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(A) Singlet oxygen generation by SiNcOH-NP (10 μg mL −1 ) and SiNc-NP (10 μg mL −1 ) before (dark) and after (light) NIR irradiation (785 nm laser diode, 0.3 W cm −2 , 5 min). (B) Temperature change curves of water (grey), SiNcOH-NP (red) in 1× PBS buffer, SiNc-NP (black) in 1× PBS buffer and free SiNc 2 (blue) in THF exposed to the 785 nm laser diode at a power density of 1.3 W cm −2 . The SiNc concentration in all the solutions was 100 μg mL −1 . (C) Temperature change curves of SiNc- NP water solution (100 μg mL −1 ) exposed to the 785 nm laser diode at the following power densities: 0.3 (red), 0.75 (black) and 1.3 (blue) W cm −2 .
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Multifunctional theranostic platforms capable of concurrent near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging and phototherapies are strongly desired for cancer diagnostic and treatment. However, integration of separate imaging and therapeutic components into nanocarriers results in complex theranostic systems with limited translational potential. A single...
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... the SOSG assay, which is exclusively selective toward 1 O 2 and not to other reactive oxygen species. 51 SiNcOH and SiNc were ir- radiated with a portable 785 nm laser diode of low power density (0.3 W cm −2 ) for 5 min. Remarkably, SiNc-NP showed a 124% increase in 1 O 2 production immediately after light exposure when compared to the controls (Fig. 3A, black bars). In con- trast, the increase of 1 O 2 generated by SiNcOH-NP was only 7.8% under the same conditions (Fig. 3A, red bars). These results indicate minimal PDT ability for unsubstituted SiNcOH, which is related to its intense aggregation within the nanoplatform and quenching of the excited state. 41 On the other hand, SiNc 2 with axial ...
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... were ir- radiated with a portable 785 nm laser diode of low power density (0.3 W cm −2 ) for 5 min. Remarkably, SiNc-NP showed a 124% increase in 1 O 2 production immediately after light exposure when compared to the controls (Fig. 3A, black bars). In con- trast, the increase of 1 O 2 generated by SiNcOH-NP was only 7.8% under the same conditions (Fig. 3A, red bars). These results indicate minimal PDT ability for unsubstituted SiNcOH, which is related to its intense aggregation within the nanoplatform and quenching of the excited state. 41 On the other hand, SiNc 2 with axial substituents within the developed nanoplatform showed distinctive singlet oxygen production and thus a high potential for ...
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... were exposed to the 785 nm NIR laser at a power density of 1.3 W cm −2 , and temperature changes at 2 min time intervals for 20 min were recorded. The tempera- ture profiles of both samples (SiNcOH-NP and SiNc-NP) at the same concentration (100 µg mL −1 ) had a quick rising phase during the first 5 min followed by a sustained plateau at 64 °C (Fig. 3B). Under the same experimental conditions, the water control showed a temperature increase of only 1.0 °C, clear evi- dence that only SiNc-NP can efficiently convert absorbed light energies into heat and raise the temperature of the surround- ing medium. It is worth mentioning that the encapsulation of SiNc into the dendrimer interior ...
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... can efficiently convert absorbed light energies into heat and raise the temperature of the surround- ing medium. It is worth mentioning that the encapsulation of SiNc into the dendrimer interior and J-aggregate formation sig- nificantly improve its photothermal properties in comparison with the non-encapsulated monomeric SiNc. As indicated in Fig. 3B, free monomeric SiNc 2 dissolved in THF (blue curve) was able to increase the temperature of the solution to only 40 °C, while the temperature of the SiNc-NP solution was raised to 64 °C under the same experimental conditions. Further experiments also revealed that when the power density of a laser beam was lowered to 0.3 W cm −2 , no ...
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... (blue curve) was able to increase the temperature of the solution to only 40 °C, while the temperature of the SiNc-NP solution was raised to 64 °C under the same experimental conditions. Further experiments also revealed that when the power density of a laser beam was lowered to 0.3 W cm −2 , no rise in the temperature was detected for SiNc-NP (Fig. 3C). Thus, by varying the laser power density from 0.3 W cm −2 (Fig. 3C, red curve) to 1.3 W cm −2 (Fig. 3C, blue curve) the therapeutic application of SiNc-NP could be tuned from PDT to combina- torial PDT-PTT treatment, and vice versa. In addition, by chan- ging the laser power the desired temperature outcome can be adjusted, providing ...
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... to only 40 °C, while the temperature of the SiNc-NP solution was raised to 64 °C under the same experimental conditions. Further experiments also revealed that when the power density of a laser beam was lowered to 0.3 W cm −2 , no rise in the temperature was detected for SiNc-NP (Fig. 3C). Thus, by varying the laser power density from 0.3 W cm −2 (Fig. 3C, red curve) to 1.3 W cm −2 (Fig. 3C, blue curve) the therapeutic application of SiNc-NP could be tuned from PDT to combina- torial PDT-PTT treatment, and vice versa. In addition, by chan- ging the laser power the desired temperature outcome can be adjusted, providing the possibility for controlled hyperthermia. We demonstrated that by ...
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... of the SiNc-NP solution was raised to 64 °C under the same experimental conditions. Further experiments also revealed that when the power density of a laser beam was lowered to 0.3 W cm −2 , no rise in the temperature was detected for SiNc-NP (Fig. 3C). Thus, by varying the laser power density from 0.3 W cm −2 (Fig. 3C, red curve) to 1.3 W cm −2 (Fig. 3C, blue curve) the therapeutic application of SiNc-NP could be tuned from PDT to combina- torial PDT-PTT treatment, and vice versa. In addition, by chan- ging the laser power the desired temperature outcome can be adjusted, providing the possibility for controlled hyperthermia. We demonstrated that by increasing the power density of a laser to 0.75 W ...
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... and vice versa. In addition, by chan- ging the laser power the desired temperature outcome can be adjusted, providing the possibility for controlled hyperthermia. We demonstrated that by increasing the power density of a laser to 0.75 W cm −2 , SiNc-NP demonstrated a temperature increase with a continuous plateau at 42-43 °C over 20 min (Fig. 3C, black curve). The temperature of the same solution was raised to 64 °C at the higher power density of a laser (1.3 W cm −2 ) (Fig. 3C, blue curve). The obtained data suggest that the single agent SiNc-NP has excellent potential to become a nanoplatform with double tunable therapeutic anticancer properties, such as PDT and ...
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... for controlled hyperthermia. We demonstrated that by increasing the power density of a laser to 0.75 W cm −2 , SiNc-NP demonstrated a temperature increase with a continuous plateau at 42-43 °C over 20 min (Fig. 3C, black curve). The temperature of the same solution was raised to 64 °C at the higher power density of a laser (1.3 W cm −2 ) (Fig. 3C, blue curve). The obtained data suggest that the single agent SiNc-NP has excellent potential to become a nanoplatform with double tunable therapeutic anticancer properties, such as PDT and ...
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... cancer cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of SiNc-NP (2.5-100 µg mL −1 ) for 24 h following 10 min exposure to NIR light (785 nm, 0.3 W cm −2 ) and cell viability was assessed using the Calcein AM assay (Fig. 5A). The laser power density of 0.3 W cm −2 was specifically chosen for this experiment based on our solution studies (Fig. 3A and C) to evaluate only the photodynamic effect of SiNc-NP. After treatment, cells were cultured for 24 h in a growth medium prior to viability measurements. Under dark conditions (no exposure to NIR light), toxicity of the SiNc-NP complex at the studied concen- trations was minimal, whereas significant cell death (up to 62%) was detected ...
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... of light (1.3 W cm −2 ) appears to be safe without causing A2780/AD cell death after irradiation with the laser diode for 10 min (Fig. 5B, blue bar). The detected efficiency of combinatorial phototherapy for the treatment of chemotherapy resistant A2780/AD cancer cells cannot be achieved with doxorubicin concentrations as high as 250 μg mL −1 (Fig. S3 †). However, these data are in good agreement with our previous reports, which indicate the sensi- tivity of doxorubicin resistant A2780/AD cancer cells to PDT and hyperthermia. 6,35 Therefore, the developed combinatorial phototherapy could be an efficient approach for intraoperative treatment of multidrug resistant cancer ...
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Citations
... The SiNc was encapsulated into the hydrophobic interior of the G5 PPI dendrimer following surface modification with PEG. The results revealed that SiNc presented strong fluorescence signals and with efficient destruction of chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer cells (Taratula et al., 2015). ...
Cancer is a known deadliest disease that requires a judicious diagnostic, targeting, and treatment strategy for an early prognosis and selective therapy. The major pitfalls of the conventional approach are non-specificity in targeting, failure to precisely monitor therapy outcome, and cancer progression leading to malignancies. The unique physicochemical properties offered by nanotechnology derived nanocarriers have the potential to radically change the landscape of cancer diagnosis and therapeutic management. An integrative approach of utilizing both diagnostic and therapeutic functionality using a nanocarrier is termed as nanotheranostic. The nanotheranostics platform is designed in such a way that overcomes various biological barriers, efficiently targets the payload to the desired locus, and simultaneously supports planning, monitoring, and verification of treatment delivery to demonstrate an enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Thus, a nanotheranostic platform could potentially assist in drug targeting, image-guided focal therapy, drug release and distribution monitoring, predictionof treatment response, and patient stratification. A class of highly branched nanocarriers known as dendrimers is recognized as an advanced nanotheranostic platform that has the potential to revolutionize the oncology arena by its unique and exciting features. A dendrimer is a well-defined three-dimensional globular chemical architecture with a high level of monodispersity, amenability of precise size control, and surface functionalization. All the dendrimer properties exhibit a reproducible pharmacokinetic behavior that could ensure the desired biodistribution and efficacy. Dendrimers are thus being exploited as a nanotheranostic platform embodying a diverse class of therapeutic, imaging, and targeting moieties for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
... Temperature of cypate began to drop rapidly after 5 mins whereas the temperature of RCPD dropped slowly and stabled at about 66°C, which is due to the poor photostability of cypate and resulted in photobleaching when exposed to NIR light. 50 While under the same conditions, the PBS control showed a temperature increase of only 8.5°C. The results showed that RCPD had the potential to first raise the temperature and then maintain the elevated temperature at cancer site. ...
... which indicated the sensitivity of DTX-resistant HepG2 cells to PDT and hyperthermia. 50 Therefore, the combined chemo-phototherapy could be an efficient approach for treatment of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. ...
Background:
Phototherapy, including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), is a promising noninvasive strategy in the treatment of cancers due to its highly localized specificity to tumors and minimal side effects to normal tissues. However, single phototherapy often causes tumor recurrence which hinders its clinical applications. Therefore, developing a NIR-guided dendritic nanoplatform for improving the phototherapy effect and reducing the recurrence of tumors by synergistic chemotherapy and phototherapy is essential.
Methods:
A fluorescent targeting ligand, insisting of ICG derivative cypate and a tumor penetration peptide iRGD (CRGDKGPDC), was covalently combined with PAMAM dendrimer to prepare a single agent-based dendritic theranostic nanoplatform iRGD-cypate-PAMAM-DTX (RCPD).
Results:
Compared with free cypate, the resulted RCPD could generate enhanced singlet oxygen species while maintaining its fluorescence intensity and heat generation ability when subjected to NIR irradiation. Furthermore, our in vitro and in vivo therapeutic studies demonstrated that compared with phototherapy or chemotherapy alone, the combinatorial chemo-photo treatment of RCPD with the local exposure of NIR light can significantly improve anti-tumor efficiency and reduce the risk of recurrence of tumors.
Conclusion:
The multifunctional theranostic platform (RCPD) could be used as a promising method for NIR fluorescence image-guided combinatorial treatment of tumor cancers.
... A fiber-optic temperature probe was inserted into the center of the tumor following our previously reported procedure. 67 Afterward, each mouse was centered inside the induction coil, and temperature measurements were taken during animal exposure to AMF (420 kHz, 26.9 kA/m). When the intratumoral temperature reached 42°C, AMFinduced heating was continued for 10 min (total exposure time to AMF 30 min). ...
Despite its promising therapeutic potential, nanoparticle-mediated magnetic hyperthermia is currently limited to treatment of localized and relatively accessible cancer tumors, because the required therapeutic temperatures above 40 ○C can only be achieved by direct intratumoral injection of conventional iron oxide nanoparticles. To realize the true potential of magnetic hyperthermia for cancer treatment, there is an unmet need for efficient nanoparticles with high heating capacity that can efficiently accumulate at tumor sites following systemic administration and generate desirable intratumoral temperatures upon exposure to an alternating magnetic field (AMF). Although there have been many attempts to develop the desired nanoparticles, reported animal studies reveal the challenges associated with reaching therapeutically relevant intratumoral temperatures following systemic administration at clinically relevant doses. Therefore, we developed efficient magnetic nanoclusters with enhanced heating efficiency for systemically delivered magnetic hyperthermia that are composed of cobalt and manganese doped, hexagon-shaped iron oxide nanoparticles (CoMn-IONP) encapsulated in biodegradable PEG-PCL (poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ɛ-caprolactone))-based nanocarriers. Animal studies validated that the developed nanoclusters are non-toxic, efficiently accumulate in ovarian cancer tumors following a single intravenous injection, and elevate intratumoral temperature up to 44 C upon exposure to a non-invasive AMF. Moreover, the obtained results confirmed the efficiency of the nanoclusters to generate the required intratumoral temperature after repeated injections and demonstrated that nanoclusters-mediated magnetic hyperthermia significantly inhibits cancer growth. In summary, this nanoplatform is a milestone in the development of systemically delivered magnetic hyperthermia for treatment of deep-seated and metastatic cancers either alone, or in combination with other therapies.
... For combination radiotherapeutic-photothermal therapy, the dendrimer nanoplatfrom has been designed to label with radioisotopes and entrap or stabilize some nanoparticulate PTT agents, such as Au NPs [126]. Besides these two types of combination described above, there are other combination therapy strategies including PTT-PDT [123,139,140], genetic-chemotherapy [134,135], genetic-PDT [141] and genetic-PTT [51,97]. ...
This review reports some recent advances on the use of dendrimer-based systems for cancer therapy. Dendrimers are emerging as promising carriers or stabilizers for drugs and nanoparticles (NPs) due to their highly branched 3- dimensional globular shape, internal hydrophobic cavity and multiple peripheral functional groups. The fabricated nanoplatforms loaded with therapeutic agents such as drugs, siRNAs or NPs can be further modified to have targeting specificity, antifouling properties and good biocompatibility. In particular, recent advances in the surface modifications of dendrimers and the application of dendrimers as versatile platforms for different therapeutic treatments to cancer including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, gene therapy, and combination therapy will be introduced in detail. © 2018 Science China Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
... Almutairi et al. [46] have developed a biodegradable and noninvasive 76 Br (radiohalogen moiety)-labeled positronemitting dendritic nanoprobe targeting α v β 3 integrin receptors in an angiogenic mouse model. As shown in Fig. 12, the architecture of this PET dendritic nanoprobe is based on a modular multivalent core-shell scaffold consisting of a biodegradable heterofunctional dendritic core functionalized with heterobifunctional polyethylene oxide (PEO) chains to protect the shell. ...
... Taratula et al. [76] described the preparation of G5 polypropylenimine (PPI) dendrimer-encapsulated silicon naphthalocyanine (SiNc) as a nanoplatform for NIR fluorescence imaging and combinatorial anticancer phototherapy with dual photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal (PTT) therapeutic mechanisms. Encapsulation of SiNc occurs in the hydrophobic cavity of PPI dendrimers providing its aqueous solubility and its NIR fluorescence, PDT and PTT imaging properties. ...
... Chemical structure of PET76 Br-cRGD nanoprobe targeting α v β 3 -integrin. Modified from Ref.[46]. ...
At the intersection between treatment and diagnosis, nanoparticles technologies are strongly impacting the development of both therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Consequently, the development of novel modalities for concomitant noninvasive therapy and diagnostics known as theranostics as a single platform has gained significant interests. These multifunctional theranostic platforms include carbon-based nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes), drug conjugates, aliphatic polymers, micelles, vesicles, core-shell nanoparticles, microbubbles and dendrimers bearing different contrast agents and drugs, such as cytotoxic compounds in the oncology domain. Dendrimers emerged as a new class of highly tunable hyperbranched polymers, and have been developed as useful theranostic platforms. Magnetic resonance imaging, gamma scintigraphy, computed tomography and optical imaging are the main techniques developed with dendrimers in the theranostic domain in oncology. Different imaging agents have been used such as Gd(III), ¹⁹F, Fe2O3 (MRI), ⁷⁶Br (PET), ¹¹¹In, ⁸⁸Y, ¹⁵³Gd, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹³¹I (SPECT), ¹⁷⁷Lu, gold (CT) and boronated groups, siliconnaphthalocyanines, dialkylcarbocyanines and QDs (optical imaging dyes).
... Recently some NIR absorbing dyes such as indocyanine green (ICG) and naphthalocyanine (Nc) etc., which simultaneously possess great potential in converting the absorbed optical energy into heat and generating reactive oxygen species under single wavelength NIR light irradiation for combination of PTT and PDT, have attracted widespread interest [32,[35][36][37][38]. However, the clinical application of organic ICG as single treatment agent is limited by its low photostability [32,35,36,39]. ...
... Later, by modifying Nc molecules with bulky organic ligands to provide steric hindrance and lower intramolecular aggregation, the application of Nc in PDT and fluorescence imaging also was demonstrated [43,44]. More recently, by encapsulation of silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine bis(trihexylsilyloxide) into the interior of a generation 5 polypropylenimine (PPI G5) dendrimer that is then surrounded with the biocompatible polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer on the surface, Taratula et al. constructed a novel theranostic nanoplatform capable of concurrent NIR fluorescence imaging and PDT/PTT combinatorial therapy of cancer [37]. These exciting results inspire us to further explore new Nc-based single agent nanoparticle systems for cancer imaging and combinatorial phototherapy. ...
... After coating, the size distribution of the SiNcOH-DSPE-PEG(NH 2 ) NPs in aqueous solution measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was about 160 nm (Fig. 1c). Compared with the spectrum of pure SiNcOH in chloroform (Fig. 1a, red line), the UV-vis-NIR absorption of water dispersed SiNcOH-DSPE-PEG(NH 2 ) NPs (Fig. 1a, blue line) became stronger and wider, which attributed to the partial aggregation of SiNcOH molecules coated by DSPE-PEG(NH 2 ) [37]. In addition, the prepared SiNcOH-DSPE-PEG(NH 2 ) NPs demonstrated a high stability in water, PBS, RPMI 1640 cell medium containing 10% FBS or 100% FBS. ...
Currently, the combination of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a powerful technique for cancer treatment. However, most examples of combined PTT and PDT reported use multi-component nanocomposites under excitation of separate wavelength, resulting in complex treatment process. In this work, a novel theranostic nanoplatform (SiNcOH-DSPE-PEG(NH2) NPs) has been successfully developed by coating silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine dihydroxide (SiNcOH) with DSPE-PEG and DSPE-PEG-NH2 for photoacoustic (PA) imaging-guided PTT and PDT tumor ablation for the first time. The as-prepared single-agent SiNcOH-DSPE-PEG(NH2) NPs not only have good water solubility and biocompatibility, but also exhibit high photothermal conversion efficiency and singlet oxygen generation capability upon 808 nm NIR laser irradiation. In addition, owing to their high absorption at NIR region, the SiNcOH-DSPE-PEG(NH2) NPs can also be employed as an effective diagnostic nanoagent for photoacoustic (PA) imaging. In vitro and in vivo experimental results clearly indicated that the simultaneously combined PTT and PDT under the guidance of PA imaging with single NIR laser excitation can effectively kill cancer cells or eradicate tumor tissues. Taking facile synthesis and high efficiency in cancer treatment by SiNcOH-DSPE-PEG(NH2) NPs into consideration, our study provides a promising strategy to realize molecular imaging-guided combination therapy.
... Subcutaneous xenografts of human A2780/ CDDP cancer cells were developed in nude mice, according to our previously published protocols. 3,29 For biodistribution studies, the mice were injected intravenously (i.v.) with the corresponding agent at the dose of 0.750 mg/kg in saline. Then, Pearl Impulse Small Animal Imaging System (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE) was utilized to image the whole animal at 800 nm at 0, 0. weight and tumor size in mice were recorded after phototherapy treatment during 25 days. ...
... Size sufficient for complete eradication of chemotherapy resistant cancer tumors. 3,8,19,38 In contrast, IR797-NP was only able to increase temperature of a solution up to 44°C within 5 min of photoirradiation at the same light power density (1.0 W/cm 2 ) and the achieved temperature rapidly decreased to 35°C during the following 10 min of laser exposure, implying complete photodegradation (Figure 2, E). ...
This study represents a novel phototheranostic nanoplatform based on the near-infrared (NIR) heptamethine cyanine dye, IR775, which is capable of concurrent real-time fluorescence imaging and cancer eradication with combinatorial phototherapy. To achieve water solubility and enhance tumor delivery, the hydrophobic IR775 dye was loaded into a biocompatible polymeric nanoparticle with a diameter of ~40 nm and slightly negative surface charge (−2.34 mV). The nanoparticle-encapsulated hydrophobic IR775 dye (IR775-NP) is characterized by an enhanced fluorescence quantum yield (16%) when compared to the water soluble analogs such as ICG (2.7%) and IR783 (8%). Furthermore, the developed IR-775-NP efficiently generates both heat and reactive oxygen species under NIR light irradiation, eradicating cancer cells in vitro. Finally, animal studies revealed that the IR775-NP accumulates in cancer tumors after systemic administration, efficiently delineates them with NIR fluorescence signal and completely eradicates chemo resistant cancer tissue after a single dose of combinatorial phototherapy.
... A new generation of theranostic agent molecules, phthalocyanines (Pc) and derivatives, which possess outstanding near-infrared (NIR) photo physical properties, have also been encapsulated in PPI dendrimers for fluorescence-guided drug delivery and non-invasive treatment of cancer tumors by photodynamic and photothermal therapies [81][82][83]85]. The Pc-PPI complexes were coated with PEG for biocompatibility and conjugated with a LHRH peptide for tumor-targeted delivery [81][82][83]. ...
Targeted delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents to cancer sites has significant potential to improve the therapeutic outcome of treatment while minimizing severe side effects. It is widely accepted that decoration of the drug delivery systems with targeting ligands that bind specifically to the receptors on the cancer cells is a promising strategy that may substantially enhance accumulation of anticancer agents in the tumors. Due to the transformed cellular nature, cancer cells exhibit a variety of overexpressed cell surface receptors for peptides, hormones, and essential nutrients, providing a significant number of target candidates for selective drug delivery. Among others, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) receptors are overexpressed in the majority of cancers, while their expression in healthy tissues, apart from pituitary cells, is limited. The recent studies indicate that LHRH peptides can be employed to efficiently guide anticancer and imaging agents directly to cancerous cells, thereby increasing the amount of these substances in tumor tissue and preventing normal cells from unnecessary exposure. This manuscript provides an overview of the targeted drug delivery platforms that take advantage of the LHRH receptors overexpression by cancer cells.
... 82 Dendrimer Ncs have also been developed. 83 Conventional photosensitizers have drawbacks such as aggregation driven by π-π stacking or hydrophobic interactions, inhibiting the ROS formation and encapsulation of photosensitizer into nanocarriers. But dendrimer photosensitizers exhibit effective ROS production, high photocytotoxicity against cancer cells, showing its great potential for PDT. ...
... Also, dendrimer encapsulated SiNc single agent nanoparticles were developed for both NIR fluorescence imaging and anticancer phototherapy. 83 Cyclodextrins (CDs), also named cycloamyloses, are a family of cyclic oligosaccharides made up of sugar molecules bound together in a ring. Common natural cyclodextrins include α-CDs, β-CDs, γ-CDs. ...
With high extinction coefficients and long absorption wavelengths in the near infrared region, phthalocyanines (Pcs) and naphthalocyanines (Ncs) are well‐suited for optical imaging and phototherapies in biological tissues. Pcs and Ncs have been used in a range of theranostic applications. Peripheral and axial substituents can be introduced to Pcs and Ncs for chemical modification. Seamless metal chelation of Pcs or Ncs can expand their possibilities as medical therapeutic and imaging agents. Nanoparticulate approaches enable unique ways to deliver Pcs and Ncs to target tissues and improve their solubility, biocompatibility, biodistribution and stability. Herein, we highlight some recent Pc or Nc nanoscale systems for theranostic applications. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1420. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1420
This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
... These results clearly clarify that cypate can efficiently convert absorbed light energies into heat and raise the temperature of the surrounding medium. Free cypate dissolved in DMSO was able to increase the temperature of the solution to only 40ºC, which indicate that encapsulation of cypate into the micelles interior and J-aggregate formation significantly improve its photothermal properties in comparison with free cypate [28]. It is noted that raising and maintaining an elevated temperature at tumor site is one of the key factors for an efficient photothermal therapy as protein denaturation, disruption of the cellular membrane and ablation of tumor tissues occur at temperature > 40-43ºC. ...
A combination of chemo- and photo-thermal therapy (PTT) has provided a promising efficient approach for cancer therapy. To achieve the superior synergistic chemotherapeutic effect with PTT, the development of a simple theranostic nanoplatform that can provide both cancer imaging and a spatial-temporal synchronism of both therapeutic approaches are highly desired. Our previous study has demonstrated that near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered biodegradable chitosan-based amphiphilic block copolymer micelles (SNSC) containing light-sensitive 2-nitrobenzyl alcohol and NIR dye cypate on the hydrophobic block could be used for fast light-triggered drug release. In this study, we conjugated the SNSC micelles with tumor targeting ligand c(RGDyK) and also encapsulated antitumor drug Paclitaxel (PTX). The results show that c(RGDyK)-modified micelles could enhance the targeting and residence time in tumor site, as well as be capable performing high temperature response for PTT on cancer cells and two-photon photolysis for fast release of anticancer drugs under NIR irradiation. In vitro release profiles show a significant controlled release effort that the release concentration of PTX from micelles was significantly increased with the exposure of NIR light. In vitro and in vivo antitumor studies demonstrate that, compared with chemo or PTT treatment alone, the combined treatment with the local exposure of NIR light exhibited significantly enhanced anti-tumor efficiency. These findings indicate that this system exhibited great potential in tumor-targeting imaging and synchronous chemo- and photo-thermal therapy.
