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A and B show normal control protoscoleces. C treated protoscoleces with Ag NPs show the presence of Ag NPs and the formation of a bleb. D, E, & F show different morphological changes, with the Ag NPs accumulation as white structures on the protoscoleces.
Source publication
Spillage of protoscoleces within hydatid fluid during surgery for hydatid cyst is the main reason for its recurrence. Therefore, to inactivate the protoscoleces, various scolicidal substances have been tested. However, novel and more efficient agents are needed owing to several associated complications. This study focused on the effects of green sy...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... with Ag Nanoparticles: To characterize the structural effects in the protoscoleces induced by Ag NPs, they were prepared for SEM. No changes were detected in the ultrastructure of the protoscoleces of the control group. They remained viable after 3hr of incubation during the experimental period ( Fig. 7A and B). The outcomes of the viability experiment compatible with the destruction noticed at the ultrastructural examination. The prominent location of injury was the tegument of the protoscoleces. At one hour after incubation, several blebs in the tegument of treated samples with 0.2 mg/ml were observed by SEM (Fig. 7C). These results ...
Context 2
... the experimental period ( Fig. 7A and B). The outcomes of the viability experiment compatible with the destruction noticed at the ultrastructural examination. The prominent location of injury was the tegument of the protoscoleces. At one hour after incubation, several blebs in the tegument of treated samples with 0.2 mg/ml were observed by SEM (Fig. 7C). These results confirmed the Ag NPs stimulate morphological destruction in the parasite. At half an hour post-incubation, symbols of ultrastructural modification were prominent: the soma part was shrunken. The evagination of protoscolex with rostellar distortion and disorganization was also detected (Fig. 7 E and ...
Context 3
... with 0.2 mg/ml were observed by SEM (Fig. 7C). These results confirmed the Ag NPs stimulate morphological destruction in the parasite. At half an hour post-incubation, symbols of ultrastructural modification were prominent: the soma part was shrunken. The evagination of protoscolex with rostellar distortion and disorganization was also detected (Fig. 7 E and ...
Citations
... In addition, Ag NPs biosynthesized with the aqueous extract of Zizyphus spina-christi showed dose and time-dependent scolicidal effects. The maximum mortality was 100 % at 4 mg/mL in 120 min of exposure [68]. In other studies, the scolicidal effect of Ag NPs has been compared with other scolicidal agents. ...
... Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an overlooked zoonotic illness induced by Echinococcus granulosus (8). The parasite impacts a broad spectrum of domesticated animals and wildlife (4). The research revealed that the Echinococcus species exhibited genetic diversity using NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5) and mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) genes. ...
... Positive and negative controls were determined to be 5% NaCl and 0.9% NaCl, respectively. 15 The experiment was run three times. The eosin exclusion procedure was used to calculate the percentage of viable protoscoleces by the formula below: ...
Background
As a consequence of their eco-friendliness, simplicity and non-toxicity, the fabrication of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles using greener chemistry has been a highly attractive research area over the last decade.
Aim
In this study focused on the fabrication of silver-Zinc oxide nanocomposite (Ag-ZnO NCs) using Ruta chalepensis leaf extract and evaluating its potential biological activities, against Echinococcus granulosus in an in vitro and in vivo model using BALB/c mice.
Methods
In this study, the synthesis of Ag-ZnO NCs was accomplished using local R. chalepensis leaf extracts. The synthesized nanocomposites were identified using UV-Vis, SEM-EDX, XRD, and FTIR. For a short-term assessment of acute toxicity, BALB/c mice were given the prepared NCs orally. Dual sets of mice were also intraperitoneally injected with protoscoleces for secondary echinococcosis infection. Furthermore, a blood compatibility test was carried out on the nanocomposites.
Results
The synthesized Ag-ZnO NCs presented a surface plasmon peak at 329 and 422 nm. The XRD, SEM, and EDX confirmed the purity of the Ag-ZnO NCs. The FTIR spectra indicated the formation of Ag-ZnO NCs. Compared to the untreated infected mice, the treated-infected animals displayed an alteration in the appearance of the hepatic hydatid cysts from hyaline to whitish cloudy with a rough surface appearance. Lysis of RBCs at various doses of Ag-ZnONCs was significantly less than the positive contro,.
Conclusion
These findings revealed that the Ag-ZnO NCs didn’t cause any adverse symptoms and no mortality was observed in all administered groups of mice. The obtained outcomes confirmed that concentrations of up to 40 μg/mL of the bio-fabricated Ag-ZnONCs induced no notable harm to the red blood cells.
... Any harmful event in protoscoleces would result in the loss of rostellar hooks and the development of blebs as stress reactions, according to [22]. Similar nanoparticleinduced damage was seen in protoscoleces treated with green synthesized Ag NPs and ZnO NPs in other studies using in vitro and in vivo models [13,16,31]. A CED-3like apoptosis gene was also demonstrated by Hu et al. in the protoscoleces, and they also mentioned some druginduced apoptosis in the protoscoleces of E. granulosus [15]. ...
... After the dye had been incubated for five minutes, stain-absorbed protoscoleces were considered to be dead. The colourless ones, in contrast, were considered viable [16,36]. ...
... By counting 200 protoscoleces from each set of experiments, the percentage of viability was calculated. A 5% NaCl and normal physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) were deemed positive and negative controls, respectively [16,33]. The procedure was carried out three times. ...
Background: Over the past decade, the green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles has attracted significant attention due to their simplicity, eco-friendliness, availability and nontoxicity. Furthermore, metal nanoparticles are being investigated for a wide range of applications due to their promising features. Aim
The present study aims to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of biosynthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles using Typha domingensis flower extract. Methods: The characterization of synthesized ZnO NPs was confirmed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrometry. Also, their protoscolicidal and haemocompatibility properties were tested. Results: The creation of ZnO NPs was confirmed by the presence of an absorption peak at 370 nm in the UV–Vis spectrum. Images of XRD, SEM and EDX proved the crystallinity, and the hexagonal-wurtzite structure of the ZnO NPs with a crystallographic size of 60.4 nm, as well as validating the element purity. The ZnO NPs band gap was estimated at 3.29 eV. The results of this study demonstrated that ZnO NPs have potent protoscolicidal effects at all concentrations, with the highest scolicidal activity at 40 µg /ml resulting in a 100% mortality rate after 30 min of exposure. The treated protoscolices displayed viability loss along with many morphological and ultrastructural changes. Conclusion: This study reports an effective green synthesis of ZnO NPs with strong scolicidal potential. Additionally, ZnO NPs appeared haemocompatible and had low toxicity towards erythrocytes.
... Thus, there is a growing demand for research into new and effective anti-Eimeria substances without harmful effects. Potential anti-coccidial agents, which include natural products, have been studied to reduce the risks associated with chemotherapy [16,[26][27][28][29]. Additionally, the use of natural products proves their importance in fighting against other parasitic diseases [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. ...
Background
Coccidiosis is a costly and widespread infectious disease that affects mammals and causes huge losses for the global rabbit meat industry. This study evaluated the potency of Egyptian alginate propolis nanoparticles (NPs) in attenuating the infectivity of Eimeria stiedae sporulated oocysts. The gelification method was used to prepare alginate propolis NPs, which were then characterized using a transmission electron microscope and zeta potential analysis.
Results
The results revealed that the zeta potential of the prepared alginate propolis NPs increased from − 60.60 ± 9.10 mV to –72.26 ± 6.04 mV. The sporulated oocysts were treated with 50 mg/mL of the alginate propolis NPs. Thereafter, the treated oocysts were tested for their ability to infect rabbits. The rabbits were divided into three groups: the healthy control (G1) group, the infected control (G2) group, and the treated oocyst-infected (G3) group. The rabbits were sacrificed 43 days post-infection (dpi). The infectivity of the oocysts was assessed. The treated oocyst-infected rabbits exhibited slight abdominal distension and dullness symptoms. The G3 group had no oocyst output, with a 100% reduction from 41 dpi until the end of the experiment. Immunologically, the IgG level of the G2 group gradually increased (p ≤ 0.05) much more than that of the G3 group. The IL-12 level in the G3 group significantly increased from 16 dpi until the end of the experiment, nearly reaching the level in healthy animals. Decreased CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ immunolabelling was observed in the liver sections of the group infected with the alginate propolis NP-treated oocysts, and there was a remarkable improvement in the histopathological parameters.
Conclusions
These data indicate that Alg propolis NPs are sufficient to reduce the infectivity of E. stiedae oocysts.
... Its characteristics, like those of other ferrites, vary with the synthesis process, impurities, size, and temperature [1][2][3]. Due to their unique properties, CIONPs and various other nanoparticles are being used in numerous applications comprising tissue imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), drug delivery, cancer therapy, improving meat quality, antioxidants, and antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents [4][5][6]. Cobalt ferrite has the strongest spin-orbital coupling and anisotropy constant when compared to other MNPs. These features, together with the others stated above, make CoFe 2 O 4 one of the most significant NPs for biological applications [7][8][9]. ...
... The changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters in the present study may be due to abnormalities in the mitochondrial respiration in the exposed tissues of rabbits. Studies have recorded significantly increased lipid peroxidation and ROS in the muscles of rats and fish [6]. The significantly increased frequency of DNA damage in hepatocyte, cardiac myocytes, and isolated cells of the kidneys in iron-oxideexposed rabbits at day 10 could be because of the activation of nuclear factor kappa (NF-kB), resulting in increased oxidative stress and the fragmentation of DNA material [75][76][77]. ...
Simple Summary
This study was carried out to ascertain the toxicity of synthetic cobalt iron oxide (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (CIONPs) in rabbits. Sixteen rabbits in total were purchased from the neighborhood market and divided into two groups (A and B), each of which contained eight rabbits. The CIONPs were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and were administrated intravenously into the rabbits through the ear vein. Blood was collected at days 5 and 10 post-exposure for hematological and serum biochemistry analyses. Different histological ailments were also observed in the visceral organs of treated rabbits. Cobalt iron oxide (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles appeared to induce toxicity in rabbits.
Abstract
The market for nanoparticles has grown significantly over the past few decades due to a number of unique qualities, including antibacterial capabilities. It is still unclear how nanoparticle toxicity works. In order to ascertain the toxicity of synthetic cobalt iron oxide (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (CIONPs) in rabbits, this study was carried out. Sixteen rabbits in total were purchased from the neighborhood market and divided into two groups (A and B), each of which contained eight rabbits. The CIONPs were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. Crystallinity and phase identification were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average size of the nanoparticles (13.2 nm) was calculated by Scherrer formula (Dhkl = 0.9 λ/β cos θ) and confirmed by TEM images. The saturation magnetization, 50.1 emug⁻¹, was measured by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). CIONPs were investigated as contrast agents (CA) for magnetic resonance images (MRI). The relaxivity (r = 1/T) of the MRI was also investigated at a field strength of 0.35 T (Tesla), and the ratio r2/r1 for the CIONPs contrast agent was 6.63. The CIONPs were administrated intravenously into the rabbits through the ear vein. Blood was collected at days 5 and 10 post-exposure for hematological and serum biochemistry analyses. The intensities of the signal experienced by CA with CIONPs were 1427 for the liver and 1702 for the spleen. The treated group showed significantly lower hematological parameters, but significantly higher total white blood cell counts and neutrophils. The results of the serum biochemistry analyses showed significantly higher and lower quantities of different serum biochemical parameters in the treated rabbits at day 10 of the trial. At the microscopic level, different histological ailments were observed in the visceral organs of treated rabbits, including the liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, and brain. In conclusion, the results revealed that cobalt iron oxide (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles induced toxicity via alterations in multiple tissues of rabbits.
... In recent years, researchers have investigated the effects of nanoparticles and their mechanism of action on parasitic infections in order to find a suitable alternative to routine drugs [5,6]. Recent studies have investigated the anti-parasitic effects of nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro and reported promising results on the effect of nanoparticles in the treatment of parasitic diseases [7][8][9][10][11]. ...
Background
Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. The current drugs for treating schistosomiasis are associated with some side effects.
Objective
The aim of this systematic study was an overview of the treatment of diseases caused by Schistosoma based on nanoparticles.
Methods
In the present systematic research with keywords “Schistosoma”, “parasitism”, “anti-Schistosoma activity”, “nanoparticles”, “metal nanoparticles”, “silver nanoparticles”, “gold nanoparticles”, “polymer nanoparticles”, “PLGA nanoparticles”, “nanoemulsions”, “in vitro”, and “in vivo” from five English-language databases, including ScienceDirect, europePMC, PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, and Cochrane were searched from 2000 to 2022 by 2 researchers.
Results
In the initial search, 250 studies were selected. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 27 articles were finally selected after removing duplicate, unrelated, and articles containing full text. In present article, the most nanoparticles used against Schistosoma were gold nanoparticles (22%).
Conclusions
The results indicate the high potential of various nanoparticles, including metal nanoparticles, against Schistosoma. Also, the remarkable anti-schistosomal activity of nanoparticles suggests their use in different fields to eliminate this pathogenic microorganism so that it can be used as an effective candidate in the preparation of anti-schistosomal compounds because these compounds have fewer side effects than chemical drugs. Ther Res Clin Exp. 2023; XX:XXX–XXX).
... Infectious diseases including parasitic infestations are important health problems in both animals and humans, which cause economic losses and severe illness (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Parasites are responsible for causing diseases that lead to heavy economical losses in terms of decreased productivity and illness (21)(22)(23)(24). ...
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto). The parasite affects a wide range of livestock and wild animals. In this study, the population diversity of the Echinococcus species was investigated based on mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5) genes. In addition to this, β-tubulin gene isoforms of Echinococcus granulosus were amplified to determine the resistance against benzimidazoles. For this purpose, 40 cyst samples from cattle (n = 20) and buffaloes (n = 20) were collected from the main abattoir of Sialkot. DNA extraction was performed using Qiagen Blood and Tissue Kits. Amplification was performed through PCR. Each amplicon was confirmed by GelRed™ stained agarose gel (2%). Samples were sequenced in a DNA analyzer and viewed for any misread nucleotide by using MEGA (v.11). Corrections in nucleotide sequence and multiple sequence alignment were made through the same software. NCBI-BLAST was used for sample specific sequences to identify them as belonging to a particular species. Diversity indices were estimated using DnaSP (v.6) while phylogenetic analysis was inferred using the Bayesian method using MrBayes (v.1.1). β-tubulin gene isoforms sequence analysis was performed to find out the candidate gene causing benzimidazole resistance. All 40 isolates were found positive for E. granulosus. BLAST-based searches of sequences of each isolate for each gene (nad5 and cytb) confirmed their maximum similarity with the G1 genotype. Overall, high haplotype diversity (Hd nad5 = 1.00; Hd cytb = 0.833) and low nucleotide diversity (π nad5 = 0.00560; π = cytb = 0.00763) was identified based on diversity indices. For both the genes, non-significant values of Tajima’s D (nad5 = −0.81734; cytb = −0.80861) and Fu’s Fs (nad5 = −1.012; cytb = 0.731) indicate recent population expansion. Bayesian phylogeny-based results of nad5 and cytb sequences confirmed their genotypic status as distinct from other Echinococcus species. This study shed light on the status of benzimidazole resistance in Echinococcus granulosus for the very first time from Pakistan. The findings of this study will significantly add in the information available on genetic diversity of Echinoccous granulosus based on cytb and nad5 genes sequences.
... Nanoparticles are now being widely used in biomedical applications like anticancer (El-Dawy et al., 2022) which is now being reported in feed supplementation for better quality meat (Khan et al., 2022;Samy et al., 2022). There is a wider range of nanoparticles based on their preparation e.g., green synthesized nanoparticles like turmeric nanoparticles (Sarwar et al., 2021), green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Jalil et al., 2021), and chemical synthesized nanoparticles (Aymen et al., 2022) against different pathogens. The application of nanoparticles is now being evaluated in fish (Aziz et al., 2021(Aziz et al., , 2022. ...
Nanoparticle applications are becoming increasingly popular in fields such as photonics, catalysis, magnetics, biotechnology, manufacturing of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and medicines. There is still a huge pile of undermining information about the potential toxicity of these products to humans, which can be encountered by neuroprotective antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. Nanoparticles can be administered using a variety of methods, including oronasal, topical applications, and enteral and parenteral routes of administration. There are different properties of these nanomaterials that characterize different pathways. Crossing of the blood-brain barrier, a direct sensory nerve-to-brain pathway whose barriers are bypassed, these checks otherwise prevent the nanoparticles from entering the brain. This inflicts damage to sensory neurons and receptors by nanoparticles that lead to neurotoxicity of the central nervous system. A number of routes make nanoparticles able to penetrate through the skin. Exposure by various routes to these nanoparticles can result in oxidative stress, and immune suppression triggers inflammatory cascades and genome-level mutations after they are introduced into the body. To out-power, these complications, plant-based antioxidants, essential oils, and dietary supplements can be put into use. Direct nanoparticle transport pathways from sensory nerves to the brain via blood have been studied grossly. Recent findings regarding the direct pathways through which nanoparticles cross the blood-brain barriers, how nanoparticles elicit different responses on sensory receptors and nerves, how they cause central neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration through sensory nerve routes, and the possible mechanisms that outcast these effects are discussed.
... Nanoparticles are emerging as an effective replacement for antimicrobials against a wide range of pathogens. The use of nanoparticles in biomedicine has not only been applied for antimicrobial replacement (6,7) but also for the improvement of meat quality (8) and has a significant role in antioxidant enzymes (9). A wide range of metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles are being applied in various products and other applications have also being evaluated in recent studies. ...
Streptococcus agalactiae and Klebsiella pneumoniae are emerging as major milk-borne pathogens. Additionally, resistance to antibiotics of pathogens is of concern. Therefore, this study investigated the prevalence and drug resistance of S. agalactiae and K. pneumoniae in mastitis milk samples and assessed the antimicrobial potential of sodium alginate (G)-stabilized MgO nanoparticles (M) and antibiotics (tylosin [T] and ampicillin [A]) against both of these pathogens. A total of n = 200 milk samples from cattle were collected using purposive sampling, and standard microbiological approaches were adopted to isolate target bacteria. Parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were used to analyze the obtained data. Four preparations, GT (gel-stabilized tylosin), GA (gel-stabilized ampicillin), GTM (tylosin and MgO nanoparticles stabilized in gel), and GAM (ampicillin and MgO nanoparticles stabilized in gel), were evaluated against both bacteria through well diffusion and broth microdilution method. The analysis revealed that 45.24% (95/210) of the milk samples were positive for mastitis, of which 11.58% (11/95) were positive for S. agalactiae and 9.47% (9/95) were positive for K. pneumoniae. S. agalactiae had a significantly higher zone of inhibition (ZOI) than K. pneumoniae against penicillin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin, whereas the opposite was observed against imipenem and erythromycin. All gel (G)-based preparations showed an increase in the percentage of ZOI compared with antibiotics alone, with GTM presenting the highest of all, i.e., 59.09 and 56.25% ZOI compared with tylosin alone against S. agalactiae and K. pneumoniae, respectively. Similarly, in a broth microdilution assay, the lowest MIC was found for K. pneumoniae (9.766 ± 0.0 μg/mL) against GTM, followed by GT, GAM, and GA after incubation for 24 h. A similar response was noted for preparations against S. agalactiae but with a comparatively higher MIC. A significant reduction in MIC with respect to incubation time was found at 8 h and remained until at 20 h against both pathogens. The cytotoxicity of the MgO nanoparticles used in this study was significantly lower than that of the positive control. Overall, this study found that K. pneumoniae and S. agalactiae appeared higher in prevalence and antimicrobial resistance, and sodium alginate-based antibiotics and MgO nanoparticles were effective alternative approaches for tackling antimicrobial resistance.
