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(A) Symptoms of Verticillium wilt on okra in the field. (B) Vascular wilt appeared on longitudinal sections of stems. (C) A layer of white mold on stems under high humidity.
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Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) has gained more popularity as an economically significant plant for its nutritional and medicinal value, especially in China. During 2014–2016, the root disease of okra was discovered in four okra commercial fields surveyed in China. A fungul was isolated from the infected tissues, and was identified by Ver...
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Forty-four V. dahliae isolates were collected from symptomatic vascu-lar tissues of okra plants each from a different field in eight provinces located in the eastern Mediterranean and western Anatolia regions of Turkey during 2006-2009. Nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants of V. dahliae from okra were used to determine heterokaryosis and genetic rela...
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... The use of the two pairs of primers for complementary identification can increase the confidence level of the results. The previous reports revealed that strains from Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region were dominated by non-deciduous types, but in recent years, the defoliating pathotype has dominated throughout China, and deciduous types often have more pathogenicity than non-deciduous ones [26,33]. Our results also indicated that V. dahliae isolates from cotton in Xinjiang belonged to the D pathotype and race 2, which was consistent with the report revealing that the D type correlated significantly with race 2, while the ND pathotype correlated with race 1 [34]. ...
Verticillium wilt, caused by the pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae, has emerged as a severe threat to cotton globally. However, little is known about the genetic diversity of this pathogen in an infected single cotton plant. In this study, we isolated three new V. dahliae strains from the disease stems of Gossypium hirsutum from the cotton field in Western China and assessed their path-ogenicity to the cotton cultivar Xinnongmian-1 and its two transgenic lines, as well as two laboratory strains, VD592 and VD991. These three new V. dahliae strains were identified using DNA bar-codes of tryptophan synthase (TS), actin (ACT), elongation factor 1-α (EF), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD). Moreover, the haplotype analysis revealed that the three new races had distinct haplotypes at the TS locus. Furthermore, the results of culture features and genetic diversity of ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) revealed that there were separate V. dahliae strains, which were strong defoliating pathotypes belonging to race 2 type, as determined by particular DNA marker recognition. The identified strains demonstrated varied levels of pathogenicity by leaf disc and entire plant inoculation methods. Conservatively, these strains showed some pathogenicity on cotton lines, but were less pathogenic than the reference strains. The findings revealed that several strong defoliating V. dahliae pathotypes coexist on the same cotton plant. It indicats the importance of regular monitoring as an early warning system, as well as the detection and reporting of virulent pathogen strains and their effects on crop response.
... Vascular wilt or damping-off is a major constraint of okra production. This disease is caused by several soil-borne fungal pathogens, including Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, and Verticillium (Kumar and Sivakumar 1981;Yan et al. 2018;Agbaglo et al. 2020). In 2015, a fungal pathogen was identified from commercial okra fields in Okinawa, Japan, which caused wilt/damping-off. ...
Fusarium wilt is a destructive fungal disease of okra that limits okra production in the okra-growing region. In 2015, a new pathogen was identified in an okra field that caused wilt disease in okra. However, no detailed morphological, molecular, or physiological studies have been conducted to characterize this pathogen. The causal agent was identified as Fusarium buharicum by morphological characterization and elongation factor-1α gene sequencing. Moreover, to determine pathogen characteristics that may be useful for future disease management, the effects of different media, temperature, and pH on mycelium growth, conidia production, and germination were studied. Potato sucrose agar and potato dextrose agar were the best media for mycelial growth, whereas rice husk media were suitable for conidial production. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth and conidial germination was 28 °C. Meanwhile, pH ranging from 5 to 9 was suitable for both mycelial growth and conidial germination. The host range assay revealed that F. buharicum infected only okra, but not the other crops tested. Furthermore, in planta biofungicides screening showed that Ecohop (Trichoderma atroviride) reduced wilt disease incidence by 93.8% over control. Characterization of the pathogen along with biofungicide screening would be helpful for the detection and development of management practices to eliminate production loss in the okra field caused by an emerging fungal pathogen.
... However, symptoms can differ considerably between hosts and Verticillium species (Fradin and Thomma, 2006;Weiland et al., 2018). V. dahliae causes severe yield reductions in a variety of important annual crops worldwide (Uppal et al., 2008;Yan et al., 2018). It is a very difficult disease to control and it can survive in the soil for long periods of time in the form of resting structures such as microsclerotia, chlamydospores and dark mycelia (Zhang et al., 2018;Hu et al., 2019). ...
Trichoderma species are known as excellent biocontrol agents against soil-borne pathogens that cause considerable crop losses. Among them, Verticillium dahliae Kleb is the causative agent of Verticillium wilt. In this study, the ability of Trichoderma strains to antagonize V. dahliae was evaluated. In vitro dual culture tests were conducted in a completely randomized design using 53 Trichoderma isolates, collected from different locations in Algeria. Among these, only 15 of significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of 2 isolates of V. dahliae. Antagonist isolates of Trichoderma were characterized through phenotypic and molecular means. The isolates were divided into three groups: T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum and T. artoviride. The results revealed that T. artoviride (T2) exhibited the highest antagonistic ability against V. dahliae (V1 and V2) with inhibition percentage of 74.41% and 69.50%, respectively. T. harzianum (T4) exhibited the lowest antagonism against V2 (41.07%). Trichoderma isolates showed a very high activity in both bioassay distance culture and antibiotic assay. The three Trichoderma strains (T2, T7 and T10) successfully controlled Verticillium wilt on tomato with disease reduction of 95.98%, 90.71% and 92.98%, respectively.
... However, symptoms can differ considerably between hosts and Verticillium species (Fradin and Thomma, 2006;Weiland et al., 2018). V. dahliae causes severe yield reductions in a variety of important annual crops worldwide (Uppal et al., 2008;Yan et al., 2018). It is a very difficult disease to control and it can survive in the soil for long periods of time in the form of resting structures such as microsclerotia, chlamydospores and dark mycelia (Zhang et al., 2018;Hu et al., 2019). ...
Trichoderma species are known as excellent biocontrol agents against soil-borne pathogens that cause considerable crop losses. Among them, Verticillium dahliae Kleb is the causative agent of Verticillium wilt. In this study, the ability of Trichoderma strains to antagonize V. dahliae was evaluated. In vitro dual culture tests were conducted in a completely randomized design using 53 Trichoderma isolates, collected from different locations in Algeria. Among these, only 15 of significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of 2 isolates of V. dahliae. Antagonist isolates of Trichoderma were characterized through phenotypic and molecular means. The isolates were divided into three groups: T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum and T. artoviride. The results revealed that T. artoviride (T2) exhibited the highest antagonistic ability against V. dahliae (V1 and V2) with inhibition percentage of 74.41% and 69.50%, respectively. T. harzianum (T4) exhibited the lowest antagonism against V2 (41.07%). Trichoderma isolates showed a very high activity in both bioassay distance culture and antibiotic assay. The three Trichoderma strains (T2, T7 and T10) successfully controlled Verticillium wilt on tomato with disease reduction of 95.98%, 90.71% and 92.98%, respectively.
... Verticillium dahliae isolated from the infected tissues and identified on the basis of morphological characteristics. The analysis of 3 sequences revealed 99-100% identity with the reported V. dahliae strain in GenBank [128]. ...
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a highly nutritious vegetable rich in vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, offering numerous health benefits. Despite its nutritional value, okra remains underutilized in Europe; however, its cultivation and popularity may rise in the future with increasing awareness of its advantages. In agricultural practices, beneficial soil microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Trichoderma spp., Streptomyces spp., and Aureobasidium spp., play crucial roles in promoting plant health, enhancing agricultural productivity together with improved crop nutritional value. This study aimed to investigate the effects of individual and combined inoculation on the polyphenol content of okra fruits, as analyzed by HPLC. Moreover, growth parameters and glutathione-S-transferase enzyme (GST) activities of okra leaves were also estimated. Tested microorganisms significantly increased the yield of okra plants except for A. pullulans strain DSM 14950 applied individually. All microorganisms led to increased GST enzyme activity of leaves, suggesting a general response to biotic impacts, with individual inoculation showing higher enzyme activity globally compared to combined treatments. According to the polyphenol compound analysis, the application of tested microorganisms held various but generally positive effects on it. Only the combined treatment of F. mosseae and Streptomyces strain K61 significantly increased the coumaric acid content, and the application of Aureobasidium strain DSM 14950 had a positive influence on the levels of quercetin and quercetin-3-diglucoside. Our preliminary results show how distinct polyphenolic compound contents can be selectively altered via precise inoculation with different beneficial microorganisms.
This datasheet on Verticillium dahliae covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Seedborne Aspects, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of
Dothideomycetes in 2013. A recent publication by Honsanan et al. in 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideomycetidae
and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications. In this paper, we provide a refined updated document on
orders and families incertae sedis of Dothideomycetes. Each family is provided with an updated description, notes, including
figures to represent the morphology, a list of accepted genera, and economic and ecological significances. We also provide
phylogenetic trees for each order. In this study, 31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as orders incertae sedis in
Dothideomycetes, and 41 families are treated as families incertae sedis due to lack of molecular or morphological evidence.
The new order, Catinellales, and four new families, Catinellaceae, Morenoinaceae Neobuelliellaceae and Thyrinulaceae
are introduced. Seven genera (Neobuelliella, Pseudomicrothyrium, Flagellostrigula, Swinscowia, Macroconstrictolumina,
Pseudobogoriella, and Schummia) are introduced. Seven new species (Acrospermum urticae, Bogoriella complexoluminata,
Dothiorella ostryae, Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus, Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis, Patellaria microspora, and Pseudomicrothyrium
thailandicum) are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny, together with two new records/reports
and five new collections from different families. Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.
