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A cellar from Derinkuyu underground city (upper left) and a view of fairy chimneys from Ürgüp (upper right). Plan view of Derinkuyu underground city (lower left) and entrance to a corridor (lower right).
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The underground city beneath the Nevşehir Castle located in the middle of Cappadocia region in Turkey with approximately cone shape is investigated by jointly utilizing the modern geophysical techniques of seismic surface waves and electrical resistivity. The systematic void structure under the Nevşehir Castle of Cappadocia, which is known to have...
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... volcanic eruptions dating back to Upper Miocene to Quaternary times resulted tuff layers which were then eroded by wind and water regime creating remarkable landscape famously known as Fairy Chimneys in central Turkey [23,24]. These volcanic rock layers extensive in the region were carved by early settlers to built the underground cities ( Fig. 2 -upper row). Researchers have reported that the rock settlements in Cappadocia were either totally located beneath the surface or semiunderground or carved into a cliff [25]. In Derinkuyu underground city, there are eight floors going more than 80 meters deep down into the earth. This underground city with a number of rock rooms, ...
Context 2
... or semiunderground or carved into a cliff [25]. In Derinkuyu underground city, there are eight floors going more than 80 meters deep down into the earth. This underground city with a number of rock rooms, religious centers, store rooms, winery, kitchens and stables for live stocks is estimated to have enough space for 15,000 -20,000 people ( Fig. 2 -lower row). There are more than a hundred underground settlements in Cappadocia. Alongside the map of the Anatolian plate Fig. 3 shows locations of main underground cities discovered in Nevşehir province of Cappadocia [26]. The Nevşehir Castle region indicated by a green color circle in Fig. 3 is located close to the Nevşehir city ...
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Citations
... We jointly consider Rayleigh surface waves and electrical resistivities to understand the underground structure underneath the studied area. In fact, there exist many experiments in the literature combining seismic and electrical methods for the underground investigations [22][23][24][25][26]. For the Rayleigh surface waves data we consider combination of single shot and linear geophone spread, i.e., traditional shot-gather. ...
... The fundamental mode plus higher modes superimposed in the recorded waveforms are included in the stacking procedure [40]. The largest values on the phase velocity stack, which is a two-dimensional (2-D) plot as a function of and , are used to select the phase velocity dispersion curve of a specific mode [25,41]. The weighted preconditioned Linear Radon Transform -LRT on the shot gather is also used to acquire the phase velocity dispersion curve. ...
We numerically simulate the field measurements of Rayleigh surface waves and electrical resistivity in which the target depth is set to be less than 50-m. The Rayleigh surface waves are simulated in terms of fundamental mode group and phase velocities. The seismic field data is assumed to be collected through a conventional shot-gather. The group velocities are found from the application of the multiple filter technique in a single-station fashion while for the phase velocities the slant stacking, or linear radon transform are applied in fashion of multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW). The average seismic structure from the source to the receiver (or geophone) is represented by the group velocity curve while the average seismic structure underneath the geophone array is represented by the phase velocity curve. The single-station group velocity curves are transformed into local group velocity curves by setting a linear system through grid points. The shear-wave velocity cross section underneath the examined area is constructed by inverting these local group velocity curves. The electrical resistivity structure of the underground is similarly studied. The field compilation of the resistivity data is assumed to be completed by the application of the multiple electrode Pole-Pole array. The actual resistivity assemble underneath the analyzed area is inverted by considering the apparent (measured) resistivity values. Unique forms such as ore body, cavity, sinkhole, melt, salt, and fluid within the Earth may be examined by joint interpretation of electrical resistivities and seismic velocities. These formations may be better outlined by following their distinct signs such as high/low resistivities and high/low seismic velocities.
Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2021-02-03-01
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... Love surface waves and electrical resistivity method have found many applications in geosciences (Ronczka et al., 2017;Çakır et al., 2019;Chianga et al., 2021). We cooperatively consider these two data sets to interpret the subsurface underneath an interested area. ...
... The stacking procedure in includes the superposition of multiple surface wave modes (Mokhtar et al., 1988). The phase velocity stack values plotted as a two-dimensional (2-D) function of and show the largest values from which the phase velocity dispersion curve of a particular mode is picked (Herrmann, 2002;Çakır et al., 2019). To attain the phase velocity dispersion curve, we also utilize the weighted preconditioned Linear Radon Transform -LRT on the shot gather. ...
We invert Love surface waves and electrical resistivities to cooperatively examine the physical properties of the depth range shallower than 50-m. To analyze this depth range is essential for earthquake mitigation efforts. The shear-wave velocity (VS30) is particularly important to describe the dynamic characteristics of shallow Earth. The Love surface waves are treated in terms of both phase and group velocities. The phase velocities are obtained from the slant stacking while for the group velocities the multiple filter technique is
utilized. A typical shot-gather is assumed to simulate the field collection of the surface wave data. The phase velocity curve represents the average structure beneath the geophone spread. The group velocity curve represents the average structure from the source to the geophone. In a single-station fashion, for each geophone location one group velocity curve is obtained. A linear system is set up to convert these singlestation group velocity curves into local group velocity curves at grid points. The latter group velocities are inverted to attain the shear-wave velocity cross section. A similar approach is adopted to study the electrical resistivity structure of the underground. We simulate the field application using a theoretical model. Multiple electrode Pole-Pole array is assumed for the field collection of the resistivity data. The apparent (measured) resistivity values are inverted to attain the true resistivity structure in terms of a cross section. The inverted structures are one-dimensional reflecting depth dependent shear-wave velocities and electrical resistivities underneath the studied region.
