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A. The resting nuclear of Salvia flava. B. The prophase of S. flava. C-H. The metaphase chromosomes of six species in Salvia. C) S. flava; D) S. digitaloides var. diaitaloides; E) S. trijuga; F) S. castanea; G) S. yunnanensis; H) S. przewalskii var. przewalskii. Bar 1 µm.
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Salvia is a genus with surprisingly diverse chromosome numbers. In this paper six species were cytologi- cally studied from Hengduanshan Mountains region, where is one of two diversification centers of the genus. S. prze- walskii var. przewalskii is a tetraploid with the chromosome number of 2n=4x=32, other five species are the diploids with chromo...
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Citations
... Based on Flora Iranica (Hedge, 1982a, b), the genus Salvia consists of 58 species in Iran, among which 17 are endemic (Hedge, 1982a, b). Cytological studies in Salvia species have been conducted by many researchers from Europe, America and Asia; however, most of this research has been carried out only based on chromosome counts (Patudin et al., 1975;Afzal-Rafii, 1976;Bhattacharya, 1978;Haque & Ghoshal, 1980;Mercado et al., 1989;Harley & Heywood, 1992;Yang et al., 2004;Song & Li, 2009;Wang et al., 2009). ...
Este estudio presenta algunas observaciones detalladas sobre el comportamiento meiótico y un estudio palinológico comparativo de algunas especies seleccionadas de Salvia L. sect. Aethiopis. Se usa la prueba ANOVA para comparar la frecuencia, la distribución y las asociaciones cromosómicas de los quiasmas, lo que revela una diferencia significativa en todas las características meióticas entre las especies S. hypoleuca, S. limbata, S. reuteriana, S. spinosa y S. xanthocheila. Además, en estas especies se producen algunas anomalías meióticas, como la adherencia de los cromosomas, los cromosomas rezagados, así como la formación frecuente de células tripolares, multipolares y citomixis. Se usa microscopía de luz (LM) y microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) para analizar el polen. Algunas características micromorfológicas como la forma del polen, el tamaño, la longitud del eje polar, la longitud del eje ecuatorial, el número de aperturas y la ornamentación de la exina, exhiben diferencias notables entre las especies estudiadas.
... (3 m + 2sm + 3st), S. trijuga Diels (8 m − 1sat + 4sm + 4st), S. viscosa Jacq. (9 m + 5sm + 2st), and S. yunnanensis C. H. Wright (6 m − 1sat + 8sm + 2st) (Zhiyun et al. 2004;Martin et al. 2011Martin et al. , 2015Gedik et al. 2016;Hu et al. 2016). ...
The genus Salvia is characterized by such small chromosomes, which has so far restricted the cytogenetic studies. Therefore, karyomorphological aspects of the chromosome complement were rarely analyzed in the genus. The aim of this study was to report the interspecific relationships and new chromosomal data in Salvia. The chromosomal records of 25 taxa were herein provided, 8 of which were reported for the first time, 3 presented new chromosome numbers, and 14 agreed previous reports. In addition, a detailed chromosomal data of 16 taxa were provided. Eleven different chromosome numbers (2n = 12, 14, 16, 18, 22, 26, 28, 36, 38, 42, and 52) were found by the basic number of 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, and 13. S. candelabrum was the only taxon with B-chromosomes. Salvia algeriensis had different chromosome numbers with probably dysploidy mechanisms. The polyploidy was demonstrated by the prevalence of cells with 2n = 4x = 28, 36, and 52 (tetraploid) and 2n = 6x = 42 (hexaploid). No clear relationship was observed between basic numbers/ploidy level and subgenera. Salvia taxa had different karyotypes in terms of asymmetry degrees, which had relatively low asymmetry in nine taxa, average asymmetry in five taxa, higher intrachromosomal asymmetry in S. glutinosa, and higher interchromosomal asymmetry in S. interrupta. S. taraxacifolia, S. canescens, S. jurisicii, and S. nutans were cytotaxonomically very close species by basic numbers of x = 11 and 13. The possible ancestral number is x = 11. The results contributed to some missing parts in Salvia cytotaxonomy.
... Various studies about cytological data on Salvia taxa from Europe, America, Asia and Turkey demonstrated that Salvia has several basic chromosome numbers [n = 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18 and 32] (Afzal-Rafii 1976; Haque and Ghoshal 1980;Haque 1981;Nakipoglu 1993aNakipoglu , 1993bOzdemir and Senel 1999;Tunamoto et al. 2000;Alberto et al. 2003;Zhiyun et al. 2004;Ozkan 2006;Ozkan and Soy 2007;Yang et al. 2009;Masoudi et al. 2010;Song et al. 2010;Martin et al. 2011;Sheidai and Alijanpoo 2011). However, there were no detailed chromosome and karyotype studies of the taxa in this study. ...
... The chromosome complement consists of 5 median (m) and 4 submedian (sm) ( Table 2). The shortest Several basic chromosomes of Salvia indicate that species from the distinct areas have characterized separately after spreading (Zhiyun et al. 2004). On the other hand, there were no satellites and B chromosomes observed in this study. ...
... The study determined that Salvia taxa have x = 7, 9, 11 and 16 chromosomes. Earlier studies indicated that Salvia species have n = 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,16, 18 and 32 (Afzal-Rafii 1971, 1972, 1980Van Loon and Snelders 1979;Lovkvist and Hultgard 1999;Kandemir 2003;Zhiyun et al. 2004;Ozkan 2006;Ozkan and Soy 2007;Masoudi et al. 2010;Martin et al. 2011;Kharazian 2014). The basic chromosome numbers of 6, 7 and 8 may be regarded as primary, and the other numbers are assumed to be of secondary basis (Haque 1981). ...
The aim of this study is to determine of the some karyological properties and chromosome numbers of eight Salvia taxa (S. euphratica var. euphratica, S. euphratica var. leicalycina, S. hypargeia, S. candidissima subsp. candidissima, S. frigida, S. virgata, S. suffruticosa, and S. verticillata subsp. verticillata) from Turkey. The ploidy levels, karyotype formula, chromosome length range, total karyotype length, several karyotype asymmetry values, Stebbins classification and the A1 and A2 were a determined in this study. Also, Pearson correlations between the karyotype asymmetries of the Salvia taxa were calculated and dispersion diagram was formed. It was determined that the Salvia taxa had 2n = 14, 18, 22 and 32. The basic chromosome number of x = 7 may be regarded as primary, the others (x = 9, 11, 16) are estimated to be secondary basis. Based on Stebbins classification, it was found that S. euphratica subsp. euphratica was 1A, S. hypergeia and S. suffruticosa were 3A and the other taxa were 2A. The taxa had median point (M), median (m), submedian (sm), subterminal (st) chromosomes. There were no observed satellites and B chromosomes in the studied taxa.
... Observation and analysis of meiotic process is conductive to study the morphologic and genomic variety within a species (Song and Li 2009). In this paper, we studied the behavior of chromosomes and cells in meiosis division of S. przewalskii, and the results revealed that it was a tetraploid species with the chromosomes number of 2n=4x=32 (as the basic chromosome number of the species of Salvia is eight), which was in conformity with a previous report (Yang et al. 2004). Meiotic observations indicated the presence of 16 bivalents at metaphase I in most PMCs, and multivalents and univalents only appeared with rather low frequency. ...
Salvia przewalskii Maxim., which possesses high content of lipid-soluble tanshinones in roots, is a valuable medicinal plant in China. Its detailed meiotic analysis from pollen mother cells (PMCs) to tetrad was carried out for the first time. Most of the PMCs showed a regular meiotic behavior and regular chromosome segregation. Sixteen bivalents were observed in most PMCs at metaphase I, indicating that S. przewalskii was a species with chromosome number of 2n=32. However, a high-frequency of cytomixis, and transferring of chromatin or chromosome materials between adjacent pollen mother cells through cytomictic channels, were observed in PMCs at early prophase I, but rather rarely in meiosis II. Other meiotic abnormalities such as chromatin bridges, laggards, and micronucleus at low frequency were also detected in few PMCs at meiosis I and II.
... Chromosome numbers in the genus Salvia vary extensively, from the 2n ¼ 2x ¼ 12 in S. hispanica (Harley and Heywood, 1992) to 2n ¼ 8X ¼ 88 in the octoploid S. guaranitica (Alberto et al., 2003). This variation occurs both due to polyploidy and to a wide diversity of basic numbers (x) of chromosome (Zhiyun et al., 2004). Basic numbers of chromosome such as 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13 have been found for polyploid species of Salvia (Alberto et al., 2003). ...
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a native plant to southern Mexico and northern Guatemala although in these days also is cultivated in others South American countries such as Bolivia and Argentina. This study describes a genetic, cytological and molecular characterization of nine provenances of Salvia hispanica. The genome size was estimated to be C = 0.84 pg of DNA. Also a quantitative description of the karyotype is presented. The karyo-idiogram analysis shows that pairs 5 and 6 of the chromosomes are in the limit between submetacentric and subtelocentric types. When the nine provenances were studied using ISSR markers we were able to observe a very low genetic variability for the ISSR loci analysed (h = 0.08–0.15; I = 0.10–0.23; P = 9.3–23.5%). Selfing and reduced genetic background produced by genetic drift and human selection, might explain in part the scarce genetic differentiation found among provenances.
... Clade IV is extraordinarily homogenous with respect to its basic chromosome number of x = 8 (Afzal-Rafii, 1980;Ayyangar and Vembu, 1984;Bir and Saggoo, 1981;Bir and Sidhu, 1980;Bir et al., 1978;Hihara et al., 2001;Jee et al., 1989;Markova and Ivanova, 1982;Saggoo and Bir, 1986;Sales et al., 2010;Shiuchi and Kanemoto, 2001;Song et al., 2010;Strid and Franzen, 1983;Sudarmono and Okada, 2008;Vir Jee and Kachroo, 1985;Kashyap, 1975, 1976;Wang et al., 2009;Wu and Huang, 1975;Yang et al., 2004Yang et al., , 2009Zhao et al., 2006). This characteristic strongly supports the monophyly of Clade IV. ...
Aims:
Salvia L. is widely known as the largest genus in the mint family. A morphological modification of the androecium (lever-like stamens) was used to support this genus. However, molecular data revealed that Salvia is polyphyletic. Since phylogenetic studies largely underrepresented Old World Salvia species, we filled this gap and combined new data with existing sequences. The aim of our study was the identification of well-supported clades that provide the basis for evolutionary and taxonomic conclusions.
Methods:
We included ITS data (internal transcribed spacer) from 220 Salvia species, 86 of which were sequenced for the first time. Additionally, the highly variable plastid marker rpl32-trnL was sequenced, providing new data for 100 Salvia species. These sequences were combined with the accessions available from GenBank. Old World Salvia is represented herein with 57% of its species. The two datasets were analyzed separately using BI and ML approaches.
Results:
Our data confirm that Salvia is polyphyletic with four distinct evolutionary lineages (Clade I-IV), including five additional genera. The clades strongly reflect the geographical distribution, i.e., Clade IV (East Asia), Clade III (Southwest Asia to Northern Africa), and Clade II (America). The origin of Salvia s.s. (Clade I) is most likely Southwest Asia. A high degree of parallel character evolution was identified in most of the Old World sections. Based on our results, we reconstructed the evolution and biogeography of Salvia s.l. and propose to split this large group into six genera, each supported by geographical distribution, morphology, and karyology.
Conclusion:
Salvia s.l. is a polyphyletic group that was originally regarded as a genus because its species share a derived stamen structure. However, phylogenetic data clearly indicate that this floral trait and other morphological characters evolved in parallel. Our study illustrates that the combination of different data sets allows a comprehensive reconstruction of taxa and characteristic evolution, both of which are a precondition for future revision.
... The purpose of this study is to determine the chromosome numbers, karyological characteristics and karyotype assymetry of seven Salvia (S. ceratophylla, S. syriaca, S. palaestina, S. aethiopis, S. russellii, S. multicaulis, S. trichoclada) taxa. Previous karyotype and chromosome studies showed that Salvia species had diverse chromosome numbers ranging from 2n=12 to 2n= 64 (Afzal-Rafii 1976, 1980, Hedge 1982, Haque and Ghoshal 1980, Haque 1981, Nakipoğlu 1993a, b, Tunamoto et al. 2000, Alberto et al. 2003, Zhiyun et al. 2004, Ozkan 2006, Ozkan and Soy 2007, Yang et al. 2009, Masoudi et al. 2010, Zhen-Qiao et al. 2010, Sheidai and Alijanpoo 2011, Martin et al. 2011. ...
... Several karyological studies have showed that Salvia. taxa have 2n=12-64 chromosome numbers (Afzal-Rafii 1976, 1980, Haque and Ghoshal 1980, Haque 1981, Nakipoğlu 1993a, b, Ozdemir and Senel 1999, Tunamoto et al. 2000, Alberto et al. 2003, Zhiyun et al. 2004, Ozkan 2006, Ozkan and Soy 2007, Yang et al. 2009, Masoudi et al. 2010, Zhen-Qiao et al. 2010, Sheidai and Alijanpoo 2011, Martin et al. 2011. Although cytological studies are abundant, karyological studies about Salvia taxa growing in Turkey are little (Martin et al. 2011(Martin et al. , 2015. ...
This study presents a more detailed karyological analysis of seven Salvia L. taxa (S. ceratophylla, S. syriaca, S. palaestina, S. aethiopis, S. russellii, S. multicaulis, S. trichoclada) grown in Turkey. Also, this is the first chromosome number report for S. russellii and S. trichoclada. This study revealed that the chromosome numbers of the examined Salvia taxa were 2n=14, 18, 22 and 32. The Salvia taxa had median point (M), median (m), submedian (sm) and subterminal (st) chromosomes in the study. Furthermore, various karyotype asymmetry values, ploidy levels, karyotype formula, chromosome length range, total karyotype length, A1, A2 and Stebbins classification were determined in this study. On the other hand, Pearson correlations between the karyotype asymmetries of these Salvia taxa were determined and a dispersion diagram was formed by using A1 and A2. Furthermore, this study suggested that the examined Salvia taxa were 2A and only S. trichoclada was 3A.
... The purpose of this study is to determine the chromosome numbers, karyological characteristics and karyotype assymetry of seven Salvia (S. ceratophylla, S. syriaca, S. palaestina, S. aethiopis, S. russellii, S. multicaulis, S. trichoclada) taxa. Previous karyotype and chromosome studies showed that Salvia species had diverse chromosome numbers ranging from 2n=12 to 2n= 64 (Afzal-Rafii 1976, 1980, Hedge 1982, Haque and Ghoshal 1980, Haque 1981, Nakipoğlu 1993a, b, Tunamoto et al. 2000, Alberto et al. 2003, Zhiyun et al. 2004, Ozkan 2006, Ozkan and Soy 2007, Yang et al. 2009, Masoudi et al. 2010, Zhen-Qiao et al. 2010, Sheidai and Alijanpoo 2011, Martin et al. 2011. ...
... Several karyological studies have showed that Salvia. taxa have 2n=12-64 chromosome numbers (Afzal-Rafii 1976, 1980, Haque and Ghoshal 1980, Haque 1981, Nakipoğlu 1993a, b, Ozdemir and Senel 1999, Tunamoto et al. 2000, Alberto et al. 2003, Zhiyun et al. 2004, Ozkan 2006, Ozkan and Soy 2007, Yang et al. 2009, Masoudi et al. 2010, Zhen-Qiao et al. 2010, Sheidai and Alijanpoo 2011, Martin et al. 2011. Although cytological studies are abundant, karyological studies about Salvia taxa growing in Turkey are little (Martin et al. 2011(Martin et al. , 2015. ...
... Of the 18 taxa in this study, 11 species and two varieties are analyzed karyotypically for the first time (Table 2,Figure 2 ). Karyotypes of another five species were present in previous study (Yang et al. 2004 ), including chromosome length, karyotype formulae and asymmetry. In their study, the karyotype formulae were 2m + 4sm + 10st for S. castanea, 16m for S. digitaloides, 16sm for S. flava, 24sm + 8st for S. przewalskii and 8m (1sat) + 4sm + 4s for S. trijuga. ...
... In their study, the karyotype formulae were 2m + 4sm + 10st for S. castanea, 16m for S. digitaloides, 16sm for S. flava, 24sm + 8st for S. przewalskii and 8m (1sat) + 4sm + 4s for S. trijuga. We found S. przewalskii to have the same karyotype formula as given by Yang et al. (2004), but the other four species to have different karyotype formulae. The incongruences may result from variations among different populations and chromosome preparation treatments . ...
... All taxa in this study showed the same basic chromosome number x = 8, which is congruent with those previously reported in China (Yang et al. 2004; Zhao et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2009; Yang et al. 2009). Gill (1971) reported S. castanea collected from northern India with a basic number x = 11. ...
Karyotypes of 16 species and two varieties of Chinese Salvia were determined in this study.
Of the 18 Salvia taxa, chromosome numbers of eight taxa and karyotypic analyses of 13 taxa
were reported for the first time. The basic chromosome number of all taxa in this study was
x = 8. With the exception of tetraploids S. campanulata var. codonantha and S. przewalskii, the
taxa were diploid. One B chromosome was found in part of the mitosis metaphase cells of
S. aerea. The present results were compared with previous cytological studies. The population
of S. castanea having x = 11 from India may be misidentified. Consequently, all Salvia taxa from
China may have the same basic chromosome number of x = 8. The population of S. przewalskii
reported as tetraploid from Russia and populations of S. evansiana reported as tetraploid from
Yunnan and Sichuan of China were very likely to be misidentified. Therefore, S. przewalskii may
be tetraploid without diploid representatives, and S. evansiana diploid without any tetraploids.
Salvia campanulata is both diploid and tetraploid. The B chromosome is rather unsteady among
populations of the same species, even within the same tissues.
... These data are also useful for clarifying the origin, speciation and phylogenetic relationships of plants (Alberto et al. 2003). The centromere position and the relative chromosome length are the most important karyotypic features, and have allowed assessment of chromosomal affinities based on the concept of symmetry and asymmetry (Yang et al. 2004). ...
... Karyological data on the genus Salvia are abundant;, however, those on species growing in Turkey are little known (Yakovleva 1933;Patudin et al. 1975;Afzal-Rafii 1976, 1979, 1980Haque and Ghoshal 1980;Markova and Ivanova 1982;Diez et al. 1984;Palomino et al. 1986;Rosúa and Blanca 1988;Haque 1982;Mercado et al. 1989;Baltisberger 1991;Nakipoğlu 1993aNakipoğlu , 1993bMurin 1997;Özdemir and Şenel 1999;Tunamoto et al. 2000;Alberto et al. 2003;Yang et al. 2004;Martin et al. 2011). ...
... The Chinese Salvia examined by Yang et al. (2004Yang et al. ( , 2009 showed tetraploids with the chromosome number of 2n = 4x = 32 in only three taxa, -S. brevilabra Franch., S. evansiana Hand.-Mazz. ...
