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A child with growth hormone deficiency demonstrating catch-up growth following treatment with human growth hormone.
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Differing trajectories of infant and child growth are associated with different patterns of disease and mortality in adulthood. Since postnatal growth patterns are partially modifiable by diet, these associations raise fresh questions about what constitutes an optimal growth rate. We use data from contemporary societies that still suffer poor nutri...
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MS is a complex disease where both genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease susceptibility. The substantially increased risk of developing MS in relatives of affected individuals gives solid evidence for a genetic base for susceptibility, whereas the modest familial risk, most strikingly demonstrated in the twin studies, is a very st...
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... H. pylori has also been implicated in the development of stroke and ischemic heart disease through suggested pathways including chronic inflammation, lipid alterations, and endothelial dysfunction (Manolakis et al 2007). H pylori has also been explicitly implicated in growth impairment in children (Mohammad et al 2008;Prentice and Darboe 2008). ...
To understand the housing crisis, I have examined; the key factors that have caused the decreasing affordability in buying a home, the key factors that have caused decreasing rental affordability, then the impacts on people of decreased affordability of housing. These are followed by discussion of general issues; federal and state funding failures, the political ideology preference for developers, the political ideology preference for community housing, and lessons from stress testing the social systems (housing and welfare) by the Covid-19 pandemic. I then look at current responses, then proposed responses to better fix the Australian housing crisis.
... H. pylori has also been implicated in the development of stroke and ischemic heart disease through suggested pathways including chronic inflammation, lipid alterations, and endothelial dysfunction (Manolakis et al 2007). H pylori has also been explicitly implicated in growth impairment in children (Mohammad et al 2008;Prentice and Darboe 2008). ...
In this report I examine the Australian health care crisis and better how to close the health gaps for Indigenous and remote communities. This includes the need to substantially increase funding of the health care system according to current and future demands, and to reduce increasing personal medical care costs. To better address preventable health issues it is clearly necessary to improve outcomes under the new national preventive health strategy and effectively address the serious deficiencies in mental health systems. Also here are general recommendations to improve adult health, including occupational health, maternal care, youth health, and including by addressing personal/diet/lifestyle and social factors, as part of an improved national preventive health strategy. I also look at the impact of remote living on health outcomes, with a focus on Indigenous communities. It is also recommended to address key underlying factors that impact on health for rural and remote communities, including water, sanitation and hygiene, safe housing and better employment opportunities.
... 2. H. pylori infection leads to a decreased appetite and malabsorption, thus resulting in reduced growth, lowered immunity and repeated infections (11,21). ...
Background. Plasma level of ghrelin is possibly reduced in Helicobacter pylori infection and may account for the
resultant failure to thrive.
Objective. To investigate relationships between Helicobacter pylori
infection, and plasma level of ghrelin, anthropometric measurements, appetite,
educational and economical status of parents.
Methods. Ninety-four children were screened for Helicobacter pylori infection with C-14 urea breath test.
Anthropometric measurements were performed in Helicobacter pylori (+) and (-) groups. Plasma ghrelin was measured. Parents were asked to fill out the questionnaire prepared by the researcher on the number of family members, parents’ level of education, monthly income and children’s status for appetite.
Results. Plasma ghrelin was lower in Helicobacter pylori (+) group (20.00±22.10 ng/mL), compared to Helicobacter pylori (-) group (79.72 ± 78.13 ng/mL). The percentiles of measurements for height, weight and body mass index were higher in Helicobacter pylori (-) group. Results of C-14 urea breath test were negatively correlated with height, weight and body mass index; however, no correlation was detected between the results
of C-14 urea breath test, and plasma ghrelin, number of family members, levels of parents’ education and income. A negative correlation was observed between the results of C-14 urea breath test and appetite.
Conclusions. Helicobacter pylori infection is considered to play a restricting role in growth potential by decreasing ghrelin level in children. Moreover, the existence of a negative correlation between the results of C-14 UBT, and weight, height and body mass index suggests a possible link between Helicobacter pylori infection and poor growth.
... Height is a complex trait, involving a variety of genetic, hormonal and environmental factors [12]. Interestingly, chronic H. pylori infection, the primary risk factor for noncardia gastric cancer [13], is a suspected cause of growth retardation during childhood [14,15]. The possible mechanisms through which this bacterial infection may affect growth include lower food intake, impaired nutrient absorption and direct nutrient loss [16,17]. ...
Although excess body weight has been associated with cancers of the gastric cardia, relationships with gastric cancer at other anatomic subsites are not well defined. Furthermore, subsite-specific associations with attained height have not been fully assessed.
In 1995-1996, 483,700 Whites enrolling in the multi-state NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study self-reported height and weight. Gastric cancers occurring through 31 December 2006 were ascertained from regional population-based registries. We used Cox regression models to estimate cancer hazard ratios (HRs) for sex-specific tertiles of height and weight and for body mass index (BMI) categories of the World Health Organization.
One thousand incident cancers (48 % localized to the cardia, 4 % fundus, 6 % corpus, 3 % greater curvature, 6 % lesser curvature, 10 % antrum, 2 % pylorus, 5 % overlapping lesion, and 16 % unspecified) occurred an average of 5.4 years after enrollment. After controlling for effects of age, sex, education, and smoking, we found an inverse association between height and total noncardia cancers (i.e., fundus, corpus, greater and lesser curvatures, antrum, and pylorus), with HRs vs. tertile 1 of 0.65 and 0.71 for tertiles 2 and 3, respectively (p trend = 0.016). Trends were consistent for individual noncardia subsites. In contrast, although weight and BMI were each associated with risk of cardia cancer, neither was associated with total noncardia cancer nor individual subsites.
Noncardia gastric cancer is associated with short stature but not with high body weight or obesity. The excess risk for shorter adults would be consistent with the known association of chronic H. pylori infection with growth retardation during childhood.
... H pylori has also been implicated in the development of stroke and ischemic heart disease through suggested pathways including chronic inflammation, lipid alterations, and endothelial dysfunction (Manolakis, Kapsoritakis, & Potamianos, 2007). H pylori has also been explicitly implicated in growth impairment in children (Mohammad, Hussein, Coward, & Jackson, 2008;Prentice & Darboe, 2008). Hepatitis B virus (HBV), known for its role in chronic liver disease, has been hypothesized to contribute to artherogenic diseases via systemic effects on immune response and colonization of vascular tissues, though the evidence for its association with stroke and myocardial infarction is mixed (Ishizaka, Ishizaka, Takahashi, Toda, Hashimoto, Ohno et al., 2002;Rong, Huang, Su, Li, Li, Zhang et al., 2007;Sung, Song, Choi, Ebrahim, & Davey Smith, 2007). ...
Recent work in biodemography has suggested that lifetime exposure to infection and inflammation may be an important determinant of later-life morbidity and mortality. Early exposure to infections during critical periods can predispose individuals to chronic disease, in part through the reallocation of energy away from development needed for immune and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, markers of inflammation are known to vary by socioeconomic status in adults and may contribute to overall socioeconomic health inequalities, but little is known about how the sources of this inflammation differ over the life course. This paper uses novel biomarker data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) to test the association of the burden of common chronic infections (Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), hepatitis A and hepatitis B) with height-for-age and asthma/chronic respiratory conditions in U.S. children ages 6 and older, and the association of these chronic infections to children's socioeconomic status. A higher burden of infection is found to be associated with lower height-for-age as well as an increased likelihood of asthma net of race/ethnicity, family income, and parental education. Children with lower family income, lower parental education, and non-white race/ethnicity have a higher likelihood of infection with several individual pathogens as well as the overall burden of infection. Differential exposure and/or susceptibility to infections may be one mechanism through which early social factors get embodied and shape later-life health outcomes.
... Discussions about the possible association between H. pylori and growth retardation are ongoing. The following possible mechanism for the association has been proposed: infection leads to a decreased appetite and malabsorption which then results in reduced growth, lowered immunity, and repeated infections [36]. However, it has been argued that the finding could be confounded by low socioeconomic status and many of the studies do not use good measures of family income. ...
The review summarizes the articles published on Helicobacter pylori in children between April 2007 and March 2008. Evidence is emerging in different populations including developing countries that the prevalence of H. pylori is declining in all age groups. The reasons for this are unclear but it is unlikely that treatment of infection or improvement in socioeconomic conditions fully explains the decline. For the first time, differences in the inflammatory response between adults and children have been well characterized in a group of adults and children from Chile with similar levels of H. pylori infection. This study suggests that the reduced inflammatory response to H. pylori at a cellular level in children could be the consequence of an enhanced Treg cell response, which in turn down-regulates H. pylori-induced inflammation. The publication of the Paediatric European Register for Treatment of Helicobacter pylori study (PERTH) is important as it demonstrates the advantages of different centers working in collaboration for the benefit of children. It also highlights the fact that while bismuth-based treatment is more effective than proton pump inhibitor-based treatment in children, bismuth preparations are not widely available for use in children.
... Although pathogens and parasitoids of insects represent different biological entities, they are ecological homologs, exploiting the same host resource and having similar effects on host populations (May and Hassell, 1988;Hassell and Anderson, 1989;Chilcutt and Tabashnik, 1997). We expect the association of these guilds to be common since both C. kariyai and PsEPV are found in natural populations of P. separata larvae. ...
Interaction between an entomopoxvirus (PsEPV) and a gregarious braconid endoparasitoid,Cotesia kariyai,inPseudaletia separatalarvae showed that infection of larvae with PsEPV was deleterious to the development and survival ofC. kariyai.The survival and development ofC. kariyaiin PsEPV-infectedP. separatalarvae depended on the length of time between parasitization and viral infection. No parasitoid larvae emerged from PsEPV-infected hosts when host larvae were exposed simultaneously to parasitization and PsEPV inoculation whereas more than 80% of the hosts produced parasitoids when PsEPV was administered 5 days postparasitization.C. kariyailarvae in PsEPV-infected hosts showed a retarded development, shrank, and died about 8 days after viral exposure. Virion-free plasma from PsEPV-infectedP. separatalarvae was toxic to the parasitoid larvae even up to a dilution level of 32 when it was injected intrahemocoelically into the host larvae. Development of parasitoids in hosts that were simultaneously parasitized and injected with the virion-free plasm never progressed beyond the egg stage. The parasitizedP. separatalarvae injected with the virion-free plasma did not pupate and died within 30 days after injection.
Terrestrial ecosystems play a central role in the global carbon cycle and climate mitigation due to their offering of a large carbon sink. More than one‐fifth of the geographical area of India, one of the largest nations on the Earth, is forested, which is highly diverse in vegetation and climate types, offers huge potential for carbon sequestration, but remains vulnerable to climate change. Hence, it is imperative to know the future changes in the terrestrial carbon budget over this region. Gross primary productivity (GPP) represents the carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems. The multimodel ensembles of GPP simulated by the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) provide a useful means in this regard. In this work, we study the strength and variability of GPP over India in the near‐past and future using these simulations. In future, all the models show an increasing trend in GPP, however, with widely varying trends. The preferred month of carbon uptake differs among the models. A comparison with a satellite biophysical record shows the models underestimated the GPP during the near‐past over India. The carbon uptake in the Eastern Himalaya dominates the Western Himalaya and central Indian regions. Specifically, till 2100, the growth rate of GPP varies from 4.9 to 16.69 gC m⁻² y⁻², from 2.47 to 18.91 gC m⁻² y⁻², and from 0.32 to 21.95 gC m⁻² y⁻² over these three regions, respectively.
While food supply and other resources provide the ultimate check on bird numbers, some populations might be held by predators below the level that resources would permit (Lack, 1954; Newton, 1980; Martin, 1991). Although practically all birds are subject to predation, at least at the egg and chick stages, it is extremely difficult to assess the effects of this predation on population levels. Even where predators kill a large proportion of their prey each year, they do not necessarily reduce breeding numbers. The numbers of many bird species can more than double each year through breeding so that, if they are to remain stable from year to year, more than half the individuals present at the end of one breeding season must die before the next, if not from predation then from something else. For predators to reduce a breeding population below the level that would otherwise occur, at least part of the mortality they inflict must be “additive” to other mortality, and not simply “compensatory,” replacing other forms of death.
Antibiotic resistance has resulted in unsatisfactory eradication results with dual and now triple therapy in many countries. Newer antibiotics and changes in dosing and duration of therapy may overcome resistant strains but may only provide limited improvement in eradication rates. Sequential therapy with amoxicillin (1 g twice a day) and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) (twice a day) given for 5 days followed by a PPI plus clarithromycin (500 mg twice a day) and tinidazole (500 mg twice a day) for 5 days is now a first-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori in some countries. Standard triple therapy is effective in regions where clarithromycin resistance is low. Levofloxacin based triple therapy is an effective alternative to quadruple therapy in second-line treatment. Adjuvant therapy may reduce side-effects and improve compliance. Molecular and genomic research on H. pylori may result in the development of targeted antibiotic therapy; however, more research is required in this field. Further research in vaccination is also necessary before this can become an option in clinical practice.
