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A, Venn diagram of species occurrence within the six sectors of GLBA. Numbers do not add up to 947 because one species (Melanohalea olivacea) could not be assigned to any one sector due to a lack of site data. All species of lichens and lichen-associated fungi, including 'known unknowns', are included in this diagram. Where a number is absent from a segment, the value is zero; B, occurrence of named lichen species across four national parks and preserves in the Gulf of Alaska region (lichen-associated fungi and 'known unknowns' not included). Data is based on the present paper (Supplementary Material Table S4A & B, available online), Spribille et al. (2010) and McCune et al. (2018).
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Lichens are widely acknowledged to be a key component of high latitude ecosystems. However, the time investment needed for full inventories and the lack of taxonomic identification resources for crustose lichen and lichenicolous fungal diversity have hampered efforts to fully gauge the depth of species richness in these ecosystems. Using a combinat...
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... Dundas sectors, which escaped glaciation in the Little Ice Age, together harbour 615 species, while all four glaciated sectors together harbour 607. If the Gustavus sector is instead lumped in with the unglaciated sectors, the first number climbs to 750 and the remaining unglaciated sectors drop to 452. This explains why parts of the Venn diagram (Fig. 4A) that exclude these three sectors, and display species found only in one or more of the remaining sectors, contain so few species. Excursion Ridge harbours the greatest number of unique species (i.e. species found only in one sector) with 198, while Glacier Bay (43) and East Arm (40) harbour the fewest. Collectively, the two ...
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... number (248 taxa) followed by Lake Clark (160 taxa). This might reflect the relatively southern position of GLBA at the edge of the large temperate rainforest formation of south-east Alaska, and the position of Lake Clark on the opposite end of the northwest-southeast gradient. By contrast, only 192 (14%) of named taxa are found in all four parks (Fig. 4B). The large percentage of singletons-taxa found in only one park-underlines the importance of these protected areas in providing non-redundant habitat for lichen species. It also raises the question of how many species occur in natural landscapes of the Gulf of Alaska region that are not under any current form of ...
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... species differing from all other species in the genus in its brown, submuriform ascospores and association with a nontrentepohlioid alga as a photobiont. Type: USA, Alaska, Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, Glacier Bay National Park, Excursion Ridge, 58.46469°N, 135.55736°W, 918 m, saxicolous on argillite, 1 August 2012, Spribille 39391 (MSC-holotype). (Fig. 34) Thallus crustose, thin, whitish, cracked areolate to rimose; areoles/ cracked partitions if present 0.4-0.9 mm diam., internally hardly stratified, POL+ birefringent. Photobiont a single-celled green alga; cells roundish or angular, 10-14 μm ...
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... (Anzi) Lutzoni in Greenland (Alstrup & Hansen 2001). Many authors have segregated the arctic-alpine species Sagiolechia rhexoblephara (Nyl.) Zahlbr, which would count as a fifth species, into a distinct monotypic genus, Rhexophiale Th. Fr., on account of the different observed ontogeny of its ascomata (Henssen 1995). Sagiolechia phaeospora (Fig. 34) is the first described member of the genus with brown ascospores (Fig. 34C & D), the first species with muriform ascospores, and the first associated with a non-trentepohlioid photobiont. In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 7), we analyzed only one specimen each of S. protuberans and S. phaeospora, but even this limited sampling makes ...
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... segregated the arctic-alpine species Sagiolechia rhexoblephara (Nyl.) Zahlbr, which would count as a fifth species, into a distinct monotypic genus, Rhexophiale Th. Fr., on account of the different observed ontogeny of its ascomata (Henssen 1995). Sagiolechia phaeospora (Fig. 34) is the first described member of the genus with brown ascospores (Fig. 34C & D), the first species with muriform ascospores, and the first associated with a non-trentepohlioid photobiont. In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 7), we analyzed only one specimen each of S. protuberans and S. phaeospora, but even this limited sampling makes two things clear: 1) S. phaeospora forms a clade with the type species of ...
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... Fig. 40) Ascomata perithecioid, dispersed, immersed in host thallus, erumpent, dark red, subspherical to obpyriform, to 600 μm diam., without hairs. Ascomata wall dark reddish orange, KOH+ quickly violet-purple, without orange oil guttules, composed of several layers of cells; outer layer dark reddish orange, to 25 μm wide, composed of several ...
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... & Sancho (2008) who maintain the difference between the genera based on the lifestyle of Xenonectriella, which is only lichenicolous with the development of the ascomata always inside the host thallus, whereas Cosmospora is fungicolous, saprotrophic or lichenicolous (one species) and usually possesses sessile ascomata. Xenonectriella nephromatis (Fig. 40) is similar to X. rosea Etayo and X. ornamentata (D. Hawksw.) Rossman in the colour of the ascomata, although X. rosea may possess pinkish perithecia ( Rossman et al. 1999;Etayo & Sancho 2008). Xenonectriella rosea has slightly smaller ascospores (9.5-12.5 × 6-7.5 μm) with verrucose ornamentation and occurs on Pannaria leproloma (Nyl.) ...
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... Lichenologist 131 acid (Huneck et al. 1986;Shimada et al. 1993). Notwithstanding further work needed on the chemistry of L. panyrga, all three species, L. ophthalmiza, L. panyrga and Pertusaria subvelata (combined into Lepra below), can be easily separated by TLC (Fig. 43). Wei et al. (2017) provided a revised phylogeny of Lepra species, including DNA sequences from a GLBA specimen of Pertusaria subvelata that we had previously published ) as Lepra subvelata in their Fig. 1. Contrary to what might be expected given the synonymization by Dibben (1980), the topology they recovered does not support the ...
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... of S. laceratula to S. alaskana is striking enough that some members of the field expedition assumed, on first impression, that S. laceratula was an epiphytic occurrence of the locally more common S. alaskana. The two share a characteristic range of cervine brown cortical pigments (illustrated for S. alaskana in Spribille et al. (2010) and in Fig. 44), and also lack an amyloid apical ring structure in the ascus. Steineropsis laceratula was reported to possess such a structure by Jørgensen (2000), but this was lacking in material we studied (e.g. Brodo 14150, UPS L-563845). Instead, the ascus compares favourably with that in S. alaskana and Protopannaria (see Spribille & Muggia 2013: ...
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... Dundas sectors, which escaped glaciation in the Little Ice Age, together harbour 615 species, while all four glaciated sectors together harbour 607. If the Gustavus sector is instead lumped in with the unglaciated sectors, the first number climbs to 750 and the remaining unglaciated sectors drop to 452. This explains why parts of the Venn diagram (Fig. 4A) that exclude these three sectors, and display species found only in one or more of the remaining sectors, contain so few species. Excursion Ridge harbours the greatest number of unique species (i.e. species found only in one sector) with 198, while Glacier Bay (43) and East Arm (40) harbour the fewest. Collectively, the two ...
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... number (248 taxa) followed by Lake Clark (160 taxa). This might reflect the relatively southern position of GLBA at the edge of the large temperate rainforest formation of south-east Alaska, and the position of Lake Clark on the opposite end of the northwest-southeast gradient. By contrast, only 192 (14%) of named taxa are found in all four parks (Fig. 4B). The large percentage of singletons-taxa found in only one park-underlines the importance of these protected areas in providing non-redundant habitat for lichen species. It also raises the question of how many species occur in natural landscapes of the Gulf of Alaska region that are not under any current form of ...
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... species differing from all other species in the genus in its brown, submuriform ascospores and association with a nontrentepohlioid alga as a photobiont. Type: USA, Alaska, Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, Glacier Bay National Park, Excursion Ridge, 58.46469°N, 135.55736°W, 918 m, saxicolous on argillite, 1 August 2012, Spribille 39391 (MSC-holotype). (Fig. 34) Thallus crustose, thin, whitish, cracked areolate to rimose; areoles/ cracked partitions if present 0.4-0.9 mm diam., internally hardly stratified, POL+ birefringent. Photobiont a single-celled green alga; cells roundish or angular, 10-14 μm ...
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... (Anzi) Lutzoni in Greenland (Alstrup & Hansen 2001). Many authors have segregated the arctic-alpine species Sagiolechia rhexoblephara (Nyl.) Zahlbr, which would count as a fifth species, into a distinct monotypic genus, Rhexophiale Th. Fr., on account of the different observed ontogeny of its ascomata (Henssen 1995). Sagiolechia phaeospora (Fig. 34) is the first described member of the genus with brown ascospores (Fig. 34C & D), the first species with muriform ascospores, and the first associated with a non-trentepohlioid photobiont. In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 7), we analyzed only one specimen each of S. protuberans and S. phaeospora, but even this limited sampling makes ...
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... segregated the arctic-alpine species Sagiolechia rhexoblephara (Nyl.) Zahlbr, which would count as a fifth species, into a distinct monotypic genus, Rhexophiale Th. Fr., on account of the different observed ontogeny of its ascomata (Henssen 1995). Sagiolechia phaeospora (Fig. 34) is the first described member of the genus with brown ascospores (Fig. 34C & D), the first species with muriform ascospores, and the first associated with a non-trentepohlioid photobiont. In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 7), we analyzed only one specimen each of S. protuberans and S. phaeospora, but even this limited sampling makes two things clear: 1) S. phaeospora forms a clade with the type species of ...
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... Fig. 40) Ascomata perithecioid, dispersed, immersed in host thallus, erumpent, dark red, subspherical to obpyriform, to 600 μm diam., without hairs. Ascomata wall dark reddish orange, KOH+ quickly violet-purple, without orange oil guttules, composed of several layers of cells; outer layer dark reddish orange, to 25 μm wide, composed of several ...
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... & Sancho (2008) who maintain the difference between the genera based on the lifestyle of Xenonectriella, which is only lichenicolous with the development of the ascomata always inside the host thallus, whereas Cosmospora is fungicolous, saprotrophic or lichenicolous (one species) and usually possesses sessile ascomata. Xenonectriella nephromatis (Fig. 40) is similar to X. rosea Etayo and X. ornamentata (D. Hawksw.) Rossman in the colour of the ascomata, although X. rosea may possess pinkish perithecia ( Rossman et al. 1999;Etayo & Sancho 2008). Xenonectriella rosea has slightly smaller ascospores (9.5-12.5 × 6-7.5 μm) with verrucose ornamentation and occurs on Pannaria leproloma (Nyl.) ...
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... Lichenologist 131 acid (Huneck et al. 1986;Shimada et al. 1993). Notwithstanding further work needed on the chemistry of L. panyrga, all three species, L. ophthalmiza, L. panyrga and Pertusaria subvelata (combined into Lepra below), can be easily separated by TLC (Fig. 43). Wei et al. (2017) provided a revised phylogeny of Lepra species, including DNA sequences from a GLBA specimen of Pertusaria subvelata that we had previously published ) as Lepra subvelata in their Fig. 1. Contrary to what might be expected given the synonymization by Dibben (1980), the topology they recovered does not support the ...
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... of S. laceratula to S. alaskana is striking enough that some members of the field expedition assumed, on first impression, that S. laceratula was an epiphytic occurrence of the locally more common S. alaskana. The two share a characteristic range of cervine brown cortical pigments (illustrated for S. alaskana in Spribille et al. (2010) and in Fig. 44), and also lack an amyloid apical ring structure in the ascus. Steineropsis laceratula was reported to possess such a structure by Jørgensen (2000), but this was lacking in material we studied (e.g. Brodo 14150, UPS L-563845). Instead, the ascus compares favourably with that in S. alaskana and Protopannaria (see Spribille & Muggia 2013: ...
Citations
... We have not found any mentions in the literature about the presence of Arthonia phaeobaea in freshwater habitats. However, some saltwater species, e. g., Hydropunctaria alaskana Thüs et Pérez-Ort., also occur in freshwater habitats (Spribille et al., 2020). ...
During the study of the lichen biota of Sakhalin Island, Arthonia phaeobaea was identified basing of morphological and anatomical data. This is the first record of this rare saxicolous coastal lichen in Asia and Russia; the species was previously recorded only in Central and Northern Europe (including Arctic) and North America. The species is characterized by its thin, smooth, brown-gray continuous thallus without lichen compounds, usually with numerous black pycnidia and small, black, rounded to elongated, weakly convex apothecia, dark brown epithecium K–, pale hypothecium, colorless, (2)3–4 cross-septate ascospores constricted centrally and usually with unequal cells, hyaline conidia, narrowly ellipsoid or oblong. The maritime distribution of the species has been noted. The differences from other coastal saxicolous Arthonia species in a global scale, as well as saxicolous Arthonia, known in Russia, are discussed.
... Agonimia flabelliformis typically grows on bark, wood, detritus or over bryophytes in humid and shaded situations in deciduous forests (Guzow-Krzemińska et al. 2012, own observations New to Sweden. Carneothele sphagnicola was described based on a type from Alaska and at the same time reported from a few localities in Sør-and Nord-Trøndelag in Norway (Spribille et al. 2020). During fieldwork in 2021, it was encountered relatively close to the Norwegian localities also on the Swedish side of the border, in three sites in western Jämtland. ...
... This distinctive species exclusively inhabits Sphagnum hummocks and is readily identified by its brick-red, up to 0.3 mm wide perithecia that often have a yellow pruina around the ostiole. The ascospores are unicellular and in excess of 200 per ascus and the ascomatal wall reacts with KOH to form magenta-coloured crystals (Spribille et al. 2020). ...
We report 22 lichenised fungi as new to Sweden, of which nine are also new to Fennoscandia and one new to Europe. The newly reported species are Agonimia flabelliformis, Carneothele sphagnicola, Lecania madida, Lecanora horiza, L. subravida, L. subsaligna, Lecidea subhumida, L. toensbergii, Micarea coppinsii, M.
isidioprasina, M. microsorediata, M. pseudotsugae, M. substipitata, Miriquidica majae, Protoblastenia calvella, P. szaferi, Ptychographa xylographoides, Ramboldia subcinnabarina, Verrucaria hydrophila, V. prominula, and V. rosula. We revised Swedish specimens of Normandina acroglypta and found that all but one belong to N. chlorococca, which is reported as new to Sweden. We also publish new records of the anamorphic, possibly lichenised fungus Sphaeronaema truncatum, a long-forgotten taxon originally described from Sweden 200 years ago.
... Inventories based on new field explorations (Vondrák et al. 2016;Spribille et al. 2020), review of herbarium specimens, and literature records (Isocrono et al. 2007;Himelbrant et al. 2018) provide fundamental information on ecology and distribution of species. Furthermore, they foster taxonomic discoveries, including the description of new species and higher groups (Spribille et al. 2020;Leavitt et al. 2021;Nascimbene et al. 2022). ...
... Inventories based on new field explorations (Vondrák et al. 2016;Spribille et al. 2020), review of herbarium specimens, and literature records (Isocrono et al. 2007;Himelbrant et al. 2018) provide fundamental information on ecology and distribution of species. Furthermore, they foster taxonomic discoveries, including the description of new species and higher groups (Spribille et al. 2020;Leavitt et al. 2021;Nascimbene et al. 2022). Finally, if occurrence records are geo-referenced, it is possible to perform spatial analyses, such as biogeographical studies or distribution modeling (Bloom et al. 2018;Guttová et al. 2019;Marsico et al. 2020), which are pivotal for revealing biodiversity patterns, predicting potential shifts in a global change scenario and contributing to effective conservation guidelines (Ellis et al. 2007;Eaton et al. 2018;Nelsen and Lumbsch 2020). ...
The Dolichens project provides the first dynamic inventory of the lichens of the Dolomites (Eastern Alps, Italy). Occurrence records were retrieved from published and grey literature, reviewed herbaria, unpublished records collected by the authors, and new sampling campaigns, covering a period from 1820 to 2022. Currently, the dataset contains 56,251 records, referring to 1,719 infrageneric taxa, reported from 1820 to 2022, from hilly to nival belts, and corresponding to about half of the species known for the whole Alpine chain. Amongst them, 98% are georeferenced, although most of them were georeferenced a posteriori. The dataset is available through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; https://www.gbif.org/es/dataset/cea3ee2c-1ff1-4f8e-bb37-a99600cb4134) and through the Dolichens website (https://italic.units.it/dolichens/). We expect that this open floristic inventory will contribute to tracking the lichen diversity of the Dolomites over the past 200 years, and providing the basis for future taxonomic, biogeographical, and ecological studies.
... hultenii (Erichs.) Brodo [44,101,102], Polycauliona comandorica Himelbrant et al. [103], Cladonia nipponica Asahina, C. pseudoevansii Asahina, Stereocaulon apocalypticum Nyl., S. saviczii DR. [20], and some others are supposed to be endemic to Beringia. Probably, there are also undescribed endemic species in understudied groups, such as crustose saxicolous genera. ...
The Northeast Asian endemic species of lichen-forming fungus Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii is herein discussed in the global context of biogeography and phylogeny of the U. aprina group. The name U. krascheninnikovii has been erroneously used by lichenologists for Umbilicaria spp. from high latitudes or altitudes worldwide, as there are omphalodisc apothecia and rough “crystals” of a necral layer on the upper surface. To test the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships within the U. aprina group, four independent DNA regions (nrITS/5.8S, RPB2, mtLSU, and mtSSU) were used for six rare species, including a dozen specimens of U. krascheninnikovii from its locus classicus in Kamchatka. The study is based on the phylograms obtained using maximum likelihood and a Bayesian phylogenetic inference framework. As a result of phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses, it was shown that U. krascheninnikovii is a neo-endemic of the areas of modern volcanism in Kamchatka, Japan, as well as in the Kurile Islands, where this species was recorded for the first time. The morphology of U. krascheninnikovii is herein described and illustrated. Increasing the role of the sexual process and reducing asexual thalloconidiogenesis are shown to be apomorphic traits in the U. aprina group. The combination of sexual and asexual reproduction provides adaptive advantages in changing environmental conditions.
... Due to their dependence on and/or resemblance to lichens, some taxa of non-lichenised "allied" fungi (e.g. lichenicolous fungi) have traditionally been included in lichen studies (McMullin et al. 2017b, Spribille et al. 2020, Esslinger 2021, Bell-Doyon 2023, as they are here in our work. Lichens have many important ecological functions including aiding in soil formation (Adamo and Violante 2000), helping to stabilise soil ( Belnap andGillette 1998, Eldridge andLeys 2003), contributing to nutrient cycling (Pike 1978, Knops et al. 1991) and they provide camouflage, habitat and food for many organisms (e.g. ...
... Stalk and excipulum K− and not swelling in K. Appears to be a novel taxon. Notes: This newly-described species (Spribille et al. 2020) was previously known from British Columbia (e.g. Benton et al. (1977), Noble et al. (1987), Brodo and Sloan (2005)), but reported as S. revertens Nyl. ...
Bioblitzes are a tool for the rapid appraisal of biodiversity and are particularly useful in remote and understudied regions and for understudied taxa. Lichens are an example of an often overlooked group, despite being widespread in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems and having many important ecological functions.
We report the lichens and allied fungi collected during the 2018 terrestrial bioblitz conducted on Calvert Island on the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada. We identified 449 specimens belonging to 189 species in 85 genera, increasing the total number of species known from Calvert Island to 194, and generated Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences for 215 specimens from 121 species. Bryoria furcellata , Chaenothecopsis lecanactidis and C. nigripunctata were collected for the first time in British Columbia. We also found Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis , which is listed as Special Concern on the federal Species at Risk Act, and other rarely reported species in British Columbia including Opegrapha sphaerophoricola , Protomicarea limosa , Raesaenenia huuskonenii and Sarea difformis . We demonstrate that DNA barcoding improves the scope and accuracy of expert-led bioblitzes by facilitating the detection of cryptic species and allowing for consistent identification of chemically and morphologically overlapping taxa. Despite the spatial and temporal limitations of our study, the results highlight the value of intact forest ecosystems on the Central Coast of British Columbia for lichen biodiversity, education and conservation.
... Relatively comprehensive lichen inventories have typically required coordinated efforts among taxonomic experts (Lendemer et al. 2013;Spribille et al. 2010Spribille et al. , 2020McCune et al. 2020), and the inventories are based on the identifications of vouchered specimens. However, DNA metabarcoding studies can facilitate a powerful perspective into fungal diversity that has been, to some degree, unattainable using traditional phenotype-based approaches (DeSalle & Goldstein 2019;Nilsson et al. 2019;Baldrian et al. 2021;Tedersoo et al. 2022). ...
National parks and other federally designated natural areas play critical roles in preserving unique habitats, communities, and biodiversity. However, in the United States, it is estimated that 80-90% of species diversity in national parks is presently unknown. Therefore, contemporary biodiversity inventories are critical for conservation, management and establishing baselines for future comparisons. Ongoing efforts to characterize lichen diversity highlight diverse and robust communities in a number of national parks in the USA. In arid regions of the western USA facing ecological transformations, lichens can play a pivotal role for monitoring these changes. Lichen diversity in Bryce Canyon National Park (BRCA) in southern Utah, USA remains nearly completely uncharacterized, despite nearly 100 years as a federally protected area. Our study aims to provide a critical perspective into the lichen diversity of BRCA. Using a metabarcoding community sampling approach, we documented 215 candidate lichen-forming fungal species distributed across ecologically distinct sites in BRCA. At each sampled site, species richness ranged from 104 to 133 species, with no more than 20% shared species among the three sites. The limited overlap between collection sites suggests that BRCA harbors greater diversity than initially thought. We document a number of sensitive lichens, particularly Usnea spp. and Ramalina sinensis, that should be monitored as air pollution, land use, and impacts of climate change affect biological communities in the park. The inventory also includes unknown species and other species that have not been documented in the western USA. While our DNA-based inventory highlights strikingly rich lichen diversity, future voucher-based collections will be essential for robust taxonomic determinations.
... Rhizocarpon includes about 235 species worldwide (Lücking & al. 2016;Davydov & Yakovchenko 2017;Etayo 2017;Kalb & Aptroot 2017;Paukov & al. 2017;Kondratyuk & al. 2018;Fryday 2019;Elix & McCarthy 2019;McCarthy & al. 2020;Spribille & al. 2020), of which 47 have been reported from China (Wei 1991(Wei , 2020Abbas & Wu 1998;Aptroot 2002;Aptroot & Sparrius 2003;Sérusiaux & al. 2003;Golubkov & Maywiejuk 2009;Zhao & al. 2013;Mahire & al. 2015;Wang & al. 2015aWang & al. ,b,c, 2016Gulina & Anwar 2019;Hu & al. 2020). ...
Three lichen species are reported from China for the first time: Rhizocarpon cinereovirens , R. rittokense , and R. roridulum. A revision of the Chinese material determined as R. infernulum f. infernulum shows that it belongs to R. infernulum f. sylvaticum . The morphology, secondary chemistry, ecology, and distribution ranges of the species are investigated and discussed. An identification key is given to the species of Rhizocarpon subg. Phaeothallus in China.
... -on rocks; 8, 23. -Kam (Nylander, 1887), Ala (Spribille et al., 2020). ...
... Solorina bispora Nyl. -on soil; 7. -Kam (Himelbrant et al., 2014), Chu (Andreev et al., 1996), Mag (Zheludeva, 2017), Yak (Andreev et al., 1996), Ala (Spribille et al., 2020). ...
Based on collections of Koryak geobotanical expeditions of the Komarov Botanical Institute, 23 species of lichens and four lichenicolous fungi are reported as new to Koryakia, nine of them are also new to Kamchatka. Ephebe hispidula, Lambiella impavida, Rhizocarpon simillimum, Rhizoplaca opiniconensis, and Vestergrenopsis isidiata are new to the Russian Far East. Altogether 529 species of lichens and allied fungi are currently known for Koryakia.
... Printzen (2014) mentioned 42 species for the genus Biatora, among which several undescribed taxa were noted, and this number was followed in the last generic classification of lichens by Lücking et al. (2017). Further additions were recently published by Printzen et al. (2016), Kistenich et al. (2018), Ekman & Tønsberg (2019) and Spribille et al. (2020). However, the exact number of species is hard to determine because some authors have recently started to simultaneously split off new genera from, and combine taxa from, outside Biatora into the genus based on largely unsupported phylogenies (Kondratyuk et al. 2019). ...
A unique crustose lichen species was recently documented from various types of preserved forests across boreal and temperate Europe (Norway, Ukraine, the Czech Republic) and the Caucasus (Russia). It is formally described here as the new species Biatora amylacea . A phylogeny based on ITS and mtSSU sequences demonstrates that it belongs to an isolated group within the core of Biatora s. lat., together with the recently described B. radicicola . It is a distinctive taxon within the genus on account of its amyloid exciple, otherwise known only from members of the Biatora rufidula group. The new species is also characterized by amyloid thalline hyphae and the production of soredia with a blue-green pigment. This microlichen may serve as a bioindicator species of old-growth forests.
... Corticolous forms of lichens are living lichens as epiphytes on the bark substrate (Matos et al., 2019;Goga et al., 2021). Living lichens are attached to shady trees as a substrate (Hawksworth & Grube, 2020;Solárová et al., 2020;Spribille et al., 2020;Yang et al., 2021). ...
The Lichens Pocketbook is a vital teaching medium in Low-Level Organism Taxonomy courses. It contains conceptual materials to support students' understanding of achieving learning objectives. Therefore, this study aims to determine the results of the assessment and responses of material expert validators on the feasibility of the Lichens Pocketbook; find out the results of assessments and responses of material expert validators on the feasibility of the Lichens Pocketbook; find out the results of the assessment and responses of design expert validators on the feasibility of the Lichens Pocketbook. This pocketbook was developed according to the Thiagarajan (4-D) model, limited up to the development stage. The analysis showed that the developed Lichens Pocketbook was declared feasible based on the material experts' validation with an average value of 92.48% within the excellent feasible categories. The validation results from learning expert validators obtained an average of 83.88% within the excellent and feasible categories. Lastly, the validation results from design expert validators obtained an average value of 90.89% within the excellent and feasible categories. Thus, the developed Lichens Pocketbook can be used in learning. ABSTRAK: Buku saku lichens merupakan media ajar yang penting dalam perkuliahan Taksonomi Organisme Tingkat Rendah. Hal ini dikarenakan, buku saku tersebut memuat rangkaian materi konseptual yang dapat mendukung pemahaman peserta didik dalam mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. Berdasarkan hal tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil penilaian dan tanggapan validator ahli materi terhadap kelayakan buku saku pada materi lichens, mengetahui hasil penilaian dan tanggapan validator ahli pembelajaran terhadap kelayakan buku saku pada materi lichens dan mengetahui hasil penilaian dan tanggapan validator ahli desain terhadap kelayakan buku saku pada materi lichens. Buku saku ini dikembangkan menurut model Thiagarajan (4-D) yang dibatasi hingga tahap pengembangan. Hasil validasi dari ahli materi memperoleh nilai rata-rata 92,48 % dengan kategori layak, hasil validasi dari ahli pembelajaran memperoleh nilai rata-rata 83,88 % dengan kategori layak, dan hasil validasi dari ahli desain memperoleh nilai rata-rata 90,89 % dengan kategori layak. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan buku tersebut dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran.
