Fig 3 - uploaded by Gamal El Ghazali
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Fresh plants and herbarium specimens of 23 species (16 indigenous and 7 exotic) belonging to the genus Cassia L. sensu lato, which represent the total number of species belonging to this genus in Sudan (including South Sudan), were examined morphologically. The study supported the segregation of the genus into three allied genera (Senna, Chamaecris...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... species names were updated according to Lock [22] on his work, check-list to legumes of Africa. The species Senna near occidentalis (Fig. 4. A) closely resembles S. occidentalis (L.) Link (Fig. 3. F), it only differs from the latter in the dimension of the uppermost pair of leaflets being not clearly largest. It might be an infra taxa of S. occidentalis, however, no record in the literature matches its description, hence it was left as S. near occidentalis in this ...
Citations
... The work was carried out only once during the rainy season. Plants that supported scale insects were identified using keys and illustrated catalog [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Ant workers and scale insects were first sorted in morphospecies, compared to the reference collection available in the laboratory, identified to the species level and confirmed using taxonomic keys [21]. ...
... Frequently the development of sooty mold is reported on attacked plants, making it difficult to sell infested fruits or causing quarantine releases [15]. Mealybugs are difficult to manage. ...
... As background information useful to the scientific community (entomologist) and to crop pest management programs, a total of 24,640 specimens were collected [1,616 host plants, 15 Zipf-Mandelbrot model (for evolved ecosystems) fitted the scale insect settlement in Lendi, suggesting that the locality had developed a complex network of information close to the natural environments and presented a fairly significant regeneration force. ...
Aims: Mealybugs are protected on plants by ants for honeydew. They were identified and assemblages were characterized in Douala suburbs (Littoral-Cameroon). Study Design: Basic information is needed on pest's occurrence for the pest control strategies. We determined host plants and characterized the community structure of mealybugs and foraging ants. Place and Duration of Study: Field investigations were conducted from March to August 2020 in Douala suburbs in 16 transects (10x1,260 m each) and 126 quadrats (10x10m each). Methodology: Stems, the underside of leaves, flower buds and fruits were inspected on weeds, plant bases and canopy of trees. Mealybugs and ants were captured. When the plant was highly infested, the average number of insects was determined on 10 randomly chosen plant organs. Abundances were noted and captured specimens were stored in vials containing 70° alcohol, identified to the species level and the community structure was characterized. Results: A total of 24,640 specimens belonged to 23 families, 54 genera and 85 species were collected in this research. A low species richness, low diversity and low dominance were detected. Assemblage of foraging ants in Yassa functioned according to the brokend-stick model. Scale insects in Ngoma functioned according to Motomura's model. Assemblages of host plants in Lendi, Yassa, global host plants, global scale insects, foraging ants in Lendi and the global settlement, functioned according to the lognormal model. Host plants in Ngoma, scale insects in Yassa, and foraging ants in Ngoma functioned according to Zipf's model while Zipf-Mandelbrot was adapted to scale insects in Lendi suggesting that these communities had sufficient time to develop a complex network of information close to natural environments and presented a fairly regeneration force. Conclusion: Due to the abundance pest insects, resources are available and once they will be well developed; they will cause plant pathologies and yield loss.
... A roughly constant annual temperature (average: 25.7°C) and a high level of air humidity (71% in January to 82% in July and August) are reported. A variation of 2.5°C is recorded, the average being 24.4°C in August (coldest month of the year) [24]. December is the driest month (39 mm of rains). ...
... Plant specimens were identified using keys and illustrated catalogs of Fabaceae [24], Mimosaceae [25,26], Apocynaceae [27], Lauraceae [28], Annonaceae [29], Euphorbiaceae [30], Phyllantaceae [31], Combretaceae [32], Myrtaceae [33], Moraceae [34], Urticaceae [35][36][37]. The other host trees, shrubs and grasses on which workers collected nectaries and/or sap or Hemipterans honeydew, were identified by botanist colleagues. ...
Nesting system, diet behaviour, activity rhythm and predatory behaviour of Crematogaster (Nematocrema) stadelmanni Mayr, 1895 were studied in the field situation in suburbs of Douala (Littoral-Cameroon). Polycalic and polydomous nesting system were recorded. Large independent nests were positioned on the bark surface of trunks (50.8%) or the underside bark of the fork of large branches (49.2%) of cultivated or wild trees (45.8% and 54.2% respectively). Workers collected nectar from 18 plants from eight families: Asteraceae, Costaceae, Ehretiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Mimosaceae Phyllantaceae, Poaceae and Rutaceae. They collected honeydew from Aleyrodidae and four Hemipteran families from Sternorrhyncha suborder: Aphididae, Coccidae Pseudococcidae and Stictococcidae. These Hemipterans proliferated on 11 plant families: Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Costaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae and Urticaceae. Solid particles brought back to the nest were mostly from plants (72.5%) and weakly preys (27.5%). Sugary liquids were preferred over fats, carbohydrate sources, and even preys. Products were collected continuously (day and night) in the foliage of the host plant and neighbouring plants, shrubs and grasses. Workers occasionally brought back to the nest dead or dying larvae of grasshoppers and small particles of other arthropods (ants, flies, caterpillars). The sequence of behavioural acts recorded during the capture of larvae of Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) and adults of Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) (3 to 5 mm and 15 to 20 mm long respectively) were compared. The main sequence presented succession of seven acts: (1) detection by contact; (2) antennation; (3) attack-seizure; (4) short-range recruitment of nestmates in the vicinity; (5) spread-eagling of preys; (6) cutting up the prey on the spot; and (7) transport of pieces or whole prey to the nest. The stinging phase was not recorded. The duration of the capture of small prey (66 min. to 1 hr. 25 sec.; mean ± se: 1 hr. 57 min. 25 sec. ± 12 min. 2 sec.; 10 essays) was lower than that of large preys (2 hrs. 33 sec. to 4 hrs. 16 sec.; 2 hrs. 58 min. 32 sec. ± 17 min. 15 sec.; 10 essays; Mann-Withney test: T = 72.00; p = 0.014). The long duration American Journal of Entomology 2022; 6(2): 27-42 28 of captures suggested that spread-eagling and cutting up preys on the spot lasted a long time. Cr. stadelmanni is a poor predator indirectly harmful for wild or cultivated trees since their predatory aptitude is low compared to aggressive dominant arboreal-nesting ants and is counterbalanced by the propensity to honeydew.
... This sub-division of Cassia L. senso lato into three distinct genera has been ascertained by different authors around the world who employed data from various fields of evidence. Such authors include Marazzi et al. (2006);Acharya, et al. (2011) andAbdalla, et al. (2016). ...
... This sub-division of Cassia L. senso lato into three distinct genera has been ascertained by different authors around the world who employed data from various fields of evidence. Such authors include Marazzi et al. (2006);Acharya, et al. (2011) andAbdalla, et al. (2016). ...
Acetolysed pollen grains of eight species in the Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae were studied with the aim of identifying palynological characters of taxonomic importance among the taxa and determining their probable evolutionary relationships. The Acetolysis procedure and pollen type description were carried out following standard methods. The eight species include two species from genus Cassia Linn.-Cassia sieberiana DC and Cassia fistula Linn and six species from genus Senna Mill.-Senna occidentalis (Linn.) Link, Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin and Barneby, Senna podocarpa (Guill. & Perr.) Lock, Senna hirsuta (Linn.) Irwin and Barneby, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby and Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. The pollens of all the species were shed as monads and they all had perforate sculpturing pattern on their exine. The pollen size of all the species falls into the group media (25-50 µm). All the species had ovate pollen shapes except for some additional circular, elliptic and club-shaped types observed in some of the species. All the species had monocolporate and tricolpate pollen grain types. Tetracolpate, pentacolpate and hexacolpate pollen grains, which are advanced pollen types were observed only in the species of Senna while the primitive pollen types, acolpate and monocolpate, were observed more in the members of the genus Cassia, thus, the evolutionary advancement of Senna over Cassia was discussed. Other pollen types observed in some of the species were bicolpate, trilete, diporate, tricolporate, and pentacolporate. Their importance in the identification and classification of the Cassia and Senna species was also discussed.
The dried leaves and pods of Cassia L., a member of the Caesalpinioideae subfamily of the Fabaceae family and the Cassiinae sub-tribe are called 'senna drug'. The drug is known by the names Senna, Indian Senna, Tinnevelly Senna, and Cassia Senna in the Indian, British, and American pharmacopeias. It appears to be native to North Africa. Sennoside A and B, anthraquinone glycosides responsible for the plant's laxative effects, are found in the leaves, pods, and seeds, which are the plant's most valuable parts. The plant grows as a perennial in the dry regions of Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt, Southern Arabia, and neighboring countries. Through the Medical School Salerno and the writings of Arab Physicians, it was first introduced into Europe in the 12th century. Cassia accutifolia, or senna as it became known in English, is found in tropical North Africa's Northern Sudan, Egypt's Upper Nile, and some areas of Ethiopia. Senna alexandrina was born in Yemen, the Saudi province of Hadramgunl, and some areas of Sind (Pakistan). It is, however, common along the Gujarat coast, particularly in the Mundra coastal tract and Aigal near Bhuj in the Kutch area of India. The plant must have, at some stage, been transported from its native North Africa to India. It is believed that it was originally used in Tirunelvelle, an area of Tamil Nadu, sometime around the middle of the 11th century. The plant has become a native in India throughout the years. It is grown in semi-arid regions of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu (Tinunevelle, Ramanathapuram, Madurai, Salem, and Tineichirapalli). Senna alexandrina is a tiny, obtuse-branched perennial shrub that grows to 60 to 75 cm. Large, compound, pinnate, 5−8 gugate, oval-lanceolate, plebrous, bluish-green to pale green, lamina 2.5−6 cm long, 7−8 mm broad, whole edge, acutely apical leaves. It typically blooms after 65 to 70 d. Bright yellow, axillary (or subterminal), many erect racemes with membranous bracts have bright yellow flowers. Legumes are flat, 15−17 mm wide, with compressed, obovate, and cuneate seeds. Compared to Cassia angustifolia, Cassia accutifolia has smaller, thinner-consistency leaves and pods. Some taxonomists combined these two species into a single taxon called Cassia senna. Senna is taken orally as a tea, pill formulation, or powder encapsulated to relieve intestinal constipation. Senna has been the subject of several reviews; however, we focus on the most recent facts rather than previous review papers. Senna's origin, botany and taxonomy, agriculture, genetic advancement, cytogenetics, mutation breeding, diseases and pests, pharmaceutical significance, microbiological activities, etc. were thoroughly reviewed. A brief review of available cytogenetics, genetic advancement, and agricultural technology was also addressed.
Pollen grains of a total number of 51 species belonging to 43 genera and 30 Angiosperm families from Erkowit, northeastern Sudan were examined. Representatives of the various ecological zones and species recorded in Quaternary deposits of Sudan were among the species selected for the present study. These pollen grains were acetolysed, qualitatively and qualitatively described and illustrated using both light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). 14 pollen classes, 13 surface sculpturing patterns and 9 shape classes were encountered within the material examined and a possible correlation between size and habitats was discussed. The present study represents the first regional pollen morphological study to serve as a pollen reference collection of the area as a contribution to future studies in various related disciplines.
Several species within the genera Cassia or Senna have a treasure of traditional medicines worldwide and can be a promising source of bioactive molecules. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of leaf methanolic extracts of C. fistula L., C. grandis L., S. alexandrina Mill., and S. italica Mill. The two Cassia spp. contained higher total polyphenolic content (42.23–49.75 mg GAE/g) than the two Senna spp., and C. fistula had significantly (p ˂ 0.05) the highest concentration. On the other hand, the Senna spp. showed higher total flavonoid content (41.47–59.24 mg rutin equivalent per g of extract) than that found in the two Cassia spp., and S. alexandrina significantly (p ˂ 0.05) accumulated the highest amount. HPLC–MS/MS analysis of 38 selected bioactive compounds showed that the majority of compounds were identified in the four species, but with sharp variations in their concentrations. C. fistula was dominated by epicatechin (8928.75 µg/g), C. grandis by kaempferol-3-glucoside (47,360.04 µg/g), while rutin was the major compound in S. italica (17,285.02 µg/g) and S. alexandrina (6381.85). The methanolic extracts of the two Cassia species exerted significantly (p ˂ 0.05) higher antiradical activity, metal reducing capacity, and total antioxidant activity than that recorded from the two Senna species’ methanolic extracts, and C. fistula displayed significantly (p ˂ 0.05) the highest values. C. grandis significantly (p ˂ 0.05) exhibited the highest metal chelating power. The results of the enzyme inhibition activity showed that the four species possessed anti-AChE activity, and the highest value, but not significantly (p ≥ 0.05) different from those obtained by the two Cassia spp., was exerted by S. alexandrina. The Cassia spp. exhibited significantly (p ˂ 0.05) higher anti-BChE and anti-Tyr properties than the Senna spp., and C. grandise revealed significantly (p ˂ 0.05) the highest values. C. grandise revealed significantly (p ˂ 0.05) the highest α- amylase inhibition, while the four species had more or less the same effect against the α-glucosidase enzyme. Multivariate analysis and in silico studies showed that many of the identified phenols may play key roles as antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties. Thus, these Cassia and Senna species could be a promising source of natural bioactive agents with beneficial effects for human health.
Objective: Chrysin and rutin are two dietary flavonoids lying in fruits or honey bee’s products. Their pharmacological properties include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotection and immunomodulatory. In the current study, the potentiality of chrysin and rutin to protect human gingival fibroblasts against oxidative cell damage has been investigated in vitro.
Method: Human gingival fibroblasts, passage 3, were concomitantly put in contact with the cytotoxic compounds and chrysin or rutin for 24 h at 37 °C, 5% CO2 atmosphere, and 96% humidity. The amount of viable cell after the incubated time was recorded by using the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
Results: Chrysin in all tested concentration didn’t exhibit any cytoprotective effect against the tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative cell damage. Moreover, chrysin in a low concentration (5 and 10 µg/mL) didn’t protect the fibroblasts against oxidative cell damage induced by the hydrogen peroxide. However, chrysin in a concentration of 20 µg/mL showed a significant cytoprotective activity in the hydrogen peroxide-induced cell damage (p < 0.05). Rutin in all tested concentrations protected fibroblasts against hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative cell damage. The cytoprotective effect of rutin didn’t increase with the increase of the concentration when hydrogen peroxide is used to induce oxidative cell damage. However, rutin has protected cells against the tert-butyl hydroperoxide cytotoxicity in a concentration dependent manner.
Conclusion: Given to the interesting cytoprotective activities exhibited by chrysin and rutin, further investigations to highlight their cytoprotective involved mechanisms are justified.
Introduction: Antioxidants and glucosidases inhibitors are interesting in diabetes mellitus prevention and its management. However, conventional drugs have a multitude of unenviable side effects. Thus, research is turning towards herbal remedies, hence this study that was interested in two plants used in the traditional treatment of diabetes in Bobo-Dioulasso. Objective: The aim was to evaluate Chamaecrista (C.) nigricans and Pseudocedrela (P.) kotschyi roots water extracts effect on sorghum α-amylase activity.
Methodology: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum trichloride, respectively. FRAP, DPPH and ABTS methods were used to estimate the extracts antioxidant activity. The α-amylase inhibition tests were carried out using the glucose assay method with dinitrosalicylic acid.
Results: The C. nigricans and P. kotschyi extracts have shown strong antioxidant activities, 7031.52±15 and 8762.35±51 μmol AAE.g-1E respectively, referring to trolox using ABTS method. These extracts have also shown an inhibitory effect of 98.57% and 97.67% respectively on α-amylase activity.
Conclusion/perspectives: These plants have in vitro an interesting anti-amylasic potential. Further investigations will be necessary using a pure enzyme and a wider range of concentration of the extracts in order to determine the kinetic parameters and the fractionation by chromatography to determine the most effective fraction(s). Finally, an in vivo evaluation of the anti-diabetic effect of the extracts could be considered.
Keywords: anti α-amylase, antioxidant, Chamaecrista nigricans, Pseudocedrela kotschyi.
