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![A comprehensive layout of plant defense mechanism seemingly operating in the peas. (Derived from [60,61,63,64,67-69]).](profile/Gyan-Mishra-2/publication/358432279/figure/fig2/AS:1123364802445313@1644842448575/A-comprehensive-layout-of-plant-defense-mechanism-seemingly-operating-in-the-peas.jpg)
A comprehensive layout of plant defense mechanism seemingly operating in the peas. (Derived from [60,61,63,64,67-69]).
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Globally powdery mildew (PM) is one of the major diseases of the pea caused by Erysiphe pisi. Besides, two other species viz. Erysiphe trifolii and Erysiphe baeumleri have also been identified to infect the pea plant. To date, three resistant genes, namely er1, er2 and Er3 located on linkage groups VI, III and IV respectively were identified. Studi...
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... a recent review, Martins et al. [60] have comprehensively highlighted the multi-layered array of PM defense mechanisms in various legumes. The complex PM infection response results in the rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include free radicals such as superoxidase anion (O2 − ), hydroxyl radical (OH), and nonradical molecules like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and singlet oxygen ( 1 O2) ( Figure 3). The abundance of ROS eventually leads to increased oxidative damage and ultimately cell death [61]. ...
Citations
... Such cultivars also offer additional advantages to their growers, as farmers can grow next succeeding crop, such as wheat as a main crop in the cropping sequence. In addition, early maturing varieties could escape devastating diseases like powdery mildew and rust (Devi et al., 2022) and the effect of high temperatures late in the season under North Indian conditions. However, the farmers have very limited choices of early cultivars in vegetable peas. ...
Peas (Pisum sativum L.), a highly valued annual legume vegetable with a rich history of domestication, are grown globally as a valuable export-oriented cash crop (Dhall et al. 2021; Devi et al. 2023a,b). Peas are grown over an area of 7.04 and 2.59 million hectares for dry and green seeds, respectively (FAOSTAT, 2021). Green pea farming is predominantly carried out in Asian countries, where the average productivity is high and accounts for more than 87% of the total production share in comparison to European countries (Devi et al. 2019).
... Знания ученых иммунологов о генетике устойчивости расширяются, и теперь у гороха идентифицированы молекулярные маркеры, связанные с генами/QTL (локусами количественных признаков) устойчивости ко многим заболеваниям и абиотическим стрессам [20][21][22][23]. Применение таких знаний по картированию на культуре гороха дает возможность использовать в селекционных программах молекулярные маркеры генов, связанных с устойчивостью ко многим патогенам [24][25][26][27]. Эти внедряемые геномные ресурсы позволяют отрабатывать эффективную стратегию планирования борьбы с важными возбудителями и ускорять получение сортов гороха устойчивых к распространенным патогенам. ...
Over the years, breeders around the world have made significant changes to the architecture of plants of vegetable pea varieties. The changes made were aimed at increasing, first of all, the yield. New varieties should have an optimal combination of plant height, the number of productive nodes and increased resistance to lodging. Having achieved certain results, breeders find ways to improve the culture, further improving its economically valuable features. The article highlights the priority directions in the selection of vegetable peas in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Vegetable Center»(FSBSI FSVC), which are directly related to modern market requirements, and considers the specific factors encountered in breeding work, in the production sector and seed practice. Within the framework of import substitution and the achievement of food security of the country, the scientists of the center are intensively working to create new generation varieties: highly productive (by increasing the number of beans at the node and the number of seeds in the bean), suitable for mechanized harvesting (by obtaining appropriate morphotypes with increased stem strength or modified leaf shape) and with high quality indicators of green peas. There is also a constant selection for resistance to abiotic and biotic environmental factors that have been changing in recent years, both in the country and around the world. The article presents the main achievements obtained thanks to the experience and knowledge of the leading breeders of the center, specialists in seed production and production, as well as specialists in the field of plant immunity. Thus, selectively valuable forms with high productivity (up to 30 beans and more than 150 seeds per plant) were obtained, a variety with high resistance to lodging due to the strength of the stem was obtained. Work is underway to create varieties with high quality green peas and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
... However, despite an increase in cultivation area and production, productivity has only slightly improved from 7.7 to 7.8 t/ha (green peas) over the last two decades (Devi et al., 2023a(Devi et al., , 2023b. Meeting the increasing demand for food due to a growing global population while combating various biotic and abiotic stresses has become a significant challenge for crop scientists and producers (Devi et al., 2022). ...
... Both bi-parental and association mapping approaches have been utilized in the identification of closely associated markers with genes controlling disease resistance in pea. Such gene-linked markers control resistance to Powdery Mildew (Devi et al. 2022; (Jha et al. 2017), and Aphanomyces root rot (Desgroux et al. 2016) are available for MAB. Accessibility of the reference genome will pave the way toward finding the genes of interest and understanding the genetic background of individuals at the genome level by deploying molecular markers responsive to high-throughput genotyping. ...
... MAGP is most frequently employed to combine multiple disease-resistance genes to generate stable disease or insect resistance at the same time, as pathogens often overcome single-gene host resistance over time due to the establishment of new plant pathogen races (Kloppers & Pretorius 1997;Shanti et al. 2001;Singh et al. 2001). In order to achieve broad and persistent resistance (2019) against the powdery mildew, it is possible to pyramid the er1, er2 and er3 genes into an elite background in the pea (Devi et al. 2022). ...
Peas, a highly valued annual legume vegetable with a rich history of domestication, are grown globally as a valuable export-oriented cash crop. Despite an increase in cultivation area and production, there has been only a slight improvement in green pea productivity, from 7.7 to 7.8 t/ha, over the last two decades. The primary focus for genetic improvement in peas is developing resistance to various biotic stressors, including diseases such as powdery mildew, downy mildew, rust, wilt, viral infections, and bacterial blight, as well as pests like leaf miners, aphids, pod borers, and pea stem flies. Traditional breeding approaches have played a significant role in the genetic improvement of peas, resulting in the development of several cultivars in various segments; however, advanced breeding techniques such as marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and genome editing hold great promise in enhancing genetic improvement by facilitating the identification and selection of desirable traits, such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, improved yield, and increased nutrient content, through the introduction of precise genetic modifications. By targeting specific genomic regions associated with desired traits, these techniques can increase the efficiency and precision of breeding programs, ultimately leading to the development of more resilient and productive pea varieties
... Additionally, those cultivars also escape the major diseases viz., pea powdery mildew (Devi et al., 2022) and rust before the onset of favourable conditions for disease. ...
... Earliness is a highly desirable trait in vegetable peas owing to its high marketable price early in the season. In addition, the early-maturing varieties could escape the devastating disease of powdery mildew (Devi et al., 2022), rust, as well as the effect of high temperatures in the late seasons under north Indian conditions. The trait had a high heritability which is governed by dominant genes (Mohan et al., 2013). ...
Aim of study: To determine the amount of diversity in pea breeding materials with the objective to classify a set of potential parents carrying novel/economic variations that could be used in future breed pea varieties.
Area of study: ICAR–Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi.
Material and methods: A total of 45 pea accessions were analysed for phenotypic and molecular diversity using 17 agro-morphological traits and 52 SSR markers.
Main results: All traits under investigation showed considerable genetic variation. The genotypes exhibited 6.7, 2.7 and 12-fold variation for traits viz., pods/plant, 10-pod weight and yield/plant, respectively. Among 52 SSR markers, 22 were found to be polymorphic. A total of 90 allelic variants were detected, with an average of 2.7 alleles/locus. PIC and D-values for markers AA135 (0.79 and 0.81) and PSMPSAD51 (0.7 and 0.74) were the highest, while AB40 (0.19 and 0.2) had the lowest. Two principal components PC1 and PC2 explained 46.96 and 23.96% of total variation, respectively. The clustering based on agro-morphological traits differentiated 45 individuals into three mega clusters, while SSR markers-based clustering classified these accessions into four groups.
Research highlights: Based on their uniqueness, we identified a set of genotypes (VRPD-2, VRPD-3, PC-531, ‘Kashi Nandini’, ‘Kashi Udai’, ‘Kashi Mukti’, ‘Arkel’, VRPE-101, ‘Azad Pea-3’, EC865944, VRPM-901 and VRP-500) harbouring genes for various economic traits. The findings presented here will be extremely useful to breeders who are working on improvement of peas through selective introgression breeding.
... Pisum sativum L. is a cool-season leguminous crop that is the second most important legume crop of the world (Pawar et al., 2017). Due to its low fat but increased vitamin C, iron, ß-carotene, riboflavin, protein, fiber and thiamine content, its cultivation is in high demand (Devi et al., 2022). Additionally, by improving soil fertility through atmospheric nitrogen fixation, they make a substantial contribution to sustainable agriculture (Jolly et al., 2022). ...
The Journal of Agrometeorology (JAM) with ISSN 0972-1665 (print) and 2583-2980 (online), is an Open Access quarterly publication of Association of Agrometeorologists, Anand, Gujarat, India, appearing in March, June, September and December.
... Pisum sativum L. is a cool-season leguminous crop that is the second most important legume crop of the world (Pawar et al., 2017). Due to its low fat but increased vitamin C, iron, ß-carotene, riboflavin, protein, fiber and thiamine content, its cultivation is in high demand (Devi et al., 2022). Additionally, by improving soil fertility through atmospheric nitrogen fixation, they make a substantial contribution to sustainable agriculture (Jolly et al., 2022). ...
... Although varying levels of resistance to powdery mildew have been observed in pea [36,37], only three genes for resistance named er1, er2, and Er3 have been described so far [38]. Among the three genes, gene er1 was harbored by many accessions and has now been characterized with 11 distinct alleles, of which er1-1 and er1-2 are currently used by the breeders [39]. Gene er1 has been extensively used to develop resistant varieties globally [38]. ...
Garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important legume crop, which is widely planted in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Sichuan Basin of southwest China. It has developed rapidly in spring planting agroecological zone in Northwest China in recent years. The major constraints to its cultivation are lodging and infection of powdery mildew. Breeding of high yielding cultivars resistant to powdery mildew is of great significance for the sustainability of pea production, because few local garden pea cultivars are resistant to the disease. Varietal diversification is needed to develop pea cultivars with resistance to lodging and powdery mildew. Breeding work was initiated to develop a high-yielding garden pea cultivar with medium maturity, double podding and resistance to powdery mildew. Longwan 5 (X9002) is high yielding, superior quality, multiple resistance, and climate resilient garden pea cultivar developed by hybridization between Shuanghua 101 and Baofeng 3. It is a semi-leafless pea variety with superiority over existing approved varieties Qizhen 76 and Xucai 1 in terms of green pod yield, medium maturity, and double podding. Longwan 5 gave a significantly higher average green pod yield (12,376 kg/ha) than check varieties Qizhen 76 (11,132 kg/ha) and Xucai 1 (11,649 kg/ha) across five locations and three years, which was 11.2% and 6.3% higher than control varieties, respectively. This variety is tolerant to lodging, powdery mildew disease, and wide climate resilient for spring cultivation as well as for autumn cultivation in irrigated conditions or rain-fed agricultural areas with annual precipitation of 450–650 mm in China. Cultivation of this variety on large scale will surely increase the production of peas in China and will also prove beneficial for farmers increasing their income.
... Most often, abundantly produced asexual spores are spread by the wind and cause the infection. Occasionally, a sexual recombination process develops more virulent strains for widespread adaptability to varied habitats [23]. Due to the obligatory parasitic and nonculturable nature, most studies on powdery mildew biodiversity in a region rely on local surveys and samplings. ...
... In addition, dealing with an obligate parasite such as E. pisi challenges the selection procedure for developing powdery mildew resistance. To overcome these challenges, most RAPD markers studied were linked to finding powdery mildew resistance genes, which may play a prominent role in recognizing resistance loci and pyramiding resistance genes in various pea cultivars [23]. ...
Powdery mildew is an omnipresent disease that reduces the yield and quality of pea crops (Pisum sativum L.). To examine the powdery mildew pathogen’s morphological, molecular, and genetic diversity, we collected samples of powdery mildew-affected pea crops from ten distinct locations in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu, India. The pathogen Erysiphe pisi was identified morphologically based on anamorphic characters. Molecular identification of E. pisi isolates was befitted by targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA and specific primers of powdery mildew fungi. The genetic variation between ten different E. pisi isolates collected from topographically distinct mountainous areas was studied using random amplified polymorphic (RAPD). Based on its morphological characteristics, the powdery mildew fungus presented high similarities to E. pisi. Molecular characterization of the ITS rDNA of E. pisi produced 650 bp nucleotides, PMITS (powdery mildew-internal transcribed region) primers produced 700 bp nucleotides, and an Erysiphe specific ITS primer pair amplified and synthesized 560 bp nucleotides. According to the findings, the collected E. pisi strains exhibited a low level of genetic diversity and only a slight differential in virulence on the host. In the study, E. pisi isolates from Anumapuram, Emerald Valley, Indira Nagar, and Thuneri showed a greater disease incidence in the natural field conditions and shared the same genetic lineage with other isolates in UPGMA hierarchical cluster analysis based on RAPD markers. There was no evidence of a link between the occurrence of the disease and these grouped populations.
... Pea is the third most important crop in the world and is a major source of protein in the human diet [195]. In pea crop, various types of mapping populations (backcross, AB-QTL, and RIL) have been developed for the identification of gene(s)/QTLs linked to phenotypic traits, such as QTLs for resistance to white mould [196], QTL for resistance to Mycosphaerella pinodes [197], QTL for salt tolerance in pea [140], as well as er1, er2, and Er3 genes resistance to powdery mildew in pea [138,139,198]. Novel SNPs have been identified by using GBS in RIL mapping populations of pea [195], and the identified genes/QTLs have been successfully introgressed into the elite varieties for further improvement through molecular breeding methods. ...
Recent advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have led the surge of genomic resources for the improvement legume crops. Advances in high throughput genotyping (HTG) and high throughput phenotyping (HTP) enable legume breeders to improve legume crops more precisely and efficiently. Now, the legume breeder can reshuffle the natural gene combinations of their choice to enhance the genetic potential of crops. These genomic resources are efficiently deployed through molecular breeding approaches for genetic augmentation of important legume crops, such as chickpea, cowpea, pigeonpea, groundnut, common bean, lentil, pea, as well as other underutilized legume crops. In the future, advances in NGS, HTG, and HTP technologies will help in the identification and assembly of superior haplotypes to tailor the legume crop varieties through haplotype-based breeding. This review article focuses on the recent development of genomic resource databases and their deployment in legume molecular breeding programmes to secure global food security.
