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(A) The symptoms on susceptible inbred line SLBS2 became severe with brownish red necrotic lesions on the surface of the leaves; (B) The symptoms on resistant inbred line SLBR3 first appear as spots on the surface of the leaves but vanish over time
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In Malaysia, corn is produced in small scale due to many diseases affecting this crop and by planting susceptible hybrids. Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) is a foliar disease caused by a fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus. This research was aimed to evaluate resistance in selected inbred lines in response to infection of SCLB disease, and to deter...
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... The catalase activity was also increased under heat stress as compared to the un-inoculated control (50.27 %) by New*, (42.10 %) by Dp4c and New*+Dp4c (consortium) showed an increase of 30.97 %. The inoculated bacterial efficacy of enzymatic activities in controlling possible oxidative damage is similar to the findings of [55,56]. Rhizospheric microorganisms like Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, etc. enhance plant growth under abiotic and biotic stresses [56][57][58][59]. ...
Heat stress or global warming is a continuous temperature fluctuation that affects the environment and damage plant tissues because of the hormonal imbalances in plants. Yield losses resulting from heat stress are a major threat to global food security. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) may be utilized to lessen this loss in yield. PGPB containing aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity can enhance plant growth that various abiotic stresses inhibit. This work was conducted to evaluate the effect of ACC deaminase and exopolysaccharides producing bacteria on maize plants grown under heat stress. The stressed plants were kept at 45 °C, while non-stressed plants were grown at a temperature of 28 - 35 °C. In 45 days of the growing period under heat stress, the plant growth and activities were decreased, however, in the presence of PGPB (isolated from soil and plant tissues in Muzaffagarh, Pakistan) containing ACC deaminase activity, the plant activities and biomass were increased compared to their respective control. The ACC deaminase-producing bacteria played a significant role by enhancing the physiological activities of the plants like chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid pigments, and proline content. Enzymatic activities like superoxide dismutase (81 %), peroxidase (57.8 %), and catalase (50.27 %) were increased. The relative water content of the maize plants was increased in Treatment one (T1) with 300, and 200 % for non-heat and heat, respectively, while the control was having 220, and 200 % for non-heat and heat, respectively. Soluble sugar content was improved with T1 having the highest values (4,000 and 5,700 g/mol) for heat and non-heat, respectively. The control was having 900, and 2300 g/mol for heat and non-heat, respectively. The application of ACC deaminase-producing bacteria on maize can help to overcome the adverse effects of heat stress and help the plant to survive under stress condition. HIGHLIGHTS Heat stress is a continuous temperature fluctuation that affects the environment and damage plant tissues because of the hormonal imbalances in plants, and yield losses resulting from heat stress are a major threat to global food security This research work was carried out to assess the effect of ACC deaminase and exopolysaccharides producing bacteria on maize plants grown under heat stress The use of ACC deaminase-producing bacteria on maize can help to overcome the adverse effects of heat stress and help the plant to survive under stress condition GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
... where A = class of disease (0 to 5), B = number of seedlings per treatment indicating disease class, N = Total Number of Replications, 9 = a constant representing the highest evaluation class. The area under the disease progression curve (AUDPC) was calculated using the equation below, which was based on [38]: ...
Citation: Adamu, A.; Ahmad, K.; Siddiqui, Y.; Ismail, I.S.; Asib, N.; Bashir Kutawa, A.; Adzmi, F.; Ismail, M.R.; Berahim, Z. Ginger Essential Oils-Loaded Nanoemulsions: Potential Strategy to Manage Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease and Enhanced Rice Yield. Molecules 2021, 26, 3902. https://doi.
... Molecular analysis using rDNA sequence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, have supplemented classical method of identification and yielded an accurate and quick identification of several species from distinctive hosts ((Begoude et al., 2010; Mohali et al., 2010;Bashir et al., 2017b). Barbee et al. (1999) worked on phylogenetic analysis of 32 Cochliobolus and Curvularia by using ITS sequences. ...
... Genetic disease resistance in choosing corn hybrids offers the best effective defense against SCLB and other diseases (Margaret et al., 2013;Bashir et al., 2017b). Even though, there is no hybrid that provides resistance to all the kind of diseases, even resistance that is partial goes a long way in protecting yield of corn (Margaret et al., 2013). ...
... A typical cytoplasm hybrid of corn could resist both Race C and Race T. Corn varieties such as brocade TSW, and precious gem were found to be resistant to SCLB disease. Recently new inbred lines (SLBR3 and SLBR5) of corn were assessed to southern corn leaf blight disease in Malaysia and found to be resistant to the disease (Bashir et al., 2017b). There are several varieties of corn, and these varieties could either be resistant or susceptible to SCLB disease (Table 3). ...
Corn is grown mainly for human utilization either in its fresh or processed form. However, the decline in the average corn
yield has been attributed to the poor cultural practices, and this essentially involves failure to employ effective control measures.
Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) disease has been identified as one of the main challenges hampering corn yield. In this
regards, the main focus of this paper is to critically review the recent studies on the SCLB pathogen detection, pathogenic variability
and control methods. This includes a concise overview of the taxonomy, morphological and molecular characteristics as
well as pathogenicity. More so, the recent advances in the control measures were diligently reviewed and reported in this paper.
Southern corn leaf blight is a foliar disease caused by a fungal pathogen Bipolaris maydis, anamorph or Cochliobolus heterostrophus,
teleomorph. Based on morphological characteristics, the colony colour of the pathogen was found to be grey, grey to
green, dark grey and light grey. The conidial shape was elongated and it length and width ranges from 42-133 μm and 6-21 μm
respectively. Both universal and specific primers were used to identify the pathogen using molecular method. The best method
of controlling the disease is by using resistant varieties like brocade TSW and gang won, some new inbred lines (SLBR3 and
SLBR5) were recently assessed to SCLB in Malaysia and found to be resistant to the disease. Moreover, Trichoderma harzianum
(SH2303) and T. atroviride (SG3403) have shown a strong biocontrol activity against SCLB pathogen. Cultural practices
like crop rotation and tillage helps immensely in minimizing the crop residues in corn growing farms.
... Volume 2 Issue 1, January 2018 Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BYDisease assessmentDisease assessment was done at weekly intervals beginning from three weeks after transplanting. Disease incidence was recorded by counting the number of plants with symptoms of the disease and dividing it with total number of plants assessed within all the plot area as described byBashir et al. (2017b). The results obtained were converted to percentage as shown below: ...
Greenhouse experiments were conducted during 2008 dry and rainy seasons at Nadabo Farm, Bauchi, Nigeria to investigate
the effects of two varieties (UC-82B and ROMA VF), three intra-row spacing (20cm, 40cm and 60cm) with a constant inter-row spacing
of 60cm and three levels of poultry manure (0t/ha, 6t/ha and 9t/ha) on incidence and severity of Ralstoniasolanacearum, a causal agent
of bacterial wilt disease on tomato. Treatments were combined factorially in 2×3×3 and laid in a randomized complete block design
(RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that there were significant effects among the treatments on incidence and severity of wilt
disease on greenhouse tomato caused by R. solanacearum. Reduced incidence of wilt disease was observed in UC – 82 – B with rainy
season recording lowest percentage (15%) and dry season (17%) than Roma VF variety recording the highest percentage incidence
(37%) in dry season followed by (25%) in the rainy season respectively. Similarly, lower disease severity was also observed in UC-82-B
with (0.7) in dry season than Roma VF with highest severity value (2.5) in rainy season. Generally, plants spaced at 50cm x 60cm and
which received 9t/ha of poultry manure showed lower incidence and severity compared with other treatments.
... The isolation of fungi from diseased samples was carried out using the standard method [21,22] and as explained previously [23,24]. ...
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum (L.)) is a valuable stable food grown for its edible starchy tuber. This work was aimed to test the efficacy of indigenous plants extract for controlling wet rot disease of potato caused by Rhizopus stolonifer. The fungi was isolated from decaying bread and grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. Ripe Ginger (Zingiber officinale) (rhizome), West African pepper (Piper guineense) flower, Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) seed were collected from Muda Lawal Market, Bauchi, Nigeria. The dried seed were grinded using blender to get ginger, clove and West African pepper powder. Radial mycelia growth of Rhizopus stolonifer varied significantly (p≤0.01) with the application of different plant extracts. Mycelia growth of Rhizopus stolonifer was found to be low in potatoes treated with West African pepper (0.26 cm) than those treated with ginger (0.32 cm) and clove (0.33 cm). However, as observed from the result, ginger and clove did not differ statistically in their effect on Rhizopus mycelia growth (in vitro) but showed a better effect than the control treatment (0.40 cm). Inhibition of the mycelia growth by the West African pepper seed extract is an indication that it is fungicidal.
This research was aimed to determine the effect of foliar application and seed treatment of bactericides on incidence of bacterial leaf spot of Telfairia occidentalis. This experiment was conducted at the research farm of the National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), FCT Abuja, Nigeria. Seeds were selected at random, labeled and treated with seven treatments as follows: FA, FB, FAB, AA, A B, AAB and C. The experimental design was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The data collected was analyzed analysis of variance (ANOVA). Based on the effect of foliar application and seed treatment of bactericides, the result showed t hat there was no significant difference (P≤0.05) between the treatments and had no effect on the number of branches, number of leaves per plant and plant height. For the effect of foliar application and seed treatment of bactericides on percentage disease severity and incidence of leaf spot disease of fluted pumpkin, the result shows that there exists a significant difference (P≤0.05) between the treatment means on percentage disease severity and incidence. This indicates that the plot with no treatment had the highest severity and incidence of disease. Spot disease of the leaf on fluted pumpkin can be reduced when the seeds are treated or treatment is applied through the crop foliar.
Corn is considered an important cereal crop world over. This work aimed to characterize the causative agent of southern corn leaf blight disease. Diseased samples with fusiform, elliptical and elongated lesions on the leaves were obtained from affected farms of four different areas within Malaysia. The morphological characters of the 10 isolates were observed. The conidia were curved and elongated. The results of morphological characteristics showed that potato sucrose agar was suitable for the rapid growth of pathogen with a mean of 10.19 mm day-1 , followed by corn meal agar (8.56 mm day-1) and potato dextrose agar (5.46 mm day-1). The temperature of 30°C was found the most suitable for pathogen growth with a mean of 7.30 mm day-1. These isolates were classified into 4 groups in terms of colony color: dark gray, light gray, gray to green and gray. The conidial length ranged from 44.12 µm to 81.61 µm for isolate CH006 and CH004, respectively. Likewise, the number of septa ranged from 4-6 to 8-10 for isolates CH006 and CH004, respectively. The pathogenicity test on corn variety Thai Super Sweet (TSS) showed that the isolates CH001 and CH009 were the most aggressive while the isolate CH010 was the least aggressive. Results from molecular and morphology studies confirmed that all the 10 isolates were identified as C. heterostrophus. We suggest that as a result of the race diversity of C. heterostrophus, further investigations should be carried out on virulence determination and race detection of this pathogen.
