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A Southern Hemisphere tree-ring 14 C data relating to the 774 CE event. Treering series include: 3-1 (Wk, Manoao colensoi, Oroko Swamp, NZ and Libocedrus bidwillii, Takapari Forest Park, NZ); 3-6 (Wk, Lagarostrobos franklinii, Stanley River, Tasmania, Australia); 9-1, 9-2, 9-3 (ETH, Agathis australis, Dargaville, NZ); 9-4 (ETH, Manoao colensoi, Moana, NZ); 9-5 (ETH, Austrocedrus chilensis, El Asiento, Chile); 9-6 (ETH, Lagarostrobos franklinii, Stanley River, Tasmania, Australia).
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Early researchers of radiocarbon levels in Southern Hemisphere tree rings identified a variable North-South hemispheric offset, necessitating construction of a separate radiocarbon calibration curve for the South. We present here SHCal20, a revised calibration curve from 0-55,000 cal BP, based upon SHCal13 and fortified by the addition of 14 new tr...
Citations
... Pretreatment and graphitization were conducted in the PSU Stable (Stuiver and Polach, 1977). We conducted AMS calibrations using the SHCAL20 calibration curve (Hogg et al., 2020). A more detailed report and analysis of archaeological and oral history data are provided in a separate forthcoming publication. ...
... Radiocarbon dates acquired from archaeological villages in the Namonte Basin.Note. All dates calibrated using SHCAL20(Hogg et al., 2020) except PSUAMS#9736 and PSUAMS#9737, which were calibrated using the Bomb13SH12.14c curve(Hua et al., 2021). ...
Many communities in southwestern Madagascar rely on a mix of foraging, fishing, farming,
and herding, with cattle central to local cultures, rituals, and intergenerational wealth
transfer. Today these livelihoods are critically threatened by the intensifying effects of
climate change and biodiversity loss. Improved understanding of ancient community-
environment dynamics can help identify pathways to livelihood sustainability. Multidisciplinary approaches have great potential to improve our understanding of human-
environment interactions across spatio-temporal scales. We combine archaeological
survey data, oral history interviews, and high-resolution multispectral PlanetScope imagery to explore 400 years of human-environment interaction in the Namonte Basin. Our
analysis reveals that settlement and land-use led to significant changes in the region’s
ecology, both during periods of occupation and after settlement abandonment. Human
activity over this period may have stabilized vegetative systems, whereby seasonal changes
in vegetative health were reduced compared to surrounding locations. These ecological
legacies may have buffered communities against unpredictable climate challenges.
... Cueva Túnel: characterization of the stratigraphic column. Years calibrated with the OxCal 4.4 program, using the SHCal20 curve, sensuHogg et al., 2020. ...
In this work, we presented, analyzed and discussed the faunal variability corresponding to the final Pleistocene component (ca. 12.700-11.400 cal years BP) of Cueva Túnel site (Argentine Patagonia). The information generated allowed us to determine that this site contains the greatest faunal diversity in the region for this period. The presence of various herbivores, carnivores and birds is recorded at the site, many of them extinct. Likewise, several species show evidence of human use, with the group of camelids (Lama guanicoe, Lama gracilis and Hemi-auchenia paradoxa) being the most important in terms of consumption. Evidence of human use of other species such as foxes, pumas, birds and extinct horses was also recorded. This highlights that prey-predator relationships were not restricted only to extinct megafauna, but also involved species that still exist today. Likewise, it allows us to propose the complementary use of other animals along with the main prey, the camelids.
... The Marine20 curve was used to calibrate the radiocarbon ages and was made an adjustment accounting the marine radiocarbon reservoir effect with local variation (ΔR) of 117 ± 29 (Alves et al., 2015) using the SHCal20 database for southern hemisphere calibration (Hogg et al., 2020). OxCal software (version 4.4) was used for the calibrations (Bronk Ramsey, 2009). ...
Fossil oysters are commonly found in Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain (RSCP), where the main species are Ostrea cf. puelchana d’Orbigny, 1841 and Crassostrea praia Ihering, 1907. These fossils are transported towards the beach by storm events throughout the year, being available in the swash zone. The objective of this article is to reconstruct the Holocene palaeoenvironment by analysing these fossils. A total of 1898 valves, collected along Cassino and Hermenegildo beach, both in southernmost Brazil, were described. It was observed a prevalence of C. praia at Cassino beach (39.20%) and O. cf. puelchana at Hermenegildo beach (89.02%). Hermenegildo beach sample were statistically greater for C. praia height (p-value: 0.1736) and length (p-value: 0.4604) and for O. cf. puelchana height (p-value: 0.0602) and length (p-value: 0.07394). The predominance for northern and southern regions for each species indicates a palaeoenvironment setting that favoured these organisms, probably related to temperatures and salinity variation. The most common ichnogenera found in the oysters were Caulostrepsis and Entobia present in both sites, observed in over 40% of internal and external sides of the samples’ shell. According to radiocarbon modelled age, the studied samples coexisted during the Mid-Holocene (8.290–8.130 cal. yr. BP), with the subsequent sea-level rise and fall the shells became bioavailable. The lack of samples with closed valves and high percentage of bioerosion in the inner side of the valve, indicates that the palaeoenvironment in both Cassino and Hermenegildo beaches gradually changed, not as result of an extreme event.
... In LV, Lago San Martín and the valley of Río Guanaco, three Lateglacial advances have been identified (Wenzens, 1999a), which are comparable to the three described by Strelin and Malagnino (2000) in western Lago Argentino. The youngest Lateglacial terminal moraines on the eastern margin of the Barrancas alluvial fan have a minimum age of 9300-9500 14 C a BP (Wenzens, 1999a) [8632 cal a BP, calibrated date using Calib 8.2 (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993;Stuiver et al., 2020) with the Southern Hemisphere Calibration Curve SHCal20 (Hogg et al., 2020)]. In addition, Davies et al.'s (2020) reconstructions suggest a possible position of the glacial ice front at the eastern edge of the Barrancas alluvial fan at 10 ka, although this limit was set as a low-confidence limit due to the lack of precise data. ...
Lago Viedma is a proglacial lake into which the Viedma Glacier flows from the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. This glacier has rapidly lost mass in recent times, and its deglacial history is reflected in the lake's subsurface. New high‐resolution multi‐channel seismic profiles acquired in the northwestern sector of the lake have allowed us to reconstruct the bathymetry of the area and identify several small sub‐basins, which have a maximum depth of 240 m in this sector. Four seismic facies have been recognized, separated by erosional unconformities, reflecting the depositional conditions in this sector of the basin during different Quaternary sedimentation phases. There is a transitional phase from ice‐contacted deposits to subglacial deposits, probably associated with a subglacial fan, and finally a phase of lacustrine sedimentation. In addition, three depositional stages were identified within the lacustrine deposits, indicating a different sedimentary input, and the morphologies observed at the lake bottom suggest the existence of at least ten stagnations of the glacial margin. This study helps to improve the history of the retreat of the Viedma Glacier in this area during the Pleistocene/Holocene and provides a basis for further geophysical measurements aimed at mapping this remote lacustrine environment.
... For OSL dating, we collected samples from the final profiles, taking tubes of sediment from each identified stratigraphic context. Radiocarbon testing was conducted at the Keck Carbon Cycle AMS Facility at the University of California Irvine and dates were calibrated using the program OxCal v4.4 and the SHCal20 atmospheric curve (Bronk Ramsey 2009;Hogg et al. 2020). OSL dating took place at the Geoluminescence Dating Research Laboratory at Baylor University, using the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol. ...
Agricultural terraces have a number of attributes that make them useful for managing erosion, shaping hydrology, and enhancing agricultural productivity. These characteristics, as well as their widespread construction by pre-industrial agricultural societies, have made them popular elements of plans to develop "sustainable" agriculture, both through the rehabilitation of relict terraces and the construction of new terrace systems. However, many of these projects have met with limited success and have been abandoned or sidelined soon after their implementation. Here, we attribute some of these challenges to a lack of alignment between the mechanical benefits of terraces and the motivations and goals of contemporary farmers. In turn, we suggest that the mismatch between solutions and problems may be rooted in the fact that NGOs and researchers have insufficiently considered the social, economic, and environmental contexts of past and present agriculture and overprioritized technological solutions to socioeconomic and political problems. As a case study, we investigate histories of terraced agriculture in the Middle Utcubamba Valley (MUV) of northeastern Peru, located within the Chachapoya cultural region. We demonstrate that the long-term viability of terracing in the MUV before the sixteenth century Spanish invasion of the region was dependent on a particular combination of socioeconomic circumstances and agricultural logics, which are no longer present today. Based on this history, we argue that terraced agriculture is––in and of itself––neither "sustainable" nor "unsustainable." Rather, its effectiveness depends on how it operates within dynamic sets of socio-natural relations.
... Dates were calibrated with the OxCal 4.4.4 software, Interface Build 170 (Bronk Ramsey, 2021), using the SHCal20 curve(Hogg et al., 2020). ...
We present the results of an interdisciplinary study conducted at the Pedernales-5 site, situated in the Salar de Pedernales basin (26°S; 3356 masl), dated
from 10,510−10,749 to 11,201−11,612 cal. BP. Unlike other Late Pleistocene and Holocene sites in the Andean Puna, where vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna)
were the primary prey, at Pedernales-5, the zooarcheological assemblage consists almost exclusively of flamingo (Phoenicopteridae) and bird remains.
Through the analysis of lithic and bone artifacts, archeobotanical remains, pigment composition, and paleoenvironmental data, we propose that the
emphasis on flamingo exploitation cannot be solely explained by alimentary consumption but also served cultural and symbolic purposes related to the
acquisition of feathers, hides, and bones. The unique archeological context of Pedernales-5 offers a distinctive perspective on human dynamics in the
Andean highlands during the Early Holocene.
... During its excavation, two overlapping inhumations were discovered (see Díaz, Barrientos, and Pastor 2015;Pastor et al. 2012): Burial 1 (~550 cal BP [640-500, 95%], 593 ± 41 BP, Díaz, Barrientos, and Pastor 2015); (e) projectile point embedded on the XI dorsal vertebra (modified from Díaz, Barrientos, and Pastor 2015); (f) broken tip of a bone point embedded on the lateral side of right rib (modified from Díaz, Barrientos, and Pastor 2015). human bone, AA-92443) and Burial 2 (~840 cal BP [930-740, 95%], 972 ± 43 BP, human bone, AA-96770; calibrations from OxCal 4.3 using SHCal20 (Bronk Ramsey 2009;Hogg et al. 2020). Burial 1 is the focus of this research because it presents clear evidence of violent death, offering an excellent opportunity to assess the design of the weapons used to kill people during the Late Prehispanic Period. ...
... Within the model, the radiocarbon dates were calibrated using the Marine20 curve for shell samples 86 , and a mixed U(0,50) curve, combining the IntCal20 87 and SHCal20 88 curves, as recommended for terrestrial (i.e., charcoal) samples from the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone 88,89 . Each OSL age was input as a C_Date in calendar years before 1950, with an associated 1σ error. ...
Archaeological evidence attests multiple early dispersals of Homo sapiens out of Africa, but genetic evidence points to the primacy of a single dispersal 70-40 ka. Laili in Timor-Leste is on the southern dispersal route between Eurasia and Australasia and has the earliest record of human occupation in the eastern Wallacean archipelago. New evidence from the site shows that, unusually in the region, sediment accumulated in the shelter without human occupation, in the window 59–54 ka. This was followed by an abrupt onset of intensive human habitation beginning ~44 ka. The initial occupation is distinctive from overlying layers in the aquatic focus of faunal exploitation, while it has similarities in material culture to other early Homo sapiens sites in Wallacea. We suggest that the intensive early occupation at Laili represents a colonisation phase, which may have overwhelmed previous human dispersals in this part of the world.
... Three phases of contact have been recognised this site. The radiocarbon dates of these phases are here presented according to the SHCal20 calibration curve (see Hogg et al. 2020), listing only the range of the largest intercept and not the full 95.4% range (Lombard et al. 2022). The earliest phase, from cal. ...
... Ancient wood is also subject to radiocarbon dating, especially subfossil wood from New Zealand kauri trees, which is used for the development of the Southern Hemisphere component of the global calibration curve (e.g. Turney et al. 2010;Hogg et al. 2020). In recent years, many radiocarbon age determinations of wood samples from different regions have been carried out (e.g. ...
... 2 pMC are not uncommon (e.g.Santos et al. 2001;Southon and Magana 2010;Martinez De La Torre et al. 2019;Hogg et al. 2020;Turney et al. 2021). ...
This paper compares various wood pretreatment methods for highly degraded, and problematic fossil wood extracted from the opencast Szczerców site of the Bełchatów Lignite Mine in Central Poland. The study evaluates the pretreatment methods using both large samples (55–255 g, referred to as series A) and small samples (36–150 mg, referred to as series B). Additionally, all preparation methods were applied to medium-sized samples (approximately 3 g, referred to as series C) with solvent washes in the Soxhlet apparatus. Radiocarbon dating was conducted using the LSC technique (subseries A1) and the AMS technique (subseries A2, series B, and C). The effectiveness and utility of each pretreatment protocol were compared based on 14C measurements and FTIR analysis. Through the conducted research and a multi-criteria analysis, the most effective method for preparing old fossil wood was identified. Our experience indicates that an extended, multistage preparation of highly degraded fossil wood samples, with a 14C concentration near the detection limit of the radiocarbon method, may result in a significant increase in 14C content.
