Fig 2 - uploaded by Jian Yu
Content may be subject to copyright.
(A) Schematic of the production process of regenerated cellulose materials with ionic liquids. (B) Regenerated cellulose fibers obtained in a pilot scale. (C) Yarns and final knitted garments made of fibers spun from bleached pulp (white), cardboard (beige), and pulp with additional lignin added (brown). Reprinted with permission from ref. 53. Copyright 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry. (D) Cellulose films fabricated in an industrial test scale. (E) Flexible cellulose hydrogel. (F) Transparent cellulose aerogel. Reprinted with permission from ref. 161. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society. (G) Cellulose nanofibers fabricated via an electrospinning process. (H) Homogeneous cellulose microbeads. (I) Porous cellulose microbeads. Reprinted with permission from ref. 287. Copyright 2010 Elservier.
Source publication
Cellulose, a well-known fascinating biopolymer, has been considered to be a sustainable feedstock of energy sources and chemical engineering in the future. However, due to its highly ordered structure and strong hydrogen bonding network, cellulose is neither meltable nor soluble in conventional solvents, which limits the extent of its application....
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... drawing in air and coagulation in water were conducted, followed by washing, drying on a hot roll, and finally winding the resultant fibers on a paper tube. By minimizing the degradation of cellulose and optimizing the air gap, cellulose fibers with an average tensile strength of 45 cN tex À1 were prepared from 5 wt% cellulose/ AmimCl solution (Fig. 2B). Such a tensile strength was comparable to that of Tencell (B40 cN tex À1 ), and far exceeded the standard of normal viscose fibers (18.5 cN tex À1 ...
Context 2
... et al. 111 obtained the best cellulose fibers with the tensile strength of 42.1 cN tex À1 from BmimCl solutions. Olsson 112 reported that in EmimAc, the highest tensile strength of cellulose fibers was 35 cN tex À1 . In a series of studies of cellulose solution spinning with [DBNH]Ac, the tensile strength of cellulose fibers reached 70 cN tex À1 (Fig. 2C). 53,108 In the dry-wet spinning process, many parameters, such as the DP of cellulose, the concentration of the spinning dope, and the drawing ratio in the air gap, had an impact on the mechanical properties of fibers. Furthermore, Michud et al. 108 indicated that the distribution of cellulose chains and the dynamic modulus of the ...
Context 3
... years, a new technique based on ionic liquids, KHNILCELLt, has been jointly developed by ICCAS and Shandong Henglian New Materials Co. Ltd. The process is characterized by the use of AmimCl as a direct and powerful solvent to dissolve cellulose, and the use of water to coagulate cellulose into films. These obtained cellulose films, as shown in Fig. 2D, are smooth, transparent, and glossy, and the chain degradation of regenerated cellulose is negligible due to the mild dissolution and regeneration conditions. Therefore, these films have higher strengths and elongation at break than the commercially regenerated cellulose films with the same cellulose feedstock. In addition, it has ...
Context 4
... with water and alcohols. 147 Heating-cooling processes, 139,148-153 chemical and irradiation crosslinking, 138,154,155 and longtime aging 156,157 were also used for gelation. Generally, the obtained cellulose gels were immersed in a series of solvents to remove ionic liquids and exchange the liquid phase to obtain hydrogels or organogels (Fig. 2E). For cellulose-based gel electrolytes, ionic liquids were kept in the gels to enhance the electrochemical properties. 152,153 If the liquid in these gels was replaced with air while the solid network was maintained by using special drying techniques, a highly porous material, namely aerogel, was obtained. 158 Since the beginning of the ...
Context 5
... 3D network skeleton was maintained. Both supercritical fluid drying 159-178 and freezedrying techniques 148,149,[166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177] were widely used for removing solvents. In general, regenerated cellulose aerogels prepared by supercritical fluid drying had a nanofibrillar network structure with open-pores (Fig. 2F), 161-172 while those prepared by freeze-drying were composed of networks of thin cellulose sheets. 165,176 Regenerated cellulose aerogels could be further modified with functional materials to modulate their properties, such as increasing hydrophobicity, 164 antibacterial activity, 166 and flame retardancy, 171 and to extend their ...
Similar publications
The growing interest in the modification of chitosan with improved solubility has been introduced new applications to enhance chitosan biological properties. The aim of the current study was to obtain carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and to apply it as stabilizer for preparation of cosmetic gels. For this purpose, initially, chitosan was reacted with m...
Crystals of 1-(1,4-dihydroxy)-2,3,4,5-(1,4-dioctyloxy)-pillar[5]arene, C 99 H 158 O 10 ·C 2 H 4 Cl 2 , were grown from a 1,2-dicholoroethane/ n -hexane solvent system. In the crystal, the encapsulated 1,2-dichloroethane solvent is stabilized by C—H...π interactions and mediates the formation of an interlocked supramolecular polymer via C—H...Cl int...
A two-step synthetic pathway for direct introduction of the nitromethyl functional group at the meso-position of BODIPY core was explored using a number of meso-unsubstituted BODIPY platforms. Spectral properties of the resulting meso-nitromethyl containing BODIPYs was found to be sensitive to the pH change as well as to the presence of water in or...
![TABLE 1 | The acidity of anion precursor (HX) in [DBUH][OTf] and the...](publication/330448509/figure/tbl1/AS:716056586883079@1547732602884/The-acidity-of-anion-precursor-HX-in-DBUHOTf-and-the-corresponding-CO-2_Q320.jpg)
![The structure of PILs [DBUH][X] involved in this work.](publication/330448509/figure/fig1/AS:11431281243068027@1715642601977/The-structure-of-PILs-DBUHX-involved-in-this-work_Q320.jpg)
![The kinetic profiles of CO2 absorption in the PIL [DBUH][X] (1–11,...](publication/330448509/figure/fig3/AS:11431281243093773@1715642602371/The-kinetic-profiles-of-CO2-absorption-in-the-PIL-DBUHX-1-11-Table-1_Q320.jpg)
![IR spectra of [DBUH][Im] (1) before and after CO2 absorption.](publication/330448509/figure/fig4/AS:11431281243093774@1715642602590/IR-spectra-of-DBUHIm-1-before-and-after-CO2-absorption_Q320.jpg)
PILs are promising solvent systems for CO2 absorption and transformations. Although previously tremendous work has been paid to synthesize functionalized PILs to achieve a high-performance absorption, the underlying mechanisms are far less investigated and still not clear. In this work, a series of DBU-based PILs, i.e., [DBUH][X], with anions of va...
Cocrystals of the FDA-approved boron-containing API Tavaborole (AN2690) were obtained through liquid-assisted grinding and solvent evaporation with coformers functionalized with 4-pyridyl groups. The components form three- and four-component supramolecular assemblies sustained by a combination of (B)OH···Npyr hydrogen bonds and C–H···F interactions...
Citations
... It has some advantages against the traditional viscose (CS 2 ) and Lyocell (NMMO) processes, making it very promising for an industrial application. The traditional viscose method, which employs hazardous substances such as CS 2 , poses a significant environmental concern due to the emission of pollutants including H 2 S, SO 2 , strong bases, and sulfuric acid 68 . Lyocell faces challenges arising from secondary oxidative reactions, thermal instability, elevated temperatures required for the dissolution process (~120°C), and uncontrolled fibrillation when using the NMMO solvent, which makes the process more difficult to control at large scale 69 . ...
Biomass processing employing ionic liquids is already an established option at the laboratory scale. Ionic liquids can disrupt and deconstruct the lignocellulosic biomass network, giving rise to multiple options for valorisation. However, there is still much work remaining to accomplish the scale-up and commercialisation of ionic liquid-based biomass processing. Important issues such as ionic liquid cost and recyclability, among others, need to be carefully addressed. In addition, ionic liquids modify the structure and properties of the recovered materials, impacting potential applications. Due to the complex nature of ionic liquids, where multiple combinations of anions and cations are possible, these issues should be considered for each process and application, making it difficult to generalise for all cases. This perspective covers the main challenges and opportunities in the employment of ionic liquids for biomass processing, both in the biomass processing stage and in the valorisation of the recovered fractions. Among them, we discuss the importance of solvent recovery and costs as two critical issues to consider in biomass processing, as well as the major role lignin condensation plays in hindering ionoSolv lignin valorisation and different approaches to valorise the recovered cellulose.
... Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer and its nanoscale forms, cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils and bacterial nanocellulose, can be used as bio-based materials for the manufacture of fuel cell ion exchange membranes and catalyst electrodes, minimizing the impact of production for environmental friendly products (Zhang et al. 2017;Jose et al. 2019;Vilela et al. 2019;Muhmed et al. 2020). Nanocellulose (NC) has many advantages including renewability, low density, low cost, high crystallinity, high specific strength and modulus, biodegradability and biocompatibility (Mandal and Chakrabarty 2014;Vilela et al. 2019). ...
A series of nanocomposites based on quaternized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and nanocellulose (NC) from oil palm empty fruit bunch have been used as anion exchange membranes (AEM) for direct alcohol-hydrogen peroxide fuel cell (DAHPFC) applications. The PVA and NC are individually quaternized with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDT) and glycidyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (GAC), cross-linked, and cast to form quaternized polyvinyl alcohol/quaternized nanocellulose (QPVA/QNC) membranes following thermal treatment. We observe that an increase of QNC quaternization degree increases quaternary ammonium content and the dimensional stability of the QPVA/QNC membranes while inhibiting PVA matrix crystallinity, decreasing both HDT dispersal and membrane thermal stability. We determine that QPVA/QNCGAC30% membranes exhibit a maximum ion conductivity of 9.85 ± 0.07 mS/cm at room temperature and 29.07 ± 1.76 mS/cm at 80 °C with an ion exchange capacity of approximately 1.14 meq/g. Addition of QNC also enhances the alkaline stability of the optimized QPVA/QNC membrane with less ion conductivity loss. Optimized QPVA/QNC membranes have been demonstrated as an AEM in DAHPFCs without the use of platinum based catalysts. Compared with other membranes, we believe this nanocomposite membrane with comparable performances can promise AEM application in DAHPFCs.
... Therefore, ionic liquids provide a superior dissolving capability for certain biopolymers, such as keratin or cellulose, which are difficult to dissolve in conventional solvents. 14 Although the solubility of cellulose achieved in ionic liquids can be suitable to perform the electrospinning procedure, owing to the high viscosity of the resulting solution and nonvolatile nature these solvents, electrospinning of a cellulose/ionic liquids solution is not easy to perform. The solvent needs to be removed completely from the fibers as soon as after collection, which is typically performed using a coagulation bath. ...
In this study, we develop a bio-based and bioactive nanofibrous patch based on bacterial cellulose (BC) and chitin nanofibrils (CNs) using an ionic liquid as a solvent for BC, aimed at tympanic membrane (TM) repair. Electrospun BC nanofiber meshes were produced via electrospinning, and surface-modified with CNs using electrospray. The rheology of the BC/ionic liquid system was investigated. The obtained CN/BC meshes underwent comprehensive morphological, physico-chemical, and mechanical characterization. Cytotoxicity tests were conducted using L929 mouse fibroblasts, revealing a cell viability of 97.8%. In vivo tests on rabbit skin demonstrated that the patches were non-irritating. Furthermore, the CN/BC fiber meshes were tested in vitro using human dermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as model cells for TM perforation healing. Both cell types demonstrated successful growth on these scaffolds. The presence of CNs resulted in improved indirect antimicrobial activity of the electrospun fiber meshes. HaCaT cells exhibited an upregulated mRNA expression at 6 h and 24 h of key pro-inflammatory cytokines crucial for the wound healing process, indicating the potential benefits of CNs in the healing response. Overall, this study presents a natural and eco-sustainable fiber mesh with great promise for applications in TM repair, leveraging the synergistic effects of BC and CNs to possibly enhance tissue regeneration and healing.
... It is a structural component of cell wall in plants. The surface modifications with different functional groups and compounds on cellulose molecule improve its functions for antimicrobial, skin and wound dressing, drug delivery, Nerve & Ophthalmic tissue repairing, artificial blood vessels and bone tissue engineering [43][44][45]. Table 2 shows recent advances of natural biological macromolecules. ...
Biological macromolecules have been significantly used in the medicine due to their certain therapeutic values. Macromolecules have been employed in medical filed in order to enhance, support, and substitute damaged tissues or any other biological function. In the past decade, the biomaterial field has developed considerably because of vast innovations in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, etc. Different types of biological macromolecules such as natural protein and polysaccharide etc. and synthetic molecules such as metal based, polymer based, and ceramic based etc. have been discussed. These materials can be modified by coatings, fibres, machine parts, films, foams, and fabrics for utilization in biomedical products and other environmental applications. At present, the biological macromolecules can used in different areas like medicine, biology, physics, chemistry, tissue engineering, and materials science. These materials have been used to promote the healing of human tissues, medical implants, bio-sensors and drug delivery, etc. These materials also considered as environmentally sustainable as they are prepared in association with renewable natural resources and living organisms in contrast to non-renewable resources (petrochemicals). In addition, enhanced compatibility, durability and circular economy of biological materials make them highly attractive and innovative for current research. The present review paper summarizes a brief about biological macromolecules, their classification, methods of synthesis, and their role in biomedicine, dyes and herbal products.
... Ionic liquids (ILs) are a new and emerging class of solvents for dissolution, regeneration, and chemical modification of natural and synthetic polymers. Based on their outstanding features such as chemically stable, non-flammable, less vapor pressure, easily recyclable, biodegradability, functional variability, and highly soluble, the ILs are widely synthesized and utilized in chemical industries for the fabrication of functional materials [1][2][3][4]. In addition, the synthesis of diverse ionic liquids based on various cations and anions structures are achieving more and more substantial roles in extensive applications such as separation, electrochemistry, energy conversion, catalysis, purification, photoluminescence, analysis, and biomass processing [5,6]. ...
... It is a structural component of cell wall in plants. The surface modifications with different functional groups and compounds on cellulose molecule improve its functions for antimicrobial, skin and wound dressing, drug delivery, Nerve & Ophthalmic tissue repairing, artificial blood vessels and bone tissue engineering [43][44][45]. Table 2 shows recent advances of natural biological macromolecules. ...
Biological macromolecules have been significantly used in the medicine due to their certain therapeutic values. Macromolecules have been employed in medical filed in order to enhance, support, and substitute damaged tissues or any other biological function. In the past decade, the biomaterial field has developed considerably because of vast innovations in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, etc. Different types of biological macromolecules such as natural protein and polysaccharide etc. and synthetic molecules such as metal based, polymer based, and ceramic based etc. have been discussed. These materials can be modified by coatings, fibres, machine parts, films, foams, and fabrics for utilization in biomedical products and other environmental applications. At present, the biological macromolecules can used in different areas like medicine, biology, physics, chemistry, tissue engineering, and materials science. These materials have been used to promote the healing of human tissues, medical implants, bio-sensors and drug delivery, etc. These materials also considered as environmentally sustainable as they are prepared in association with renewable natural resources and living organisms in contrast to non-renewable resources (petrochemicals). In addition, enhanced compatibility, durability and circular economy of biological materials make them highly attractive and innovative for current research. The present review paper summarizes a brief about biological macromolecules, their classification, methods of synthesis, and their role in biomedicine, dyes and herbal products.
... Cellulose dissolution mechanism in ionic liquid [13]. ...
... It is very important that atom centers are located close enough to allow interactions and the formation of donor-acceptor complexes [12]. After the interaction of cellulose and the IL, the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyl groups separate, and as a result, open the hydrogen bonds between the molecular chains, achieving the dissolution of the cellulose [13]. In the article "The ...
This article refers to the chemical recovery of cellulose from fabrics composed of Cotton (CO)/Polyester (PES) achieved using Ionic Liquids (ILs). Initially, the effect of ionic liquids on the surface of the textile is analyzed, determining the influencing factors related to the entry of IL inside the textile and the chemical mechanism that controls the system. This work considers the influence of the time, ratio, and temperature variables on the system, with the aim of defining which of them has a greater influence on the process. The ability of ionic liquids, specifically 1-Allyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride (AmimCl), to dissolve cellulose and subsequently regenerate the material through a simulation of the wet spinning process is evaluated. The responsible for the fiber’s inflation, water or DMSO, has also been another factor of study, analyzing the influence of each solvent and the interactions when in contact with the ionic liquid. Finally, the regenerated substance is characterized by its surface structure using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), its molecular structure by Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis (FTIR), and its thermal stability by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).
... 2016). The ionic liquid used will disrupt the interaction of the cellulose intermolecular bonds by means of cations attacking the O atom from the -OH group and anions attacking the H atom from the -OH group (Zhang, 2017). One of the ionic liquids that can be used as a fire retardant for bamboo is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidzolium hexafluorophosphate (Miyafuji, 2013) because cellulose-based fibers have hydroxyl groups, they can be effectively suppressed with phosphorus-based flame retardants. ...
... In particular, cellulose carbonate seems to be an undesirable derivative because of the great difficulty of converting the hydroxyl groups of cellulose to carbonate groups and the toxic chemical reagents used in the preparation which are contrary to green chemistry (Elschner and Heinze 2015). However, as novel cellulose dissolving systems continue to be proposed and optimized (Cai et al. 2004;Zhang et al. 2017b), the underestimated cellulose carbonate may become a promising platform compound to harvest functional biopolymer derivatives. The most relevant system is dimethyl sulfoxide/organic strong bases/CO 2 dissolving system in which the hydroxyl groups, organic bases and carbon dioxide form a cellulose carbonate reversible ionic liquid in the polar solvent, which is conducive to subsequent grafting and other reactions (Xie et al. 2014). ...
... Employing aqueous solutions of metal complexes such as concentrated zinc chloride to dissolve cellulose and preparing mul-tifunctional cellulose hydrogel electrolytes for flexible zinc-ion energy storage devices should be vigorously advocated, since this method does not introduce additional operating procedures, and the abundant zinc salts enable the electrolytes readily to obtain excellent antifreeze and electrochemical performances. Besides, it is proved that ionic liquids are capable of dissolve cellulose effectively through the interaction of anions and cations with cellulose (Zhang et al. 2017b). Ionic liquids are also considered to be important plasticizers for improving the conductivity, electrochemical stability and thermal stability of PEs, and can confer excellent self-healing properties on PEs because of their ability to bind to covalent self-repairing and cross-linking polymer networks. ...
Gel polymer electrolytes and solid polymer electrolytes are two promising alternatives to substitute separator and liquid electrolyte for a safer and better lithium-based battery. However, low ionic conductivities and poor mechanical properties are still two serious flaws that suppress their commercial applications. Cellulose-based materials have increasingly attracted attention in the development of polymer electrolytes (PEs) owing to their abundant reserves, eco-friendliness and fascinating inherent properties. This review summarizes the structural features, physicochemical characteristics and different kinds of cellulose derivatives, as well as the most recent advances in the field of cellulose-based PEs. Further, diverse manufacturing approaches to obtain PEs and various modification methods to improve the comprehensive performance of PEs are included. Finally, perspectives with regard to the future development of cellulose-based PEs for lithium-based batteries are proposed.
... It has been reported that some polar solvents, such as N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc)/lithium chloride (LiCl) and NaOH/urea system [26] can disolve CGC, in spite of the low dissolving capacity. However, these solvents have disadvantages like difficulty in solvent recovery, instability and critical processing conditions [27,28]. Ionic liquids (ILs) are novel molten salts with low melting points, which are usually below 100 °C. ...
... Ionic liquids (ILs) are novel molten salts with low melting points, which are usually below 100 °C. Compared with conventional aqueous and organic solvents, ILs have attractive properties including high thermal and chemical stabilities, negligible vapor pressure, nonflammability and easy recyclability [27]. ILs have thus been developed as alternative direct solvents for biopolysaccharides like chitin, chitosan, glucomannan, starch and agarose without derivatization [27]. ...
... Compared with conventional aqueous and organic solvents, ILs have attractive properties including high thermal and chemical stabilities, negligible vapor pressure, nonflammability and easy recyclability [27]. ILs have thus been developed as alternative direct solvents for biopolysaccharides like chitin, chitosan, glucomannan, starch and agarose without derivatization [27]. ...
Chitin and glucan in the cell wall of Ganoderma lucidum have various biological activities, but are usually not effectively utilized or discarded as insoluble waste. The aim of this study is to characterize the chitin-glucan complex extracted from Ganoderma lucidum residues and to access its application potential as a hemostatic material. Ganoderma lucidum chitin-glucan complex (GLCGC) was extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, and GLCGC was prepared into a novel Ganoderma lucidum chitin-glucan complex hydrogel (GLCGCH) with ionic liquid [AMIM]Cl. GLCGC and lyophilized GLCGCH was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, swelling capacity, rheological properties and hemostatic properties. Our results showed that the extracted GLCGC mainly consisted of glucan (76.7 ± 2.9%) and chitin (3.85 ± 0.55%). The hydrogel GLCGCH had three-dimensional porous structure with good performance in swelling behavior (with swelling ratios of 1181.0–1891.0%). With no cytotoxicity against mouse fibroblast cells, GLCGCH showed good blood compatibility (with hemolysis ratios of 0.9–1.5%) and in vitro blood coagulation property (with blood clotting indices of 35.3–41.9%), indicating GLCGCH has great hemostatic effect. This work provided new insight into the integrated utilization of Ganoderma lucidum residues. The prepared hydrogel could be used as a promising material for hemostatic application.
Graphical Abstract
