shaping of the reproductive system microbiota by strong maternal immunity. Moreover, reproductive system microbes may be useful resources for the promotion of animal health.
53Hwa7T4Jvj9omDXNYBHSHVideo Abstract
Graphical Abstract
... These results suggest that our incubation parameter changes were more likely to disrupt the early settlement of embryonic structures, than the later functionality of essential organs. Because several systems are organised during the first 2 weeks of embryogenesis, (the digestive system, the body temperature regulation system, the organisation of embryonic membranes, the immune system, the nervous system, etc.), this period appeared to be more critical and the embryo appeared to be more vulnerable to external factors (Dibner et al., 1998;King et al., 2000;Jenkins and Porter, 2004;Baarendse et al., 2007;De Oliveira et al., 2008;Baggott, 2009). Consistent with previous studies in poultry, these results in ducks confirm that early embryonic stages are more sensitive to changes in environmental factors, and that a modification in condition can therefore become lethal (Yan et al., 2015;Al Sardary and Mohammad, 2016;Carvalho et al., 2020). ...
... These results suggest that our incubation parameter changes were more likely to disrupt the early settlement of embryonic structures, than the later functionality of essential organs. Because several systems are organised during the first 2 weeks of embryogenesis, (the digestive system, the body temperature regulation system, the organisation of embryonic membranes, the immune system, the nervous system, etc.), this period appeared to be more critical and the embryo appeared to be more vulnerable to external factors (Dibner et al., 1998;King et al., 2000;Jenkins and Porter, 2004;Baarendse et al., 2007;De Oliveira et al., 2008;Baggott, 2009). Consistent with previous studies in poultry, these results in ducks confirm that early embryonic stages are more sensitive to changes in environmental factors, and that a modification in condition can therefore become lethal (Yan et al., 2015;Al Sardary and Mohammad, 2016;Carvalho et al., 2020). ...
Egg incubation of mule ducks, mainly used for fatty liver production, is one of the critical phases in this sector. Based on hatching rate, the best incubation parameters have already been well described for poultry, but the literature on ducks is lacking. In this study, we tested different incubation conditions by varying two important factors, temperature and relative humidity, in mule ducks. These variations were applied at different periods during embryogenesis in order to measure the impact of environmental disturbances on different zootechnical performances. The temperature was increased by 1.5 °C (16 h/24) and the relative humidity was set up to 65%, during 10 days. Six 10-day developmental windows were tested, from embryonic day 9 to embryonic day 14. Our results are in line with previous reports showing that increasing incubation temperature, even when relative humidity is adjusted, can have a negative impact on duck embryonic mortality up to 24.5% for the condition E10-E20 (P < 10⁻⁵). However, the hatchability can be maintained at the level of the control groups when these modifications are applied on the latest windows (from the 11th embryonic day). Sex ratio, hatching BW, and internal temperature are also sensitive to these incubation changes, and their modification could have a major impact on later zootechnical performance. These results should contribute to the development or embryonic temperature programming approaches, especially for the fatty liver production industry.
... Nas células ectodérmicas, havia vários grânulos de densidade eletrônica semelhante à do albúmen, com diâmetro de 1 μm ou menos, além de pequenas vesículas no interior dos grânulos, tornando-os corpos multivesiculares. Também em frangos, Baggott (2009), descreveu o saco vitelínico como sendo a primeira membrana extraembrionária a se desenvolver, composta por três camadas celulares, sendo a área externa do blastoderme. A primeira camada estaria representada pela ectodérmica adjacente as membranas vitelinas, a segunda, como endodérmica adjacente para gema e a outra, entre as duas camadas, uma camada de células do mesoderma. ...
Para que os vertebrados vivíparos, incluindo as aves que possuem seu desenvolvimento embrionário dentro do ovo tenham condições de sobreviver no período embrionário, esses necessitam de anexos embrionários (âmnio, cório, alantoide e saco vitelínico). Apesar de ser um assunto relevante, ainda não havia levantamento literário que demonstrasse a disposição, formação, função, utilização em linhas de pesquisa e aspectos específicos desses anexos nas mais diversas aves, tendo isso em vista, o objetivo dessa revisão é fazer esse levantamento. Assim, a mesma apresenta um estudo de pesquisa bibliográfica do tipo qualitativo com características descritivas e forneceu informações que auxiliam na compreensão de vários mecanismos durante a formação do embrião e o progresso do desenvolvimento dentro do ovo, como perspectiva futura espera-se que essa pesquisa sirva de impulso para que novas pesquisas na área sejam desenvolvidas que possam também promover o desenvolvimento científico.
... Une partie des protéines du blanc est absorbée par l'intestin (4), et le reste est transféré dans le sac vitellin, pour y être digéré (5) ou directement sécrété dans le sac allantoïque (6). La réabsorption des protéines du fluide allantoïque par la membrane chorioallantoïque n'a jamais été démontré (7) (Baggott, 2001, données de Romanoff, 1967 21 Considérant sa haute valeur nutritive, la diversité de ses constituants, ainsi que son prix abordable, l'oeuf de poule est un aliment incontournable de l'alimentation humaine. Il doit, par conséquent, être garant d'une qualité sanitaire irréprochable. ...
... Le rôle principal du sac amniotique est de maintenir l'embryon dans un milieu aqueux pour éviter les chocs mécaniques et la déshydratation. Pour cela, avant le transfert du blanc, l'AmF est composé d'environ 99% d'eau, à laquelle s'ajoutent des protéines (environ 0,02-0,05 g/L), ainsi qu'une concentration élevée en ions chlorure, responsable de l'influx d'eau dans le sac (Baggott, 2001). Le transfert du blanc à partir d'ED12 modifie cet équilibre, en augmentant notamment la quantité de protéines dans le compartiment (jusqu'à 240 g/L à ED16), ce qui diminue la concentration en eau qui passe de 99 à 75% (Geelhoed et Conklin, 1966;Carinci et Manzoli-Guidotti, 1968). ...
... Le fluide allantoïque (AlF) qui remplit la cavité de l'allantoïde est donc issu en grande partie des excrétions de l'embryon. L'accès à l'eau restant très difficile pour l'embryon jusqu'à ED3 à cause de la membrane vitelline et des feuillets embryonnaires, l'eau contenue dans le blanc est transférée vers le jaune d'oeuf, grâce à un gradient osmotique établi au niveau du blastoderme (Baggott, 2001;Baggott et al., 2002; ...
Avec le développement concomitant de l’embryon et des structures extra-embryonnaires, les défenses initiales de l’oeuf de poule s’altèrent, ce qui suggère la mise en place de systèmes relais pour protéger l’embryon jusqu’à son éclosion. Pour comprendre le rôle des fluides extra-embryonnaires dans cette fonction, nous avons analysé la composition et les propriétés biochimiques et antibactériennes des fluides amniotique et allantoïque de l’oeuf. Comme chez l’humain, le fluide amniotique chez la poule protège l’embryon contre les agressions physiques et microbiennes. De plus, nous avons démontré que le transfert des molécules antibactériennes du blanc au 12ème jour d’incubation augmente son potentiel antibactérien, assurant ainsi une protection de l’embryon jusqu’à l’éclosion, et probablement après, dans son tractus digestif, après l’ingestion du fluide amniotique. Les spécificités phylogénétiques de certaines des protéines identifiées suggèrent un processus d’adaptation des oiseaux à la flore microbienne terrestre. Pour le fluide allantoïque en revanche, nous n’avons pas pu confirmer son rôle antibactérien, mais nous avons mis en évidence la présence de protéases actives qui pourraient contribuer à la digestion et au recyclage des déchets métaboliques de l’embryon.
... Le sac amniotique entoure l'embryon dans un milieu aqueux en le protégeant des chocs mécaniques, de la déshydratation, et le sépare des autres structures extra-embryonnaires. Le liquide amniotique est composé d'environ 99% d'eau, et un 1% de protéines, ainsi qu'une concentration élevée en ions chlorure, responsable de l'entrée d'eau dans le sac (Baggott 2001) Le sac allantoïque est le dernier à se créer, il est connecté à l'intestin de l'embryon, et s'étend progressivement au cours du développement embryonnaire (Patten 1920). Il participe au métabolisme de l'embryon, en stockant les déchets, en permettant la respiration de l'embryon et en participant au processus de transfert de calcium provenant de la coquille vers l'embryon. ...
... Le fluide allantoïque est en conséquence composé en grand partie par des excrétions de l'embryon. Il concentre de l'azote, de l'ammonium et de l'acide urique (Baggott 2001). ...
Ce travail de thèse aborde la problématique du sexage précoce des œufs, consistant à déterminer le sexe d’un embryon aviaire, dans ce cas particulier du canard mulard, à un stade précoce de développement embryonnaire. En effet il s’agit d’une problématique mondiale avec de forts enjeux sociétaux liés au bien-être animal ainsi que des enjeux économiques liés à l’agro-industrie. Pour répondre à cette problématique, les développements en cours impliquent des techniques invasives ou non, majoritairement optiques. Dans notre cas, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement d’instrumentations basées sur la technique de spectroscopie radiofréquence (RF) comme méthode de sexage précoce in et ex ovo en raison de son caractère non-invasif et sa capacité à caractériser la matière biologique par ses propriétés diélectriques. Dans une première partie de ce manuscrit, le Chapitre I, nous étudions le contexte actuel du sexage des œufs, en abordant les enjeux sociétaux et économiques ainsi que les techniques d’analyse existantes ou en cours de développement. Dans ce paysage, nous positionnons la spectroscopie RF comme technique innovante et viable pour une application à grande échelle. Ensuite, le travail de thèse a été divisé en deux axes principaux. Le premier est décrit dans le chapitre II de cette thèse avec la mise en place d’un système d’analyse RF millifluidique pour évaluer les différents liquides constitutifs de l’œuf et voir s’il est possible de trouver une source de différentiation sexuelle (mâle-femelle) ciblée dans l’œuf. Pour cela nous avons conçu puis optimisé un dispositif de spectroscopie millifluidique RF. Sa caractérisation en termes de sensibilité et de reproductibilité des mesures a été menée à l’aide de liquides de référence. Des protocoles de prélèvements et de préparation des échantillons liquides d’œufs ainsi que des méthodes de mesures ont ensuite été mis en place, appliqués à la discrimination d’œufs clairs et d’œufs fécondés puis du sexe. Le deuxième axe traite de la mise en place de l’instrumentation d’analyse RF non invasive des œufs. Pour cela une partie a été dédiée à la conception des capteurs permettant d’irradier des ondes électromagnétiques dans l’œuf et de mesurer les ondes réfléchie et transmise par et à travers l’œuf. En utilisant des outils de simulation électrique et électromagnétique, nous avons conçu différentes versions des capteurs dédiés à la mesure des œufs, et défini celui le plus adapté pour l’application visée. Un banc de caractérisation d’œufs et une méthode expérimentale ont été également mis en place pour mesurer des œufs à différents jours d’incubation. Différentes campagnes de mesure sur œuf a permis de mettre en évidence des améliorations à apporter à l’instrumentation pour une meilleure adaptabilité à la variabilité intrinsèque des œufs et une meilleure sensibilité, avec la proposition d’une nouvelle version du banc de spectroscopie RF sur œufs, adaptable à la géométrie de l’œuf. Ce travail pose donc les premières bases d’une instrumentation RF dédiée à l’analyse non invasive d’œufs, avec pour perspective une possible exploitation pour des problématiques de fraîcheur ou encore de sexage précoce, qui revêtent des enjeux économiques importants pour le secteur agricole et la filière aviaire.
... One major characteristic of oviparity is the constant volume of the egg during development. To excrete nitrogen, the egg produces uric acid, which maintains the constant egg volume (Baggott, 2009). In contrast, viviparous species produce urine, which is excreted through the placenta. ...
Many pregnancy complications are the result of dysfunction in the placenta. The pathogenic mechanisms of placenta-mediated pregnancy complications, however, are unclear. Abnormal placental development in these conditions begins in the first trimester, but no symptoms are observed during this period. To elucidate effective preventative treatments, understanding the differentiation and development of human placenta is crucial. This review elucidates the uniqueness of the human placenta in early development from the aspect of structural characteristics and molecular markers. We summarise the morphogenesis of human placenta based on human specimens and then compile molecular markers that have been clarified by immunostaining and RNA-sequencing data across species. Relevant studies were identified using the PubMed database and Google Scholar search engines up to March 2020. All articles were independently screened for eligibility by the authors based on titles and abstracts. In particular, the authors carefully examined literature on human placentation. This review integrates the development of human placentation from morphological approaches in comparison with other species and provides new insights into trophoblast molecular markers. The morphological features of human early placentation are described in Carnegie stages (CS), from CS3 (floating blastocyst) to CS9 (emerging point of tertiary villi). Molecular markers are described for each type of trophoblast involved in human placental development. We summarise the character of human trophoblast cell lines and explain how long-term culture system of human cytotrophoblast, both monolayer and spheroid, established in recent studies allows for the generation of human trophoblast cell lines. Due to differences in developmental features among species, it is desirable to understand early placentation in humans. In addition, reliable molecular markers that reflect normal human trophoblast are needed to advance trophoblast research. In the clinical setting, these markers can be valuable means for morphologically and functionally assessing placenta-mediated pregnancy complications and provide early prediction and management of these diseases.
