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... aerial tissues of two Verbena species (Figure 1 Sampling sites were Sejnane (latitude 37° 03' 31. 20" (N); longitude 9°13' 28.35" (E); altitude 137 m), Teskraya (latitude 37° 12' 21. 30" (N); longitude 9° 32' 20. ...
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... total phenol content in methanol extracts of V. officinalis and A. citrodora is given in Figure 1. The first observations indicate that regardless to sampling region, A. citrodora showed consistently higher phenol content than V. officinalis. ...
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... methanolic extracts from A. citrodora have high concentration of total phenols (Figure 1) and flavonoids (Figure 2), which is in correlation with intense antioxidant activity of these extracts. It is well known that phenolic compounds are potential antioxidants and free radical-scavengers; hence, there should be a close correlation between the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. ...
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... et al. [59] showed that antioxidant activity does not only depend on the concentration of polyphenols, but also on the nature and structure of the antioxidants in the extract. The extracts that perform the highest antioxidant activity (Figure 3) have the highest concentration of polyphenols (Figure 1 and 2). Numerous studies have shown a correlation between radical ...
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Background and objectives: Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H.B.K.) from Verbenaceae family, as an aromatic and medicinal plant, has attracted interests for its valuable essential oil (EO). This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of various temperatures on phytochemical, biochemical, and allometric traits of lemon verbena leaves. Methods: T...
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... La mise en évidence des effets allélopathiques directs et la pertinence écologique d une espèce est difficile à prouver [12,13]. En effet, les substances allélochimiques sont libérées dans l'environnement par l'exsudation racinaire [14], la lixiviation de la surface des organes aériens [15], la volatilisation [16] et/ou la décomposition des matières végétales [17]. L exposition des plantes sensibles aux substances allélochimiques peut affecter leur germination, leur croissance et leur développement [18]. ...
... Dès lors, la germination des graines est alors inhibée ou la croissance et le développement des plantes sont retardés. C est pourquoi des variations morphologiques sont observées le plus souvent aux premiers stades de développement : des effets sur l'allongement de la tigelle et de la radicule [14]. Ces variations peuvent être observées aux stades post-levés sur le développement des pousses et des racines [20]. ...
Introduction: La production anacardière au Sénégal se caractérise de plus en plus par l'association des cultures annuelles dans les plantations pour la diversification des sources de revenus. Objectif: Cette étude vise à tester le potentiel inhibiteur de l'anacardier sur le soja, le maïs et le sorgho. Méthode: Des tests de germination ont été réalisés dans des boites de pétri arrosés avec des extraits aqueux filtrés issues de feuilles, racines et pulpes d'anacardier dans un dispositif complétement aléatoire à deux facteurs et quatre répétitions. Le facteur « Doses » comporte cinq modalités (0%, 1%, 2,5%, 5%, 10%) et celui « Types d'extraits » comporte quatre modalités (Feuille, Racine, Pulpe et Cocktail). Résultats: La caractérisation des extraits aqueux montre un pH très acide variant de 4,2 à 5. La conductivité électrique varie de 80 S/cm pour 1% et 2280 S/cm à 10%. L'analyse des interactions montre une interaction positive pour les extraits aqueux de la pulpe et du cocktail (p = 0,0001) à la dose de 10%. Le taux d'inhibition varie de 100% à moins de 10% suivant la concentration et le type de culture. Le test de comparaison des moyennes du taux d'inhibition de la germination avec les différents traitements montre une différence significative entre le témoin et la concentration 10% de la pulpe (p 0,05). Par contre, tous les extraits aqueux ont un effet inhibiteur sur la croissance radiculaire et foliaire. Conclusion. Cette étude a donc montré que l'anacardier présente un potentiel inhibiteur qui agit différemment sur les cultures. ABSTRACT Introduction: Cashew production in Senegal is increasingly characterized by the association of annual crops in plantations for the diversification of income sources. Objective: This study aims to test the inhibitory potential of cashew on soybean, maize and sorghum. Method. Germination tests were carried out in petri dishes sprayed with filtered aqueous extracts from cashew leaves, roots and pulp in a completely randomized two-factor, four-repeat design. The 'Doses' factor has five modalities (0%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%) and the 'Types of extracts' factor has four modalities (Leaf, Root, Pulp and Cocktail). Results: The characterization of the aqueous extracts shows a very acidic pH ranging from 4.2 to five. The electrical conductivity varies from 80 S/cm for 1% and 2280 S/cm for 10%. The interaction analysis shows a positive interaction for the aqueous extracts of the pulp and the cocktail (p = 0.0001) at the 10% dose. The inhibition rate varied from 100% to less than 10% depending on the concentration and the type of culture. The comparison test of the means of the germination inhibition rate with the different treatments shows a significant difference between the control and the 10% pulp concentration (p 0.05). On the other hand, all aqueous extracts have an inhibitory effect on root and leaf growth. Conclusion: This study therefore showed that cashew has an inhibitory potential that acts differently on crops.
... Highest zone of inhibition was found to be for Escherichia coli. Polyphenolic compounds affect bacterial cell wall integrity and complex with membrane proteins and causes microbial death (25). In a study by Mengisteet al, 80% methanol leaf extract showed potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (26). ...
Verbena officinalis Linn (Verbenaceae), the common verbena or vervain, a traditional herb with immense cultural and medicinal significance in the European, Greek, American, Roman and Egyptian countries. Phytochemical analysis suggests the presence of iridoid glycosides, secoiridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, flavones, pentacyclic triterpenoids, monoterpenes, sterols and their derivatives. Owing to the presence of these phytochemicals, wide range of pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antidiarrheal, antitumour, antidepressant, anxiolytic, gastroprotective and hepatoprotective, etc are reported. Literature survey highlights the distinct role of Verbena officinalis in treating dysmenorrhoea, vaginitis, endometriosis, premenopausal night sweating, herbal tonic for pregnant women and lactating mothers and its use as emmenagogue. The review aims to promote studies on Verbena officinalis for its therapeutic role in female reproductive health and other ailments. The scientific databases used for compilation of the data were Google scholar, Pubmed the data made available specifically from 2010 to 2022.
... Lemon verbena represents a large market potential for herbal preparation and essential oil extraction due to its properties 8 . Two Verbena species (Verbena officinalis L. and Aloysia citrodora L.) contain compounds with allelopathic and antimicrobial characteristics and their extracts may be used as natural preservatives in pharmaceutical and food industries 9 . ...
Two consecutive field trials (2019 and 2020) were conducted to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of algae and royal jelly extracts on growth, essential oil content and composition of lemon verbena (Aloysia Citriodora) plant. Three concentrations of algae extract (0, 0.5 and 1 cm³L⁻¹) and three concentrations of royal jelly (0, 1 and 2 gL⁻¹) were used. All algae and royal jelly treatments positively impacted growth characters of lemon verbena (Aloysia Citriodora) plant viz, plant height, fresh and dry weights of herb and essential oil contents in both harvests during the two seasons. Plants sprayed with 0.5 cm³L⁻¹ algae and 1 gL⁻¹ royal jelly extracts produced the highest herb fresh and dry weights and essential oil contents. D-Limonene percent in the essential oil varied from 21.4 to the maximum of 25.9 % when plants were sprayed with 1 cm³L⁻¹ of algae + 1 gL⁻¹ of RJ. Geranial and neral maximally enhanced by 1 gL⁻¹ without algae spraying which recorded 12.5 and 9.8 % respectively.
... Enyew and Raja (2015) observed the allelopathic effect of leaf powder of Lantana camara on Zea mays and Triticum turgidum and a remarkable suppression of seed germination, speed of germination, shoot and root length, and biomass of wheat and maize was observed by these authors. Benzarti, Lahmayer, Dallali, Chouchane, and Hamdi (2016) displayed that aqueous extracts of Verbena officinalis L. and Aloysia citrodora L. exhibited an allelopathic potential on the seed germination and the radical growth of Lactuca sativa and Phalaris canariensis. The leaf extract of Tectona grandis exhibited a negative effect on seed germination and seedling growth, root vigour index, seedling vigour index, and decrease of biomass production of Plumbago zeylanica (Biswas & Das, 2016). ...
The biological invasion may discover its root into the marvels of allelopathy, the allelochemicals produced by the plants as a mean of their defense mechanism has turned out to be hindering to the growth of its native plants yet not to their coexisting species due to their adaptive capability (Callaway & Ridenour, 2004). In fact, allelopathy has been proposed as an outcome of long-term coevolution within established plant communities and may demonstrate considerable harmful impact on the newly introduced species (Mallik & Pellissier, 2000). Plant secondary metabolites can influence the ecological processes and structures and combat against the natural foes and competing plants, allelopathy may serve as a valuable strategy (Prince & Pohnert, 2010).
... Enyew and Raja (2015) observed the allelopathic effect of leaf powder of Lantana camara on Zea mays and Triticum turgidum and a remarkable suppression of seed germination, speed of germination, shoot and root length, and biomass of wheat and maize was observed by these authors. Benzarti, Lahmayer, Dallali, Chouchane, and Hamdi (2016) displayed that aqueous extracts of Verbena officinalis L. and Aloysia citrodora L. exhibited an allelopathic potential on the seed germination and the radical growth of Lactuca sativa and Phalaris canariensis. The leaf extract of Tectona grandis exhibited a negative effect on seed germination and seedling growth, root vigour index, seedling vigour index, and decrease of biomass production of Plumbago zeylanica (Biswas & Das, 2016). ...
The allelopathic plants have been recommended as a suitable alternative for weed control under sustainable agriculture (Dahiya, Kumar, Khedwal, & Jakhar, 2017). Allelopathic plants smother weeds in the field following crop rotation (Dwivedi, Shrivastava, Singh, & Lakpale, 2012), cover or smother crops (Ch, Sturm, Varnholt, Walker, & Gerhards, 2016; Sturm, Peteinatos, & Gerhards, 2018), intercropping (Dhungana, Kim, Adhikari, Kim, & Shin, 2019), mulching (Abbas, Nadeem, Tanveer, Farooq, & Zohaib, 2016; Mabele & Ndong’a, 2019), and water extracts of allelopathic crop (Iqbal, Khaliq, & Cheema, 2019; Shahbaz, Sohail, Faisal, & Muhammad, 2018). The repressive effect of various allelochemicals in crops and trees is mainly ascribed to obstructed physiological and metabolic processes of a plant that has been used directly and indirectly for weed management (Cheng & Cheng, 2015; Farooq, Jabran, Cheema, Wahid, & Siddique, 2011). Allelochemical utilization for restricting weed growth is a realistic substitute for manufactured herbicides that do not have any harmful impacts (Bhadoria, 2011). Allelopathy is a new method offering numerous answers for the diminishing food accessibility under increasing worldwide population.
... Enyew and Raja (2015) observed the allelopathic effect of leaf powder of Lantana camara on Zea mays and Triticum turgidum and a remarkable suppression of seed germination, speed of germination, shoot and root length, and biomass of wheat and maize was observed by these authors. Benzarti, Lahmayer, Dallali, Chouchane, and Hamdi (2016) displayed that aqueous extracts of Verbena officinalis L. and Aloysia citrodora L. exhibited an allelopathic potential on the seed germination and the radical growth of Lactuca sativa and Phalaris canariensis. The leaf extract of Tectona grandis exhibited a negative effect on seed germination and seedling growth, root vigour index, seedling vigour index, and decrease of biomass production of Plumbago zeylanica (Biswas & Das, 2016). ...
Molisch (1937) derived allelopathy from the two Greek words: allelon (which means ‘of each other’) and pathos (which means ‘to suffer’). Allelobiogenesis or allelopathy characterized by the combination of both biotic and abiotic stresses actuated by donor plants on recipient plants. As per the modern literature, the term allelopathy is an organic chemical interceded negative impedance between plants or microorganisms through its direct or indirect influence (De Albuquerque et al., 2011; Rice, 1984; Willis, 2000; Yang et al., 2011).
... Enyew and Raja (2015) observed the allelopathic effect of leaf powder of Lantana camara on Zea mays and Triticum turgidum and a remarkable suppression of seed germination, speed of germination, shoot and root length, and biomass of wheat and maize was observed by these authors. Benzarti, Lahmayer, Dallali, Chouchane, and Hamdi (2016) displayed that aqueous extracts of Verbena officinalis L. and Aloysia citrodora L. exhibited an allelopathic potential on the seed germination and the radical growth of Lactuca sativa and Phalaris canariensis. The leaf extract of Tectona grandis exhibited a negative effect on seed germination and seedling growth, root vigour index, seedling vigour index, and decrease of biomass production of Plumbago zeylanica (Biswas & Das, 2016). ...
Allelopathy, in simple terms, is a biochemical phenomenon by which a plant influences the growth, germination, and survival of another plant in its vicinity by producing certain chemical inhibitors into the environment known as allelochemicals. Though the use of allelopathic water extracts is economical and environment-friendly yet the reduction in weed biomass is less than herbicides and manual weeding. However, it may be possible to use these allelopathic water extracts with reduced rates of herbicides to increase their efficacy. A number of crops are known to possess allelopathic potential, some of which are enumerated below.
... Enyew and Raja (2015) observed the allelopathic effect of leaf powder of Lantana camara on Zea mays and Triticum turgidum and a remarkable suppression of seed germination, speed of germination, shoot and root length, and biomass of wheat and maize was observed by these authors. Benzarti, Lahmayer, Dallali, Chouchane, and Hamdi (2016) displayed that aqueous extracts of Verbena officinalis L. and Aloysia citrodora L. exhibited an allelopathic potential on the seed germination and the radical growth of Lactuca sativa and Phalaris canariensis. The leaf extract of Tectona grandis exhibited a negative effect on seed germination and seedling growth, root vigour index, seedling vigour index, and decrease of biomass production of Plumbago zeylanica (Biswas & Das, 2016). ...
Weeds are undesired plants that are of no economical use and are hard to manage by farmers. Weeds affect the growth and development of crops and therefore limit their productivity (Ani, Onu, Okoro, & Uguru, 2018). In the agricultural system, weeds compete with crop plants resulting in the loss of their yield (Gaba, Reboud, & Fried, 2016). They limit the accessibility of light, moisture, space to crops and deteriorate their quality (Guglielmini, Verdú, & Satorre, 2017). In view of these features, it has become necessary to check its growth. However, with the beginning of agriculture, the most prominent weed control approaches include an application of herbicides and hand/motorized weeding (Jabran, Mahajan, Sardana, & Chauhan, 2015; Young, Meyer, & Woldt, 2014). These approaches have a remarkable contribution to the improvement of crop production; but various hurdles are associated with them, as well. However, wide utilization of herbicides to check the growth of weeds has led to severe ecological and environmental problems like herbicide resistance, a shift in weed flora, and environmental pollution and health hazards due to their toxic residues in soil, water, and food chain. The harmful effect of commercial herbicides makes it suitable to explore various other weed management alternatives (Nirmal Kumar, Amb, & Bora, 2010) and allelopathy seems to be one of the options (Rawat, Maikhuri, Bahuguna, Jha, & Phondani, 2017). Allelopathy is an eco-friendly weed management tool, which is practiced to combat the impacts of environmental pollution. Allelopathy is a chemical method that allows the plant to compete for a narrow range of resources (Gioria & Osborne, 2014).
... Enyew and Raja (2015) observed the allelopathic effect of leaf powder of Lantana camara on Zea mays and Triticum turgidum and a remarkable suppression of seed germination, speed of germination, shoot and root length, and biomass of wheat and maize was observed by these authors. Benzarti, Lahmayer, Dallali, Chouchane, and Hamdi (2016) displayed that aqueous extracts of Verbena officinalis L. and Aloysia citrodora L. exhibited an allelopathic potential on the seed germination and the radical growth of Lactuca sativa and Phalaris canariensis. The leaf extract of Tectona grandis exhibited a negative effect on seed germination and seedling growth, root vigour index, seedling vigour index, and decrease of biomass production of Plumbago zeylanica (Biswas & Das, 2016). ...
Allelopathy could be characterized as “an imperative component of plant impedance interceded by the addition of secondary metabolites produced by plants into the soil rhizosphere” (Weston, 2005). These secondary metabolites are typically exuded into the rhizosphere and affect the development of plants that are growing in the vicinity of allelopathic plants (Akemo, Regnier, & Bennett, 2000). Chemical compounds that inflict allelopathic impacts are called allelochemicals or allelochemics, which are by and large considered to be those chemical groups, for example, alkaloids, flavonoids, glucosinolates, phenolics and terpenoids (Reigosa, Souto, & Gonz, 1999). Natural products recognized with allelopathic potential have been classified into the following groups: (a) cytotoxic gases, (b) organic acids, (c) aromatic acids, (d) simple unsaturated lactones, (e) coumarins, (f) quinones, (g) flavonoids, (h) tannins, (i) alkaloids, and (j) terpenoids and steroids (Mushtaq & Siddiqui, 2018). Allelopathy has been well documented for many great years (Rice, 1984), however, the understanding of the mechanisms of the mode of action of allelochemicals stays darken (Mohamadi & Rajaie, 2009). Several biosynthetic pathways are responsible for the production of the various classes of these chemical compounds, though they are not necessary for primary processes of growth and reproduction for the allelopathic species (Pagare, Bhatia, Tripathi, Pagare, & Bansal, 2015). However, these compounds can influence plant development indirectly by modifying the interspecific competition for the plants in association (Abhilasha, Quintana, Vivanco, & Joshi, 2008). A wide array of these compounds are known today, however, just a limited number has been recognized as allelochemicals (Mushtaq & Siddiqui, 2018; Rice, 1984). Allelochemicals are predominantly present throughout the plant including leaves, stems, roots, rhizomes, inflorescence, pollen, fruits and seeds (An, Pratley, & Haig, 1998). The production of allelochemicals in a plant species may vary spatially and over time scale; Singh, Jhaldiyal, and Kumar (2009) found foliar and leaf litter leachates of Eucalyptus species more lethal than its bark leachates to some commercial crops.
... Enyew and Raja (2015) observed the allelopathic effect of leaf powder of Lantana camara on Zea mays and Triticum turgidum and a remarkable suppression of seed germination, speed of germination, shoot and root length, and biomass of wheat and maize was observed by these authors. Benzarti, Lahmayer, Dallali, Chouchane, and Hamdi (2016) displayed that aqueous extracts of Verbena officinalis L. and Aloysia citrodora L. exhibited an allelopathic potential on the seed germination and the radical growth of Lactuca sativa and Phalaris canariensis. The leaf extract of Tectona grandis exhibited a negative effect on seed germination and seedling growth, root vigour index, seedling vigour index, and decrease of biomass production of Plumbago zeylanica (Biswas & Das, 2016). ...
Asteraceae consists of 8–10% of angiosperm species, around 1600–1700 genera with 24,000 species (Funk, Susanna, Steussy, & Robinson, 2009). Several plants in the Asteraceae family, especially chromolaena odorata, Helianthus annuus, and Tithonia diversifolia (of which remnants of Ageratum conyzoides, Vernonia amygdalina, and Artemisia annua) are revealed to contain huge amounts of allelochemicals, especially in their leaves, reducing the growth of various plants (Eze & Gill, 1992). Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.), commonly known as congress grass, carrot weed, ragweed Parthenium, is an invasive poisonous herbaceous annual weed of this family. It decreases pasture productivity, affects livestock health, human health and activities, alters ecology and biodiversity, and competes with crop plants for available environmental resources thereby causing enormous yield loss. Parthenin is revealed to be the principal constituent of this plant which accounts for its allelopathy (Mawal, Shahnawaz, Sangale, & Ade, 2015). Netsere (2015) noticed the allelopathic effect of the whole plant of Parthenium on germination and growth of maize and sorghum. Similarly, the powder extract of Parthenium hysterophorus reduced the germination rate and growth of wheat plants (Anwar et al., 2016). Sorecha and Bayissa (2017) showed the allelopathic effects of different doses of aqueous extracts of leaf, stem, and root aqueous extracts of Parthenium on germination and vegetative growth of peanut and soybean. The allelopathic impact of Parthenium hysterophorus extract on the onion meristematic cell influenced mitotic depression leading to chromosomal deformity such as fragments, stickiness nuclear vacuolation, bridge, laggards, and micronuclei. The reduction of DNA content by Parthenium leads to alteration of normal metabolic activity which is a potential threat to genomic balance (Sinha, 2009). Leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus was reported to inhibit the germination rate and root length of Cicer arietinum (Shikha & Jha, 2016). Reported that Parthenium hysterophorus aqueous extract induced pollen sterility in Vicia faba. Observed that the acetone leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus inhibited germination and decreased root and shoot length of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Siyar et al. (2018) reported that the aqueous extract of leaves, stems, and roots of two weeds of Asteraceae (Artemisia annua and Taraxicum officinalis) had an inhibitory effect on seed germination of wheat and maize, where Artemisia annua proved more phytotoxic than Taraxicum officinalis. Kamal (2011) observed that the allelochemicals released by sunflower hampered germination and decreased the shoot length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll contents and also reduced the level of hormones, GA, IAA in wheat. Leachate of Achillea biebersteinii was observed to negatively affect percentage and rate of germination and radical and shoot length of pepper. Decreased content of chlorophyll carotenoids and protein was also noticed due to allelochemical stress (Abu-Romman, 2011). Arora, Batish, Singh, and Kohli (2015) showed that Tagetes minuta oil retarded seed germination and suppressed seedling growth of invasive weeds—Chenopodium murale L., Phalaris minor Retz., and Amaranthus viridis L by promoting physiological changes that altered chlorophyll content in these plants. Barroso Aragão et al. (2017) spotted the allelopathic effect of Lepidaploa rufogrisea extracts through reduction of the root growth and germination speed index in Lactuca sativa. Similarly aqueous and methanolic extract of Tithonia diversifolia significantly reduced seed germination, seedling growth, and the biochemical parameters and growth of Vigna unguiculata (Oyeniyi, Odekanyin, Kuku, & Otusanya, 2016).
