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A coastal seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant. Diagram illustrates nearshore intake, pretreatment by filtration, high-pressure reverse osmosis system, permeate post-treatment, and storage before distribution. The seawater is shown in dark blue and the desalinated water is in the light blue color. The energy recovery from concentrated brine and brine discharge through ocean outfall is shown in gray. The arrows indicate the direction of water flow.
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The effects of climate change, population growth, and future hydrologic uncertainties necessitate increased water conservation, new water resources, and a shift towards sustainable urban water supply portfolios. Diversifying water portfolios with non-traditional water sources can play a key role. Rooftop harvested rainwater (RHRW), atmospheric and...
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... regions. Over the past 30 years, significant advances have been made, including a twofold reduction in energy requirements for seawater RO (SWRO) 8 . The state-of-theart for SWRO plant installation includes three major engineering processes: pretreatment, reverse osmosis, and post-treatment. A typical SWRO treatment train is illustrated in Fig. 5. Seawater desalination in general recovers ~50% of inflow as freshwater, discharging the other 50% with twice the salinity of seawater as reject brine. As brackish water salinity is much lower than seawater, the recovery is higher, up to 75-85% 111 ...
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Given the increasing population growth and rapid global economic development, the conflict between reduced available water resources and increased water demand in many countries has become a challenging issue; confirming the necessity of allocating optimal water resources to equate water conservation and environmental sustainability. Uncertainties...
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... Within this framework, end-use analysis allows the identification of the domestic water fixture(s) consuming water at a given time, thus providing useful information on the characteristics of water consumption at the appliance level Aliewi et al. 2024). Therefore, the knowledge of consumers' behaviours at the level of individual end uses can play a crucial role in the development of water-reuse strategies (Dixon et al. 1999;Quon and Jiang 2023) or strategies aimed at increasing consciousness and awareness of water consumption (Romano et al. 2014;Liu et al. 2016;Stewart et al. 2018) and raising users' sensitivity to the issue of water saving (Luciani et al. 2018;Cominola et al. 2021). ...
In the era of digital transformation of water distribution networks, an increasingly important role is played by smart metering technologies, which allow detailed characterization of water consumption up to the end-use (i.e., domestic-fixture) level. To this end, smart flow meters make the collection of water-consumption data at high temporal resolution possible, but their installation can be unfeasible due to technical and economic limitations. As an alternative to the traditional flow-measurement-based methods for end-use characterization, a pragmatic method to obtain information about end-use water consumption exclusively based on pressure data is proposed in this study. In particular, a dual-phase methodology is developed, exploiting (i) pressure data collected at two sections of the user’s inlet pipeline and (ii) the pressure-flowrate relationship to discriminate between internal and external water-use events and estimate the household water-consumption time series, which is then subjected to individual-event analysis. The results obtained on a real case study undergone to 1-s resolution pressure monitoring over about one month and a half confirm the method’s effectiveness in obtaining the flowrate time series with an average error of about 2.3% and successfully identifying water-consumption events along with their features.
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... Specifically, seawater (∼35,000 ppm TDS) and brackish groundwater (1,000-10,000 ppm TDS) can potentially be treated with desalination technologies to meet global freshwater demands. [4][5][6] While Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a mature, cost-effective, and energy-efficient process for seawater desalination, drawbacks include significant capital costs, large units, and high-pressure requirements to drive water across the membrane. These attributes are often unfeasible for small, mobile, or poor auxiliary infrastructure operations. ...
Redox-Electrodialysis (r-ED) is an electrochemical desalination cell architecture that has recently received considerable interest, due to its low energy demand relative to electrochemical desalination technologies that rely on electrode-based ion removal. To further improve the energy efficiency of r-ED, we developed a lumped mathematical model with no adjustable parameters to investigate the various sources of overpotential within the cell. Existing models of electrodialysis and r-ED cells either do not accurately incorporate all phenomena contributing to the overpotential or utilize empirical fitting parameters. The model developed here indicates that ohmic overpotentials, especially in the diluate chamber, are the most significant contributors to energy losses. Based on this insight, we hypothesized that adding an ion exchange resin wafer in the diluate compartment would increase the ionic conductivity and decrease the energy demand. Experimental results showed an 18% reduction in specific energy use while achieving the same degree of salt removal (20 mM to 12 mM). Furthermore, the resin wafer enabled complete desalination to potable drinking levels at a current density previously unachievable within practical operating voltage limits (4.93 mA cm⁻²). We also expanded the model to explore differences in r-ED energy use between configurations using multiple cells and a single cell with increased area.
... As a potential clean energy source, hydrate recovery has been gaining global attentions. Moreover, hydrates have the potential of applications in brine desalination (Sahu et al., 2018), storage (Cheng et al., 2020) and transportation of hydrogen (Lee et al., 2005;Strobel et al., 2009), CO 2 separation in flue gas, and CO 2 sequestration (Van Denderen et al., 2012;Quon and Jiang, 2023). In addition, hydrate plugs in pipeline for natural gas transportation are also a primary concern (Creek, 2012). ...
The study of hydrate phase equilibrium is crucial for ensuring the safety of natural gas pipeline transportation and the process of hydrate recovery. While scientists typically focus on the chemical potential of hydrates, the role of gas solubility in hydrate phase equilibrium remains unclear, and this study fills this gap. This work investigated the solubility of gas at the equilibrium point of the hydrate phase through model calculations. Additionally, a new model of hydrate phase equilibrium is established based on the relationship between solubility. Firstly, a solubility model based on gas-liquid equilibrium theory showed higher prediction accuracy in comparison to the PR equation and Duan model and was then used to calculate gas solubility under hydrate phase equilibrium conditions. Afterwards, a novel model was developed to predict hydrate equilibrium state based on the relationship between gas solubility and hydrate phase equilibrium temperature, and it was further compared with the Chen–Guo model and CSMGem in terms of prediction accuracy under pure water and brine settings. The results showed: (a) The calculation deviation of the solubility model was 0.7–8.7% in pure water settings and 2.6–11.7% in brine settings; (b) A strong linear correlation between the phase equilibrium temperature of hydrates and gas solubility was also found; (c) This proposed model achieved over 10 times the accuracy of the Chen–Guo model and the CSMGem in predicting the phase equilibrium state of N2 and CO2 hydrates, and 3–10 times higher accuracy than that of the Chen–Guo model and CSMGem in brine. This work suggests that the gas solubility equilibrium theory can provide a more accurate prediction of hydrate states.
... Air conditioning condensate water presents a viable water-saving option, applicable at both the individual household and larger building scale [69]- [71]. Traditional cooling systems rely on evaporator coils, with condensate drains typically discarding the water [72], [73]. However, capturing and reusing this resource is a promising alternative. ...
The growing demand for water resources in urban areas like Bangladesh is a pressing concern due to population growth. Air conditioning condensate water is being considered as a potential solution. A study at the European University of Bangladesh (EUB) examined the quality of AC condensate water from various systems. Results showed that the water generally met quality standards for drinking and household use in Bangladesh, with average parameters like pH (6.8), turbidity (1.08 NTU), total dissolved solid (TDS) (219 mg/L), iron (0 mg/L), alkalinity (41.67 mg/L), arsenic (0 mg/L), COD (3.67 mg/L), BOD (1.33 mg/L), chloride (30.77 mg/L), and more. AC units at EUB (1 ton, 2 tons, 4 tons) produced monthly volumes of 96, 177, and 354 L, highlighting the potential of AC condensate water. This emphasizes the need for local decision-makers to establish guidelines for its effective use in combating urban water scarcity.
... Air conditioning condensate water presents a viable water-saving option, applicable at both the individual household and larger building scale [69][70][71]. Traditional cooling systems rely on evaporator coils, with condensate drains typically discarding the water [72,73]. However, capturing and reusing this resource is a promising alternative. ...
The increasing demand for water resources in urban areas, such as Bangladesh, due to population growth is a significant concern. One potential solution under consideration is the use of air conditioning (AC) condensate water. A study conducted at the European University of Bangladesh (EUB) focused on assessing the quality and quantity of AC condensate water from various systems. The results indicate that the collected water generally adhered to the quality standards established for drinking and household use in Bangladesh. Parameters such as pH (averaging 6.8), turbidity (1.08 NTU), total dissolved solids (TDS) (averaging 219 mg/L), iron content (0 mg/L), alkalinity (averaging 41.67 mg/L), arsenic (0 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (averaging 3.67 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (averaging 1.33 mg/L), chloride content (averaging 30.77 mg/L), and other factors were evaluated. Moreover, the AC units at EUB, varying in cooling capacity (1 ton, 2 tons, and 4 tons), produced substantial monthly volumes of 96, 177, and 354 liters of condensate water, respectively. This underscores the potential of AC condensate water as a valuable resource for addressing urban water scarcity. As a result, there is a pressing need for local decision-makers and policymakers to establish well-defined guidelines for the effective utilization of AC condensate water to mitigate water scarcity issues in urban areas.
In recent times, the densely populated Bengaluru metropolis in India has faced challenges related to water scarcity, particularly relying on the Krishna Raja Sagara (KRS) dam. The forecasting of reservoir water levels has become challenging due to spatio-temporal fluctuations in meteorological conditions and complex physical processes. As a result, developing suitable water management to meet the population's water demand requires an accurate and dependable estimate of the dam's water level. This work attempted to use a daily reservoir and weather data by utilizing long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. Seven high-performance models (viz., M1 to M7) with varying window sizes and horizons have been trained on this data and their performance is compared. The performance metrics revealed that the M7 model outperformed the other models for reservoir water level prediction, with coefficient of determination (R2) score of 0.93, root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.94, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.01. This study also provides a valuable dashboard for tracking forecasted water levels in the largest reservoir in the Cauvery basin. Finally, the innovative integration of LSTM technology in water level predictions for the Krishna Raja Sagara (KRS) dam not only addresses the challenges posed by spatio-temporal fluctuations but also sets a new standard for precision in forecasting, thereby establishing a crucial decision-support tool for real-time monitoring and enhanced water resource management in India's Bengaluru metropolis.
