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(A) The trend of metformin dosages with respect to HbA1c levels and (B) mean change in HbA1c levels from pre-treatment to post-treatment. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.
Source publication
Background
To evaluate the clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, and clinical effectiveness and safety of high doses of metformin (1500-2500 mg/day) in Indian adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Materials and methods
A retrospective, multicentric (n = 241), real-world study included patients with T2DM (aged >18 years) receiving hi...
Citations
... In Saudi Arabian hospitals, metformin is usually prescribed for both newly diagnosed and long-term diabetes patients. 17 A recent retrospective study done in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by Al-Rubeaan et al reported that among 519 Saudi type 2 diabetics 89.2% were prescribed metformin as the first line of treatment which shows that the majority of physicians still consider metformin as the best option in diabetes management. 18 Various meta-analyses and systemic reviews have described metformin's role in glycemic control shown by reduced HbA1c levels by an average of 1 to 2% in most cases. ...
Background: Metformin monotherapy is the primary therapeutic approach in most cases of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as it is safe, efficient, and is known to lower risks like vascular complications in patients. Previous studies have shown that glycemic control provided by metformin monotherapy is not consistent and needs to be monitored in association with other factors. Due to the complex nature of the disease and other factors like genetic predisposition, ethnicity, and geographic distribution, it is crucial to investigate its effect on the Saudi population. This study aimed to evaluate the glycemic response of metformin monotherapy in individuals with newly diagnosed T2DM who had not previously taken any other medications. Methods: A retrospective study model was followed to determine metformin monotherapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. The efficacy of the metformin monotherapy was evaluated in the patients who were drug naive and had undergone treatment for six months. Results: HbA1c levels for our study population (n=136) before and after metformin monotherapy for a period of six months was collected from patient records. The study cohort included both male (n=71) and female (n=67) patients. There was a significant difference in the HbA1c levels of all diabetes patients before (Mean=9.1, SD=2.84) and after (Mean=7.13, SD=1.51) medication; 2-tailed significance p<0.001. Conclusions: Metformin monotherapy was effective in reducing the HbA1c levels across both genders and all age groups in the present study. These results suggest that metformin monotherapy could be the first line of therapy for newly diagnosed T2DM individuals.
... The guidelines published by national and international diabetes associations have supported the use of this drug as first-line therapy together with lifestyle changes for the treatment of adults with newly diagnosed T2DM with or without risk of cardiovascular disease. This reputation has resulted from its effective glucose-lowering capabilities, low cost, weight neutrality, and good overall safety profile (especially the lack of hypoglycemia as an adverse effect) (28)(29)(30). ...
Autophagy is a very active process that plays an important role in cell and organ differentiation and remodelling, being a crucial system to guarantee health. This physiological process is activated in starvation and inhibited in the presence of nutrients. This short review comments on the three types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy, as well as different aspects that control autophagy and its relationship with health and degenerative diseases. As autophagy is highly dependent on functional autophagy (ATG) proteins integrating the phagophore, the role of some key ATG genes and epigenes are briefly commented on. The manuscript deepens discussing some central aspects of type-2 diabetes mellitus and their relationship with the cell cleaning process and mitochondria homeostasis maintenance, as well as the mechanisms through which antidiabetic drugs affect autophagy. Well-designed studies are needed to elucidate whether autophagy plays a casual or causal role in T2DM.
... MET has multiple activities and excellent therapeutic efficacy in different pathological environments (Das et al., 2021;Drzewoski and Hanefeld, 2021;Rajgopal and Kochhar, 2021). However, most patients under long-term MET treatment (>10 years) have poor blood glucose control (Cherney and Lam, 2018). ...
Introduction
Type 2 mellitus (T2DM), a chronic metabolic disorder, causes severe impairment of patients’ quality of life and has attracted global attention. Many studies have suggested the importance of the gut microbiota in the occurrence of T2DM. The Scrophulariae Radix and Atractylodes sinensis (XC) pair, recommended in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), have been used for treating diabetes for many years. However, research on the role of the XC pair in modulating gut microbial communities is lacking, but it is important to elucidate the underlying mechanism.
Methods
In this study, we detected bacterial communities by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Results
The results showed that XC + MET reduced postprandial hyperglycemia and inflammatory response in diabetic rats more effectively than metformin (MET) alone. The XC + MET treatment reshaped the intestinal microbial composition of diabetic rats. XC can help MET regulate carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, particularly the insulin signaling pathway.
Discussion
This research would help elucidate potential mechanisms and the treatment methods.
