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A Sundaland clouded leopard, Neofelis diardi, photographed by a camera trap set inside Kerinci Seblat National Park.
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At least nine felid species can co-occur in Southeast Asia, thus providing an unusual opportunity to investigate poorly known guild structure and the factors controlling it. Using camera-trap data, we quantified space use, temporal activity, and multi-dimensional niche overlap of tiger, clouded leopard, marbled cat, leopard cat, and Asiatic golden...
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... Clouded leopard has shown positive associations with NDVI and canopy cover (Austin et al., 2010;Brodie & Giordano, 2012;Penjor et al., 2018), and our findings align with these findings. While previous research suggested a preference for high elevations (Ngoprasert et al., 2012;Haidir et al., 2013;Mohamad et al., 2015), we found that the elevation of MNP is a distal factor that likely influences its habitat use. Grassman et al. (2005) speculated, based on their radio telemetry data, that clouded leopard hunts smaller prey (≤2.5 kg) and assumed it would move less if it killed larger prey. ...
Understanding the spatial ecology of carnivores has been challenging due to their secretive habits. Nevertheless, comprehending the relationship of this taxonomic group with environmental, anthropogenic, and ecological factors is critical for effective conservation management. We determined the composition of the carnivore community (small, medium, and large), their co-occurrence patterns, and the factors determining their habitat selection in Manas National Park, NorthEast India. We photo-captured 37 species, with 24,840 independent records over 11,388 trap nights. We collected 1,130 photographs of five large and medium-sized carnivores and 1,541 photos of 12 small carnivores. Most species pairs (n=59) showed random co-occurrence (independent distribution). A few species pairs (n=19) exhibited positive co-occurrences (no antagonism). Spatial (Pianka) overlap between these pairs was restricted, suggesting that, despite the observed positive co-occurrence patterns, spatial overlap among these species pairs remained limited. For large carnivores, tiger habitat use was influenced positively by large-medium prey and adversely by forest roads; leopards showed a preference for habitats with medium and small prey; and Asiatic black bears utilised habitats with higher elevations, roads, and human settlements. For meso carnivores, clouded leopards exhibited a more significant habitat usage in regions with dense vegetation; dholes and clouded leopards were associated with habitats rich in small prey. For small carnivores, most species preferred habitats with dense vegetation and far from settlements. Our findings highlight the need to protect habitats, mitigate human-wildlife conflicts, and maintain healthy prey populations for the long-term conservation of carnivores in Manas National Park.
... Additionally, clouded leopards use elevation to avoid competition with Sumatran tigers. Elevation negatively correlated with human activities (Sunarto et al. 2012), allowing clouded leopards to visit such places (Haidir et al. 2013). Hearn et al. (2016) stated that clouded leopards had the highest encounters along transects near rivers. ...
The interaction between predators and prey has resulted in population dynamics and played a crucial role in maintaining species' populations within ecosystems. This research aimed to identify distribution and activity patterns to understand prey-predator interactions and the effect of environment and prey density on Felidae presence at Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling Wildlife Reserve (BRBB WR), as an essential area for maintaining large mammal habitats in Sumatra. The camera traps were systematically placed in the Northeastern part of BRBB WR to collect presence data. The prey-predator interaction analysis used kernel density in RStudio. The effect of environment and prey density on Felidae presence was analyzed using a generalized linear model (GLM). The results indicated that Felidae and prey exhibited a dispersed distribution pattern, showing high activity at night and day, respectively. The Sumatran tiger, clouded leopard, leopard cat, and mouse deer had the highest overlap time (>0.50). However, the environmental and prey density had statistically non-significant effects on the presence of Felidae. Human activities in the area potentially disrupted wildlife community dynamics, although this aspect was beyond the scope of this research. This research suggested further investigation of the effects of human activities on wildlife communities in BRBB WR.
... In addition, our findings suggested that Asiatic golden cats preferred to live near forest edges. This cat species was reported by Haidir et al., (2013) to specifically prefer these peripheral areas because prey, such as rodents, may be more abundant than forest interior. ...
... Other studies have concluded that water bodies were not barriers to the movements of Sunda clouded leopards occupying peat-swamp forests, and that similarly, clouded leopard occupancy was greater at farther distances from rivers [54,55]. Although other studies in Sumatra have recorded Sunda clouded leopards using human-impacted habitats, overall they appear to avoid humans disturbances, occurring more at farther distances from forest edges, and at slightly higher elevations [25,56]. Big rivers, areas closer to forest edges, and lowlands, are subject to greater human disturbances, and may facilitate access and travel routes for the people at our study sites. ...
... We proposed the use of a 14-day occasion periods to enhance binary sample sizes or occasions overall and offset the low detection rates for large carnivores across our study areas. This is not without precedent, as 14-day survey periods or occasions have also been used by other studies of wild carnivores in Sumatra, including Sunda clouded leopards [19,56]. Moreover, because more frequent interactions between two or more carnivore species can lead to the exclusion of the smaller predator(s) [68], use of longer study occasions could help address the potentially negative impact of these interactions on sampling. ...
Understanding the effect of anthropogenic disturbance, and its interaction with carnivores and their prey, is crucial to support the conservation of threatened carnivores, particularly in rapidly changing landscapes. Based on systematic camera-trap sampling of four protected areas in Riau Province of central Sumatra, we assessed the habitat occupancy and spatiotemporal overlap between people, potential carnivore prey, and four threatened species of medium-sized or large carnivores: Sumatran tigers ( Panthera tigris sumatrae ), Malayan sun bears ( Helarctos malayanus ), dholes ( Cuon alpinus ), and Sunda clouded leopards ( Neofelis diardi ). To assess spatial overlap of target species, we used single-species occupancy models and applied a Species Interaction Factor (SIF) to conditional two-species occupancy models. We also used kernel density estimation (KDE) to assess temporal overlap among these species. Our habitat use models showed that altitude (elevation) strongly influenced the occupancy of all large carnivores and potential prey species. Except for Sunda clouded leopards, the occurrence of large carnivore species was positively related to the spatial co-occurrence of humans (SIF > 1). In addition, we found that sun bears and dholes both exhibited high spatial overlap with tigers, and that sun bears alone exhibited high temporal overlap with people. Our findings contribute to an improved understanding of the contemporary ecology of carnivores and their prey in rapidly changing, southeast Asian landscapes. Such knowledge is important to the conservation and recovery of large carnivores in conservation hotspots that are increasingly dominated by humans across Sumatra, as well as globally.
... This study is a component of a region-wide research programme centred on clouded leopard [15,18] and the felids with which they co-occur in an aggregated range running from Nepal in the northwest [19] to Kalimantan in the southeast [20]. There have been few studies focused explicitly on species interactions within the felid guild, most of which addressed particular pair-wise interspecific interactions [9,[21][22][23]. Although studies of competition, interactions, and resource partitioning of sympatric Asiatic felids are accumulating [9,22,24], how different-sized members of this felid guild respond to each other is still poorly known, and this was a motivation for our study. ...
The co-occurrence of felid species in Southeast Asia provides an unusual opportunity to investigate guild structure and the factors controlling it. Using camera-trap data, we quantified the space use, temporal activity, and multi-dimensional niche overlap of the tiger, clouded leopard, Asiatic golden cat, marbled cat, and leopard cat in the Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary, Myanmar. We hypothesised that the spatio-temporal behaviour of smaller cats would reflect the avoidance of the larger cats, and similar-sized guild members would partition their niches in space or time to reduce resource competition. Our approach involved modelling single-species occupancy, pairwise spatial overlap using Bayesian inference, activity overlap with kernel density estimation, and multivariate analyses. The felid assembly appeared to be partitioned mainly on a spatial rather than temporal dimension, and no significant evidence of mesopredator release was observed. Nonetheless, the temporal association between the three mesopredators was inversely related to the similarity in their body sizes. The largest niche differences in the use of space and time occurred between the three smallest species. This study offers new insight into carnivore guild assembly and adds substantially to knowledge of five of the least known felids of conservation concern.
... Akan tetapi, kemudahan menangkap mangsa diperlukan kerapatan yang optimal sehingga fungsi cover dan kebutuhan pakan terpenuhi (Lestari, 2006). Namun, berbeda dengan penelitian Haidir et al. (2013), menjelaskan okupansi kucing emas dipengaruhi oleh elevasi, area studi, dan jarak ke tepi hutan. ...
... Tidak adanya kovariat yang memengaruhi okupansi dan probabilitas deteksi, disebabkan kemungkinan ada kovariat lain yang tidak dimasukan atau tidak diketahui peneliti. Namun pada penelitian lain menjelaskan okupansi macan dahan dipengaruhi positif oleh jarak dari tepi hutan yang cenderung menghindari tepi hutan dan berhubungan dengan elevasi yang lebih tinggi daripada kucing emas (Haidir, et al., 2013). Lynam et al. (2013) dalam Haidir et al. (2013), menyatakan macan dahan yang cenderung menghindar dari harimau, hal ini dapat memengaruhi probabilitas deteksi macan dahan di lokasi yang sering dikunjungi harimau. ...
... Namun pada penelitian lain menjelaskan okupansi macan dahan dipengaruhi positif oleh jarak dari tepi hutan yang cenderung menghindari tepi hutan dan berhubungan dengan elevasi yang lebih tinggi daripada kucing emas (Haidir, et al., 2013). Lynam et al. (2013) dalam Haidir et al. (2013), menyatakan macan dahan yang cenderung menghindar dari harimau, hal ini dapat memengaruhi probabilitas deteksi macan dahan di lokasi yang sering dikunjungi harimau. ...
The polulation of Cat Family (Felidae) in Southeast Asia has declined in nature owing to its lost habitat, fragmentation one and massive hunting. Meanwhile, the research of Asiatic Golden Cats, Sunda Clouded Leopards, Marbled Cats, and Asian Leopard Cats is not much conducted. This research aimed to find out their distribution and habitat use in Southern Bukit Barisan National Park (BBSNP). The data intake employed Camera Trap, then analyzed by occupancy model with single season and single species applying R-software. It was found that Asiatic Golden Cat Occupancy Model yielded 0.75 in Intensive Protection Zone or Zona Perlindungan Intensive (IPZ) and 0.4 occupancy value in northen parts of Sourthern Bukit Barisan National Park (BBSNP). Furthermore, its Sunda Clouded Leopards resulted in 0.50 in IPZ and 0.42 occupancy value in northen parts of BBSNP. Its Asian Leopard Cats was 0.16 occupancy value in IPZ and unexecuted occupancy model in northen parts of BBSNP due to extremly low detection.
... Akan tetapi, kemudahan menangkap mangsa diperlukan kerapatan yang optimal sehingga fungsi cover dan kebutuhan pakan terpenuhi (Lestari, 2006). Namun, berbeda dengan penelitian Haidir et al. (2013), menjelaskan okupansi kucing emas dipengaruhi oleh elevasi, area studi, dan jarak ke tepi hutan. Semakin tinggi elevasi peluang terdeteksi kucing emas semakin besar dengan rata-rata kucing emas pada lokasi ini terdeteksi di hutan perbukitan pada elevasi 565 mdpl. ...
... Lestari (2006) juga mengemukakan rapatnya tumbuhan tingkat semai dan pancang menguntungkan bagi satwa herbivora dalam memenuhi kebutuhan pakan. Namun berbeda dengan penelitian lain, probabilitas deteksi kucing emas dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan harimau yang menyebabkan rendahnya deteksi kucing emas pada lokasi yang sering dikunjungi harimau (Lynam, et al., 2013dalam Haidir, et al., 2013 (Haidir, et al., 2013). Lynam et al. (2013) dalam Haidir et al. (2013), menyatakan macan dahan yang cenderung menghindar dari harimau, hal ini dapat memengaruhi probabilitas deteksi macan dahan dilokasi yang sering dikunjungi harimau. ...
... Namun berbeda dengan penelitian lain, probabilitas deteksi kucing emas dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan harimau yang menyebabkan rendahnya deteksi kucing emas pada lokasi yang sering dikunjungi harimau (Lynam, et al., 2013dalam Haidir, et al., 2013 (Haidir, et al., 2013). Lynam et al. (2013) dalam Haidir et al. (2013), menyatakan macan dahan yang cenderung menghindar dari harimau, hal ini dapat memengaruhi probabilitas deteksi macan dahan dilokasi yang sering dikunjungi harimau. ...
Polulasi Famili Kucing (Felidae) di Asia Tenggara mengalami penurunan di alam akibat hilangnya habitat, fragmentasi satu, dan perburuan besar-besaran. Sementara itu, penelitian tentang Kucing Emas Asia, Macan Dahan Sunda, Kucing Marbled, dan Kucing Macan Tutul Asia belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebaran dan pemanfaatan habitat di Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan (TNBBS). Pengambilan data menggunakan Camera Trap, kemudian dianalisis model okupansi dengan musim tunggal dan spesies tunggal menggunakan software R. Ditemukan bahwa Asiatic Golden Cat Occupancy Model menghasilkan 0,75 di Zona Perlindungan Intensif atau Zona Perlindungan Intensive (IPZ) dan 0,4 nilai hunian di bagian utara Taman Nasional Sourthern Bukit Barisan (TNBBS). Selain itu, Macan Dahan Sunda menghasilkan nilai IPZ 0,50 dan okupansi 0,42 di bagian utara TNBBS. Kucing Leopard Asia-nya memiliki nilai okupansi 0,16 di IPZ dan model okupansi yang tidak dijalankan di bagian utara TNBBS karena deteksi yang sangat rendah
... This strong diurnal activity and this pattern cannot be directly related to human presence in the study area, although some illegal hunting for consumption has been documented [73]. A tentative explanation on why this cathemeral species was detected mostly during the day in our study areas was that often the same camera captured both Asiatic golden cat (during day) and clouded leopard (during night) suggesting a possible competition between two medium-sized felids with similar prey [74]. The same pattern was found also by [75] in Sumatra with a more diurnal activity for the Asiatic golden cat and a more nocturnal activity for the clouded leopard as an avoidance mechanism due to overlapping prey. ...
The effects of human disturbance represent one of the major threats for wildlife conservation. Many studies have shown that wildlife avoids or reduces direct contact with human activities through changes in activity patterns, and by minimizing spatiotemporal overlap. In this study, we investigated the possible effects of human presence on the temporal activity of medium-to-large mammals using two areas in Myanmar that differ in the intensity of human disturbance. We monitored temporal segregation mechanisms using camera trapping data and with two statistical approaches: daily activity overlaps between humans and wildlife and circular statistics. We did not find a significant difference in overlapping activity between areas but, thanks to circular statistics, we found that some species show changes in activity patterns, suggesting temporal avoidance. We observed that the daily activity of five species differed between areas of Myanmar, likely adopting mechanisms to reduce overlap in areas highly frequented by humans. Interestingly, these species are all threatened by hunting or poaching activities, four of which have been described in literature as “cathemeral”, or species that are active through day and night. This study suggests that some species adapt their behavior, at least partially, to avoid human presence in habitats with higher anthropic occurrence and increase our knowledge on the status of medium–large mammals in a poorly studied country as Myanmar.
... There have been few studies focused explicitly on species interactions within the felid guild, most of which addressed particular pair-wise interspecific interactions (Haidir et al., 2013(Haidir et al., , 2018Hearn et al., 2018;Singh & Macdonald, 2017). Although studies of competition, interactions and resource partitioning of sympatric Asiatic felids are accumulating (Haidir et al., 2018;Hearn et al., 2018;Odden et al., 2010), how different-sized members of this felid guild respond to each other is still poorly known and this was a motivation for our study. ...
At least nine felid species can co-occur in Southeast Asia, thus providing an unusual opportunity to investigate poorly known guild structure and the factors controlling it. Using camera-trap data, we quantified space use, temporal activity, and multi-dimensional niche overlap of tiger, clouded leopard, marbled cat, leopard cat, and Asiatic golden cat in Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary of Myanmar. We hypothesized that the spatio-temporal behaviour of smaller cats can reflect avoidance of the larger cats, which are both potential competitors and predators, and similar-sized guild members would partition their niches in space or time to reduce competition for resources. Our approach involved single-species occupancy modelling to identify site covariates, pairwise spatial overlap using Bayesian inference, and activity overlap with Kernel density estimation and multivariate analyses to test hypotheses. We found tiger and marbled cats were primarily diurnal, clouded leopard and leopard cat were nocturnal and golden cat exhibited cathemeral activity. We observed a complex pattern of guild assembly and potential competition involving strong niche displacement between the golden cat and marbled cat, but high overlap between the relatively similarly-sized pairing of clouded leopard and golden cat, and the markedly differently-sized tiger – golden cat pairing. No significant evidence of mesopredator release was observed and the felid assembly in Northern Myanmar appeared to be partitioned mainly on a spatial, rather than temporal, dimension. Nonetheless, the temporal association between the three mesopredators was inversely related to the similarity in their body sizes. The insights into this felid guild revealed that the largest niche differences in the use of space and time occurred between the three smaller species, most evidently between the Asiatic golden cat-marbled cat pairing, followed by marbled cat - leopard cat pairing. This study offers new insight into carnivore guild assembly and, adds substantially to knowledge of five of the least known felids of conservation concern.
... As shown in Table 2, the PCRI of the Asiatic Golden Cat in our study area was similar to PCRI values obtained in Bhutan's Royal Manas National Park (Tempa et al. 2013), Nepal's Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale area (Rai et al. 2019), and India's Buxa Tiger Reserve (Ghose et al. 2019), but higher than in Makalu Barun National Park . In contrary, in areas where survey effort exceeded 3,400 camera trap days, the Asiatic Golden Cat was recorded at PCRI values of 0.48 and higher (Johnson et al. 2009;Haidir et al. 2013;Pusparini et al. 2014;Mukherjee et al. 2016). This highlights the importance of increasing survey effort in GCA, both spatially and temporally, for obtaining meaningful data on the Asiatic Golden Cat in this area. ...
The Asiatic Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii is poorly known in Nepal and was previously recorded only twice in the eastern part of the country. We conducted a camera trap survey in the Lapchi Valley (32km2) of Gaurishankar Conservation Area (GCA), a protected area in north-central Nepal, from October 2018 to April 2019. Eleven cameras were deployed to record mammalian diversity in a 2×2 km2 grid across Lapchi block of GCA. During the study period, four photos and three videos (each of 10 seconds length) of Asiatic Golden Cats were recorded at an elevation of 2,540m at a single camera trap station. This is the first photographic record of Asiatic Golden Cat in this region of Nepal extending the distribution of the species further west in the Himalaya. A more detailed study on its distribution, population size and behaviour is warranted in the near future to implement appropriate conservation measures.
