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The paper discusses a study of policies for sustainable tourism developed at all four policy making levels in Greece using a complex systems approach. Complexity was examined between policy issues i.e. the elements constituting policy considerations. The mental models of policy makers were elicited, built and analyzed by applying appropriately deve...
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The riparian forest of Nestos Delta, known as Kotza Orman (Great Forest) decreased from 12,000 in 1920 ha to only 155 ha in 1953. Since 2003 actions for the restoration of the natural forest vegetation, nature interpretation and sustainable tourism development were implemented. An integrated management plan has been produced and 280 ha of former po...
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Sustainable development is a key tool for the management of areas with natural and cultural wealth. Particularly in protected areas, the sustainable use of natural resources enables the rational use of environmental resources and environmental awareness, both for the protection from increased tourism and for mild development of downgraded areas. La...
Sustainable development is a key tool for the management of areas with natural and cultural wealth. Particularly in protected areas, the sustainable use of natural resources enables the rational use of environmental resources and environmental awareness, both for the protection from increased tourism and for mild development of downgraded areas. La...
Citations
... Moreover, countries recognized the considerable potential of tourism and its contribution to economic growth, which resulted in the development and promotion of specific forms of tourism (e.g., ecotourism, rural tourism, and recreational tourism) to the masses (Lane & Kastenholz, 2015;Prayag & Ryan, 2011). At this time, governments and policymakers were tinkering with the regulations and frameworks to promote environmental conservation and responsible usage of natural resources (Farsari et al., 2011). Small tourist operators and businesses benefitted from the increase in tourists and sometimes overlooked the harmful impacts of "over-tourism." ...
... categorized into two broad categories: destination tourism and tourism industry). Topics such as destination management, eco-tourism, and cultural tourism are examples of destination tourism (e.g.,Albrecht et al., 2021;Farsari et al., 2011;Hsu et al., 2022). Heritage or cultural tourism pertains to destinations having a rich cultural history with ancient artifacts of importance. ...
With the growth of sustainable tourism research and its practical relevance in today's world, it is important to integrate and synthesize the vast amount of intellectual work on this topic. This research applies a novel and robust structural topic modeling technique to analyze textual data from a total of 3289 research articles on sustainable tourism published between 1978 and 2022. The topics identified have been classified into macro, meso, and micro levels. Further, we compared and contrasted research themes across three time periods to provide a coherent, cohesive, and holis-tic overview of the extant literature in each period and discuss their contributions to knowledge. This article presents the publication trends, research evolution in the last four decades, and identifies emerging topics and future research opportunities to advance knowledge. K E Y W O R D S 3M framework, literature review, structural topic modeling, sustainable tourism
... A pesar de que el turismo ha experimentado una continua expansión, diversificación y un rápido crecimiento en las últimas décadas (Mihalič, 2014), no ha sido convenientemente abordado por los tomadores de decisiones (Farsari et al., 2011). En este sentido, las ACP podrían surgir como una oportunidad para aquellas comunidades campesinas de Piura que buscan emprender actividades de turismo rural comunitario y contribuir a la estrategia de conservación de los recursos naturales que constituyen los principales atractivos turísticos. ...
Community rural tourism is a driving force for local economic development by making sustainable use of a community's resources. The Juan Velasco Alvarado Hilly Dry Forest Private Conservation Area -JVA HDF PCA- has latent tourism potential, which to date, has not been properly exploited by the Juan Velasco Alvarado Peasant Community -JVA PC-. The objective of the study is to formulate a proposal for the development of community rural tourism of the JVA HDF PCA. A situational analysis of the tourist supply and demand of the area was carried out where Pilán Hill, the Inca Mine, the Jaguayes Salas and Cerezo were recognized as the most important tourist resources, whilst the main problem identified was the poor management of tourism in the area. JVA HDF PCA by the JVA PC. As a final result, a proposed action plan was prepared that proposes capacity building, the improvement of ecological infrastructure, and the formation of strategic alliances in order to achieve the sustainability of the natural resources management in the dry forest and the progress of the local community.
... Some constructs are either cotails or potent. The potent analysis assumes that the more goals a concept supports, the more potent this concept is [47]. Running the command POTENT, it was possible to check the various clusters to which the same potent construct belonged and to identify the relevant ones. ...
The Brazilian forest-based sector (FBS) has a complex and important role in leading local and global bioeconomy and sustainable development initiatives. Among these tasks is the improvement and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, key actors in the FBS still have different perspectives regarding their contributions to the implementation and achievement of the SDGs, and this shortage of understanding and complex problem structure may result in misleading strategic planning, which must be improved to increase and strengthen their participation. This study proposes a participatory assessment to comprehend the perceptions of the Brazilian forest-based sector’s key actors and their contributions to achieving the SDGs by using a problem structuring method (PSM). Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA), a method from PSM and soft operational research, was used to support the strategic decisions and assist in formulating the strategies. Following the SODA approach, this study interviewed 13 key actors from different forest sector institutions in Brazil and listed strategies to improve their contributions to the SDGs. As a result, 29 main goals and 68 strategic options were mapped. The goals reflect the key actor’s understanding of the main contributions of the Brazilian FBS to the SDGs, and the strategic options represent the main strategies that can be implemented to strengthen the participation and positioning of these institutions in Agenda 2030.
... In the present day, discussions relating to tourism have become dominated by the principles of sustainability (Dredge, 2008). Sustainable tourism continues, however, to be an adjustable concept (Farsari et al., 2011) which means different things to different people (Maxim, 2013). Likewise, sustainable tourism is a part of the economy comprising the current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of the tourist, the industry, the environment and host communities (UNWTO, 2005). ...
The growth of tourism industry presents both opportunities and challenges and requires effective marketing strategies to promote sustainable development. In this context, the study examines the current state and identifies sustainable marketing strategies for religious tourism in Nepal. The study is based on a qualitative research design and utilizes self-administered open-ended questions to collect data. It employs snowball sampling to select samples from two distinct groups: tourism professionals and entrepreneurs, who are acknowledged for their remarkable abilities and expertise in the field and have achieved high levels of professional recognition at the national level. The analysis involves identifying key themes related to the data and relevant literature using a thematic analytical approach. The study is limited due to the small sample size. Results of the study indicate that a balanced approach, which integrates economic, social, and environmental marketing initiatives, is crucial for the sustainable development of Nepal’s religious tourism industry. The study emphasizes the interdependent nature of these initiatives and their significant impact on the industry’s long-term viability. The study provides insights into the key marketing strategies and best practices of religious tourism for governments, tourism boards, entrepreneurs and stakeholders to drive long-term success and growth in Nepal.
... Despite these efforts, there remains a gap between the goals set in tourism agendas and their effective implementation [34,35]. A multi-layer approach in sustainable and responsible tourism planning was still missing, and was caused mainly by the complexity of the sector and tourism system's rapid and frequent changes [36][37][38][39]. The ST + 20 World Summit on Sustainable Tourism in 2015 brought together key actors to integrate sustainability into tourism policies and operations, aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals [40][41][42][43]. ...
This paper examines whether destination cards can simultaneously serve tourists’ needs and sustainability goals. It provides useful insights for tourism authorities and policymakers in designing a smart tourist card that meets the needs of tourists while preserving and supporting areas’ wellbeing. Taking Thessaloniki city as a case study, a tourist survey, designed based on the key features of European destination cards, was implemented to identify needs and motivations. Interesting insight was revealed: tourists want to self-explore the city, are coming with their families, are history-lovers and gastronomy-keen, and are strongly willing to be provided with a destination card offering unlimited access to public transport. The latter reveals an opportunity for the city; the tourists are willing to use sustainable mobility options, which means that a base of sustainable travelling exists. The proposed Thessaloniki smart card can bring together tourists’ needs with the city’s sustainability goals; the development of tourist packages, including sustainable mobility provisions, walking-talking tours, and bike rentals, should be the backbone of the card. The next challenge for the city is to build a cooperation network to support this smart destination card implementation and promotion.
... Despite complexity science being used increasingly to investigate tourism policy problems (Baggio et al., 2010;Farsari et al., 2011;Suno Wu et al., 2021), there are few tools available that systematically untangle multifaceted systems. Complexity science discards methods that focus on mechanical and singular causality to favour those that consider the interrelationships and the circular patterns of interactions existing in complex systems (Boulton et al., 2015;Mitleton-Kelly et al., 2018;Stacey et al., 2000). ...
... Tourism governance and policymaking have often been considered complex and messy (Farsari et al., 2011;Stevenson et al., 2009), while the instruments developed to guide policymakers in their decisions have been criticised for being reductionist and linear (Ansell and Geyer, 2017;Sanderson, 2009). This is particularly true with informational instruments, a typology of policy instruments created to fill 'information gaps' with the expectation that the production of information will lead to improved understanding and knowledge in the policy actors and ultimately, changes in behaviour or in ways of governing (Blackstock et al., 2021). ...
... We argue that conducting a complexity science analysis can help us achieve that. This is because policy does not result from an intentional, isolated act of government; instead, it is the outcome of collective actions in which various actors collaborate and/or compete to pursue their own self-interests (Dredge and Jamal, 2015;Farsari et al., 2011;Morçöl, 2012). As such, the evidence from these instruments becomes just one of the many elements that contribute to bringing about policy change (Parkhurst, 2017). ...
Methods to capture the complexity of using policy instruments would allow us to better evaluate the reasons for their effectiveness. Drawing from complexity science, we produce a Causal Loop Diagram to analyse the implementation of two informational policy instruments in a tourism destination: the Global Sustainable Tourism Council criteria and the European Tourism Indicator Scheme. To interpret the emerging system structure, we use complexity theory concepts of emergence; interdependence and interconnectivity; co-evolution; self-organisation; feedback; historicity and path dependence. This qualitative methodology sheds light on the interplay of factors that facilitate and impede the continuous use of these policy instruments. It shows how adopting a complexity science approach to evaluation studies can be invaluable to making tourism policy interventions more impactful.
... The ways in which planners can deal with these complexities have been debated in both academia and practice during the last decade. Complexity theories offer valuable perspectives for both leisure and tourism studies (Farsari, Butler, and Szivas 2011;Speakman 2016) and spatial planning theory (Chettiparamb 2013;De Roo 2017). Both leisure and spatial planning have often relied on the reduction of uncertainty, whether through a technical rational approach or a focus on consensus building. ...
... A growing interest in evolutionary approaches, for instance in evolutionary economic geography (EEG) is visible in leisure studies (Brouder et al. 2017;Ma and Hassink 2013;Saarinen, Rogerson, and Hall 2017). Additionally, some academics have focused on unpredictability in leisure through the lens of complexity theories (Farsari, Butler, and Szivas 2011;McDonald 2009;Milne and Ateljevic 2001;Zahra and Ryan 2007). This paper explores such a complexity approach to leisure planning and argues that this approach can take into account the broader goals of leisure-led regional development that transcend the economic. ...
Leisure-led regional development refers to leisure as a mechanism to achieve broad societal goals within a region: economic revenue, employment and service levels but also cultural or conservationist ambitions. Engaging in such leisure-led regional development proves a complex matter. Based on ethnographies of leisure in the Dutch province of Fryslân conducted over a five-year period between 2013 and 2018, this paper argues that combining theoretical understanding of complexity theories with analyses based on both evolutionary and discursive approaches results in enhanced understanding of the interactions shaping uncertainty in leisure development. Results of field observations, interviews, participation and document analysis show that planning for leisure-led regional development should consider autonomous and evolutionary processes, whilst focusing on purposefully influencing the interactions and perspectives of actors in leisure. More precisely, this means shaping the narratives and practices in these institutions which make specific interactions more likely to develop. This can be undertaken by including in planning efforts the individual perspectives and emotions among actors in the regional leisure sector. To cope with uncertainty at the heart of leisure-led regional development, an adaptive strategy should be adopted, both in the planning efforts taken and in how such efforts are monitored and evaluated.
... Similar to residents, tourists quickly develop cognitive images that are influenced by experiences and time spent in the area (Walmsley & Jenkins, 1992;Farsari, Butler, & Szivas, 2011). A similar use of the mental map could also be used to identify specific points of interest that are sufficiently perceived and have enough potential to be considered as tourists locations. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology for shaping the tourist spatial identity of the city and to take advantage of it to discover alternative urban outdoor spaces. As the number of indoor visitors has been limited due to the COVID-19 pandemic, open urban areas such as streets, squares and parks have become more important tourist locations.
Design/methodology/approach
The assessment methodology consists of two basic steps. In the first step, the authors look for places or points that are carriers of spatial identity. For this purpose, the method of mental mapping is used. In the second step, statistical methods are used to evaluate the spatial suitability for the most common tourist activities. To obtain a holistic picture, a temporal component is included.
Findings
The application of the methodology is presented in the form of a case study. The obtained research results provide an insight into the spatial situation of the city of Maribor (Slovenia, Europe). Tourist spatial identity of a city depends on time. Based on the value of spatial sensitivity indicator and the suitability of activities, it is possible to adapt the tourist offer to the temporal component.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is an original perspective on the spatial identity of tourists. The presented approach could be integrated as a good practice in any other city worldwide. It supports the identification of suitable outdoor tourist places that are memorable, cosy, multifunctional and can be recommended by city guides (mobile or printed books). Every city has many hidden gems that tourists have yet to discover.
... The TET process is complex, non-linear, and dynamic (Goeldner and Ritchie, 2007). Local governments often use tourism policies to promote TET (Suno Wu et al., 2021), but they are also affected by multiple external influences, including changes in social, economic, and political environments (Farsari et al., 2011). Meanwhile, the nonlinear relationship between TET entities leads to a form of synergy that makes the whole better than the sum of its parts (McDonald, 2009). ...
Tourism eco-transformation can provide a long-lasting competitive advantage. However, successful transformation is a challenge for both academia and industry. The literature has focused on the net effect of a single factor. Still, we build on the Technology-Organization-Environment framework and propose that tourism eco-transformation does not depend on a single condition but the configurational effect of organization, environment, and technology. We found six conditions that influence eco-transformation in Chinese provinces. The results show that 1) the tourism eco-transformation in China from 2016 to 2019 “declines first and then rises,” indicating a “U” shape. Spatial distribution is stable; 2) We can classify the high-level transformation model into four configurational types: technology-pulling organization, proactive organization, environmental stress organization, and comprehensive organization. Not-high-level transformation model can be categorized as comprehensive absence and respectable; 3) There are three critical conditions for tourism external connections, environmental regulation, and tourism ecology promotion. In contrast, digital information level, technology innovation capability, and tourism resource endowment are largely determined based on the specific situation. We explore high-level and not-high-level configurational paths of tourism eco-transformation and gain new theoretical insights. We also guide tourism managers to choose or modify high-level tourism eco-transformation paths based on local characteristics to avoid not-high-level tourism eco-transformation situations.
... As a result, the importance of stakeholder collaboration in tourism planning is well documented in research. The planning of destinations is perceived as: i) multi-objective, since it includes social, economic, and governance objectives(Gopnik et al., 2012;Farsari, Butler & Szivas, 2011) and ii) spatially-oriented given that results or forecasts apply only to a specific area. In general, stakeholders can be defined as individuals or groups who are interested in, involved with, or otherwise affected by particular tourism developments in their city(McCabe et al., 2012). ...
