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(A) Schematic diagram of immuno-functionalized MN patch for PE diagnosis by detecting E2 biomarker at the sub-nanogram level. Reproduced with permission (Kang et al., 2020). Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (B) Schematic representation of the hydrogel-coated microneedle platform during sampling of the interstitial fluid. Reproduced with permission (Al Sulaiman et al., 2019). Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (C) Schematic workflow of the assay, with MN patches sampling (I) and a POCT electrochemical microfluidic platform (II). Reproduced with permission (Yang B. et al., 2019). Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (D) Schematics of an aptamer-decorated porous MN array. The biomarkers could be captured by probes on the MNs. Reproduced with permission (Yi et al., 2021). Copyright 2021, Elsevier.
Source publication
The collection and analysis of biological samples are an effective means of disease diagnosis and treatment. Blood sampling is a traditional approach in biological analysis. However, the blood sampling approach inevitably relies on invasive techniques and is usually performed by a professional. The microneedle (MN)-based devices have gained increas...
Citations
... Furthermore, the still relatively large size of needle-like sensors compared to biological tissues, coupled with the lack of flexibility, may make them potentially harmful to the human body [59]. The cost and scale of production limit the widespread industrialization of MNs, which is another significant barrier to their adoption on a larger scale [60]. ...
Needle-type sensor, characterized by its slender, elongated shape, is a promising sensing method due to its rapid response, high sensitivity, and portability. Recently, the needle-type sensor technology has garnered increasing attention, leading to its accelerated development and extensive use in medical and healthcare, environmental monitoring, and geosciences. However, there remains a need for a comprehensive review of existing research. Here, we utilize scientometric analysis, which is booming recently, to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the needle-type sensor field. This analysis covers various aspects, including annual trends, journals, institutions, countries, disciplines, authors, references, and keywords of 136,667 publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database spanning from January 1, 2004, to January 1, 2024. Additionally, we identify current hotspots, frontiers, and predict future trends. Eventually, three research hotspots are refined: multidisciplinary materials science, sensor miniaturization and integration, and biomedical engineering, indicating that further investigations may focus on creating biocompatible materials to enhance sensing properties, optimizing sensor structure through miniaturization and integration methods, and improving clinical applications in biomedical engineering. This work may facilitate the development of needle-type sensors.
... In terms of microneedles, the release of an active ingredient in line with an increase or decrease in a particular biological marker that is circadian would lead to smart and highly personalised administration of chronotherapeutic drugs. Bio-responsive MNs and polymers that work to release insulin to control glucose levels are a new and interesting area of research [108,[135][136][137]. The expansion of research into bio-responsive polymers and particles provides an opportunity for the expansion of microneedles as bio-responsive agents, allowing the delivery of drugs at the correct time of day and aiding in chrono-tailoring drug delivery. ...
Circadian rhythms influence a range of biological processes within the body, with the central clock or suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain synchronising peripheral clocks around the body. These clocks are regulated by external cues, the most influential being the light/dark cycle, in order to synchronise with the external day. Chrono-tailored or circadian drug delivery systems (DDS) aim to optimise drug delivery by releasing drugs at specific times of day to align with circadian rhythms within the body. Although this approach is still relatively new, it has the potential to enhance drug efficacy, minimise side effects, and improve patient compliance. Chrono-tailored DDS have been explored and implemented in various conditions, including asthma, hypertension, and cancer. This review aims to introduce the biology of circadian rhythms and provide an overview of the current research on chrono-tailored DDS, with a particular focus on immunological applications and vaccination. Finally, we draw on some of the key challenges which need to be overcome for chrono-tailored DDS before they can be translated to more widespread use in clinical practice.
Graphical Abstract
... However, for thyroid diseases, especially thyroid dysfunction, blood testing to measure thyroid hormone levels is essential for accurate assessment. Self-sampling of capillary blood using a microneedle device is one way of self-collection of blood [2,3], and this method has already been used in patients with diabetes to check glucose levels [4]. Although the currently used fingertip pricking with microneedle method is accepted worldwide and is less painful than venous blood sampling, this method can collect only 3 µL of capillary blood [5]. ...
... Although the currently used fingertip pricking with microneedle method is accepted worldwide and is less painful than venous blood sampling, this method can collect only 3 µL of capillary blood [5]. Conversely, a microneedle capillary blood collection device enabled us to collect 100 μL of capillary blood samples from the upper arm [6] with less pain than usual venous blood sampling or fingertip pricking method [3,5]. Some studies that used this device have revealed that major immune cells [7]; SARS-CoV-2 antibody [8]; and biochemical components including liver enzymes [9], autoantibodies [10,11], and inflammatory markers [10][11][12] can be measured as accurately as in venous blood samples. ...
Background
The remote performance of thyroid function blood tests is complicated because it requires blood collection.
Objective
To compare TSH and free thyroxine (FT4) levels between capillary and venous blood and assess the adequacy of measuring each value in capillary blood.
Methods
This prospective intervention study was conducted at Ito Hospital and was based on the clinical research method. The participants were 5 healthy female volunteers and 50 patients (41 females and 9 males) between the ages of 23 and 81 years. To measure TSH and FT4 levels in capillary and venous blood, a digital immunoassay (d-IA) method capable of measuring trace samples was used. Chemiluminescence measurements were used as controls. Values obtained for each assay system were compared using Spearman's correlation analysis. Capillary blood was collected using an autologous device (TAP II; not approved in Japan).
Results
Capillary plasma volume obtained using TAP II was 125 µL or more in 26 cases, 25 µL to 124 µL in 24 cases, and less than 25 µL in 5 cases. Strong correlations were noted in the TSH and FT4 levels between capillary and venous blood, with correlation coefficients of rs = 0.99 and rs = 0.97, respectively.
Conclusion
Capillary TSH and FT4 levels strongly correlate with venous blood values. Trace samples can be used in high-precision d-IA methods. These results may promote telemedicine in assessing thyroid function.
... In addition, the process of metabolic profiling can facilitate the identification of biomarkers that enable precise disease diagnosis, which is fundamental for the development of personalized treatment regimens 2 . Blood sampling using biometric tests is the gold standard in modern medicine to elucidate biomarker levels in biological samples due to its high efficiency and low cost 3 . Nevertheless, the invasiveness of blood sampling and the requirement for adequately trained health-care staff to perform sampling and analysis necessitate the development of alternative bioanalytical techniques. ...
Microneedles (MNs) are microscopic needles that are applied to the skin in a minimally invasive way to facilitate transdermal drug delivery and/or uptake of interstitial fluid from the skin, which contains a variety of metabolites that can serve as biomarkers. The collection of interstitial fluid can be followed by post-sampling analysis or in situ real-time biosensing for disease diagnosis and drug monitoring. The painless and easy administration of MNs is appealing to patients, especially
for long-term monitoring. In this Review, we discuss the use of MNs for biosensing purposes. We highlight the different types of MNs and sensing technologies used to develop MN-based biosensors. In addition, we discuss the potential to integrate MNs with wearable devices for real- time monitoring to improve point-of-care testing. Finally, we review the translational hurdles to be considered in bringing this technology from benchtop to bedside.
... A noninvasive myoelectrical control scheme mainly consists of sEMG acquisition [29][30][31][32] and sEMG-based control strategy (figures 1(d) and (e)). Amputees' motion intentions are identified to control hand prostheses voluntarily. ...
Significant advances have been made to improve control and to provide sensory functions for bionic hands. However, great challenges remain limiting wide acceptance of bionic hands due to inadequate bi-directional neural compatibility with human users. Recent research has brought to light the necessity for matching neuromechanical behaviors between the prosthesis and the sensorimotor system of amputees. A novel approach to achieving greater neural compatibility leverages the technology of biorealistic modeling with real-time computation. These studies have demonstrated a promising outlook that this unique approach may transform the performance of hand prostheses. Simultaneously, a non-invasive technique of somatotopic sensory feedback has been developed based on evoked tactile sensation (ETS) for conveying natural, intuitive and digit-specific tactile information to users. This article reports the recent work in these two important aspects of sensorimotor functions in prosthetic research. A background review is presented first on the state-of-the-art of bionic hand and the various techniques to deliver tactile sensory information to users. Then the progress in developing the novel biorealistic hand prosthesis and the technique of non-invasive ETS feedback is highlighted. Finally, challenges to future development of the biorealistic hand prosthesis and implementing the ETS feedback are discussed with respect to shaping a next-generation hand prosthesis.
... Blood is usually collected by pricking the tips of finger and then testing on the device. Recently, microneedles can be integrated with sensors for the regular monitoring of the analytes such as blood [46]. Microneedle patches can also be used for the sampling of blood from patients. ...
Personalized point-of-care testing (POCT) devices, such as wearable sensors, enable quick access to health monitoring without the use of complex instruments. Wearable sensors are gaining popularity owing to their ability to offer regular and continuous monitoring of physiological data by dynamic, non-invasive assessments of biomarkers in biofluids such as tear, sweat, interstitial fluid and saliva. Current advancements have concentrated on the development of optical and electrochemical wearable sensors as well as advances in non-invasive measurements of biomarkers such as metabolites, hormones and microbes. For enhanced wearability and ease of operation, microfluidic sampling, multiple sensing, and portable systems have been incorporated with materials that are flexible. Although wearable sensors show promise and improved dependability, they still require more knowledge about interaction between the target sample concentrations in blood and non-invasive biofluids. In this review, we have described the importance of wearable sensors for POCT, their design and types of these devices. Following which, we emphasize on the current breakthroughs in the application of wearable sensors in the realm of wearable integrated POCT devices. Lastly, we discuss the present obstacles and forthcoming potentials including the use of Internet of Things (IoT) for offering self-healthcare using wearable POCT.
... Liu et al., 2021). Bu mikroiğneler epidermis korneumunu geçerek ve herhangi bir ağrı algılayan nöron veya dermal kan damarıyla temastan kaçarak canlı epidermise daha etkili şekilde yerleşebilirler (Lu, Zada, Yang, & Dong, 2022). Bu yüzden, mikroiğneler minimal invaziv, neredeyse ağrısız ve anti-enfeksiyözdür(Zhang, Wang, Chi, & Zhao, 2020). ...
HEMODİYALİZ HASTALARINDA YORGUNLUĞU AZALTMAK İÇİN KULLANILAN TAMAMLAYICI TERAPİLER
... 4 Tremendous advances have been achieved in both the design and targets of MN (bio)sensors, with glucose sensors at the forefront of the list. 5,6 Yet, there are several challenges to be addressed, including new analytes, proper calibration, reliable validation of on-body data, and the managing of ethical permits, which results in only few investigations reaching true in vivo measurements. 7−9 Amino acids (AAs) are potential targets of MN biosensors, as the clinical interest in their detection has increased in recent years owing to new discoveris. ...
... For the WE, a Prussian Blue (PB) layer was electrodeposited on the C-MN surface by 10 cyclic voltammetry cycles from −0.5 to 0.6 V at 50 mV s −1 in a solution comprising 2.5 mM 6 ], 100 mM KCl, and 100 mM HCl. This deposition was followed by a 1-h curing at 100°C in the oven. ...
... We opted for the initial addition of a C layer to the bare MN to facilitate the stronger attachment of the PB film due to the fact that a passive film on the stainless-steel surface (essentially formed by the oxide/hydroxide of chromium and iron) may prevent the direct bonding of the PB. 25 We explored the addition of a PB layer to C-coated MNs via either a chemical reaction or electrodeposition. The chemical reaction was carried out by drop-casting 8 μL of PB precursor solution (0.1 M of FeCl 3 , K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ], KCl, and HCl) onto the MN tip, then allowing 20 min for a reaction at room temperature under dark conditions. Next, the solution was removed, and the MN tip was cleaned in 0.1 M HCl followed by curing for 1 h at 100°C in an oven. ...
Glycine (GLY) is gaining importance in medical diagnoses due to its relationship with multiple physiological functions. Today, GLY is exclusively analyzed using instrumentation centralized in clinical labs, and a tangible point-of-care tool that gathers real-time data from the patient for effective and fast evaluations is lacking. Relevant clinical advances are expected as soon as the rapid provision of both punctual and continuous measurements is possible. In that context, this work presents a microneedle (MN)-based biosensor for intradermal GLY detection in interstitial fluid (ISF). The MN tip is externally tailored to detect GLY levels through the hydrogen peroxide formed in its reaction with a quinoprotein-based GLY oxidase enzyme. The analytical performance of the MN biosensor indicates a fast response time (<7 s); acceptable reversibility, reproducibility, and stability; as well as a wide linear range of response (25-600 μM) that covers the physiological levels of GLY in ISF. The MN biosensor conveniently exhibits high selectivity for GLY over other compounds commonly found in ISF, and the response is not influenced by temperature, pH, or skin insertions. Validated intradermal measurements of GLY were obtained at the in vitro (with pieces of rat skin), ex vivo (on-body tests of euthanized rats) and in vivo (on-body tests of anesthetized rats) levels, demonstrating its ability to produce accurate physiological data. The developed GLY MN biosensor is skin-wearable and provides reliable, real-time intradermal GLY measurements in ISF by means of a minimally invasive approach.
The precise measurement of bio-potential signals using microneedle electrodes is essential for understanding health conditions, diagnosing diseases, and monitoring treatments. As microfabrication technologies continue to advance, microneedle electrodes produced in mass production have emerged as significant innovations in the field. They are characterized by their small size, high sensitivity, and minimal invasiveness to the skin. This review discusses the technical principles, developmental progress, and recent research trends of microneedle electrodes suitable for measuring human bio-potential signals and their future application prospects.
Microneedles are extensively used in the field of drug deliveries and disease treatment. Cellulose porous microneedles were fabricated using the cellulose acetate phase separation method followed by a deacetylation process. The developed cellulose microneedles were tested for porosity, mechanical strength, penetration, and surface hydrophobicity. The porosity of cellulose microneedles increased by approximately 15%, while the Young’s modulus, indicative of mechanical strength, increased by approximately 30% compared with cellulose acetate microneedles before the deacetylation process. The cellulose microneedles easily penetrated the sample skin, making it a potential tool for transdermal drug delivery. The developed cellulose microneedles exhibited enhanced hydrophilicity in comparison to cellulose acetate microneedles. The increased hydrophilicity of the developed microneedles positions them as promising tools for efficient interstitial fluid extraction. These characteristics not only make them suitable for drug delivery but also highlights their potential as biosensors.
