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A–R. Nectria asiatica. A. Perithecia and short stipitate sporodochia in the natural environment. B. Perithecia on nature. C. Median section of perithecium. D. Median section of perithecial wall. E. Ascus. F. 0–1 septates ascospores. G. Short stipitate sporodochium in the natural environment. H. Median section of short stipitate sporodochium. I. Edge of short stipitate sprodochium. J. Acropleurogenous conidiophores in the natural environment. K. Conidia in the natural environment. L. Aerial conidiophores and conidial mass on SNA. M. Lateral phialidic pegs and conidia on SNA. N. Short aerial conidiophores and conidia on SNA. O. Densely blanched aerial conidiophores and conidia on SNA. P. Mature conidia and young conidia on SNA. Q. Budding mature conidia on SNA. R. Budding and germinating mature conidia (arrow) that were streaked onto SNA. Scale bars: A, L = 1 mm; B, C, G, H = 300 μm; D, I = 100 μm; E, J, K, M, R = 30 μm; F, N, O, P, Q = 15 μm.
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The genus Nectria is typified by N. cinnabarina, a wood-inhabiting fungus common in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. To determine the diversity within N. cinnabarina, specimens and cultures from Asia, Europe, and North America were obtained and examined. Their phylogeny was determined using sequences of multiple loci, specifically act,...
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Citations
... В результате исследований установлено, что на юго-востоке Казахстана наиболее распространенным видом является Nectria cinnabarina. Согласно литературным данным (Hirooka et al., 2011(Hirooka et al., , 2012, это относительно распространенный вид, который встречается на ряде лиственных деревьев и древесных кустарников в умеренных регионах Северного полушария. Иногда его считают растительным патогеном, вызывающим заболевание яблони и других лиственных пород деревьев, известное как «коралловое пятно» из-за розоватых спородохий на поверхности пораженных ветвей (рис. ...
The article presents data on the distribution of microscopic fungi of the genera Nectria and Neonectria in the territory of the south-east of Kazakhstan, developing as saprotrophs on fallen or dead branches of the host, or as wound parasites. The material for the research was the authors’ own collections on the territory of the Ile Alatau, Dzhungarian Alatau, Kungey Alatau, the Ketmen, Terskey and Altyn-Emel ridges, as well as herbarium specimens stored in the mycological herbarium of the Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction. 5 species of Nectria and Neonectria were identified, developing on 25 species of feeding plants. Most of the samples are represented by the conidial stage. The most common species is Nectria cinnabarina. Among the most affected species are representatives of the genus Ribes L., as well as the genera Acer L., Betula L., Malus Mill. and Rhamnus L. The maximum number of Nectria and Neonectria species was recorded at an altitude of 1200-1600 m above sea level, which corresponds to the belt of steppes, small-leaved and dark coniferous forests. In the steppe belt, representatives of Nectria and Neonectria are found in floodplain forests and shrubs.
... Спородохій з ніжкою. Вони зявляються поодиноко або групами по 2-6, до 1,6 мм заввишки, до 2,5 мм в діаметрі, білі, жовті, помаранчеві, іноді червоні [275] (рис. 245). ...
... Конідієносці з поодинокими інтеркалярними фіалідами, розмір яких 3-9 × 1,5-2 мкм, верхівкові клітини іноді стерильні. Конідії безбарвні, одноклітинні, вузькоеліптичні до циліндричних, 5,2-7 × 1,9-2,7 мкм, з гладкою поверхнею стінок [275,276]. ...
У монографії узагальнені дані з біоекології автохтонних та адвентивних
патокомплексів і шкідників калини, які можуть слугувати теоретичною і
практичною основою для селекції на резистентність до несприятливих біотичних
чинників плодових і садово-паркових насаджень калини. Ця наукова праця має
безперечний інтерес для фахівців з біології і екології рослин, селекціонерів,
агрономів з захисту і карантину рослин і може бути наглядним посібником для
науково-педагогічних працівників у сфері плодівництва та садово-паркового
господарства. А також наукова праця може слугувати настільною книгою для
студентів і аспірантів, що навчаються за спеціальністю 201 «Агрономія», 202
«Захист і карантин рослин», 203 «Садівництво та виноградарство» і 206 «Садово-
паркове господарство».
... The family is composed of versatile and cosmopolitan species belonging to endophytes (Shan et al. 2021;Werner et al. 1997;Zhou et al. 2021) or broad-host pathogens that cause stem cankers, branch and tip dieback, fruit rots, or the death of the host plant (Berlanas et al. 2020;Coleman 2016;Malapi-Wight et al. 2015;Michielse and Rep 2009;Nouri et al. 2019;Skaltsas and Salgado-Salazar 2020). Previous studies have segregated well-known and important plant pathogenic genera into several new genera and renewed various older generic names Hirooka et al. 2011Hirooka et al. , 2012Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2014;Lombard et al. 2015;Rossman et al. 2013;Schroers et al. 2011). ...
Chinese white pine, Pinus armandii, is a source of high-quality timber and an afforestation tree in China, which plays an important ecological and social role in water and soil conservation. Recently, a new canker disease has been reported in Longnan City, Gansu Province, where P. armandii is mainly distributed. In this study, the causal agent was isolated from diseased samples and identified as a fungal pathogen, Neocosmospora silvicola, based on morphological characteristics and molecular analyses (ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1-α). Pathogenicity tests on P. armandii revealed that N. silvicola isolates caused a 60% average mortality rate in artificially inoculated 2-year-old seedlings. The pathogenicity of these isolates was also observed on the branches of 10-year-old P. armandii trees with a 100% mortality rate. These results agree with the isolation of N. silvicola from diseased plants, suggesting the possible role of this fungus in the decline of P. armandii plants. Mycelial growth of N. silvicola was fastest on PDA medium, and growth occurred at pH values ranging from 4.0 to 11.0 with temperatures between 5℃ and 40℃. The fungus also grew rapidly in complete darkness compared with other light conditions. Of the 8 carbon and 7 nitrogen sources tested, starch and sodium nitrate were highly efficient in supporting the mycelial growth of N. silvicola, respectively. The ability of N. silvicola to grow at low temperatures (5℃) may explain its occurrence in the Longnan area of Gansu Province. This paper is the first report of N. silvicola as an important fungal pathogen causing branch and stem cankers on Pinus tree species, which remains a threat to the forests.
... (as type [ DOI: 10.52547/jast.24.6.1501 ] [ Downloaded from jast.modares.ac.ir on 2022- [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] species) and two isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi. ...
... [ DOI: 10.52547/jast.24.6.1501 ] [ Downloaded from jast.modares.ac.ir on 2022-[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] ...
Fusarium infection in carnation is the most important limiting factor for carnation production. We isolated 38 fungal isolates from infected carnation plants collected from Mahallat, Iran, and 15 Fusarium species were identified morphologically. Isolates of J14, k5, and k72 were the most pathogenic isolates in pathogenicity test on White Liberty cultivar. Molecular identification of J14, k5, and k72 isolates was done based on Elongation Factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) gene. To investigate the effect of Trichoderma and some of its mutants on reducing the Fusarium infection, six wild type isolates were examined. The species of T. harzianum, T. virense, and T. ghanens showed more inhabitation potential and were chosen for induced mutation via gamma irradiation at 250 Gy. The number of 270 mutants were screened morphologically and 60 mutants were screened using dual culture against J14, k5, and k72. Morphological and molecular identification of J14, k5, and k72 isolates recognized them as F. oxysporum. Three mutants, i.e. ThM7(67.17%), TgM1 (59.45%), and TvM17(57.55%) showed the highest efficacy and were selected. Evaluation test of efficacy in greenhouse by mixture of T. harzianum, T. virense and T. ghanens (TW) and mixture of mutant isolates ThM7, TgM1, and TvM17 (TM) showed that biological method had higher ability to control Fusarium infection on carnation plants in greenhouse condition, and mutation had no adverse effects on plants. The results of this experiment proved that the use of mutation in the Trichoderma genome with the use of gamma radiation could be an effective way to achieve isolates with better performance in this bio-control agent.
... The fungus Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. is the type species of the genus Nectria that belongs to the family Nectriaceae [1][2][3], order Hypocreales [4]. This fungus is a weak pathogen, attacking bark and outer sapwood of plants damaged by frost, water stress and mechanical wounds. ...
... Bionomy and life form characteristics of N. cinnabarina were described in detail by Hirooka et al. [1]. In the parasitic phase, N. cinnabarina is responsible for the canker formation in many hardwood trees and woody shrubs [8]. ...
... In the parasitic phase, N. cinnabarina is responsible for the canker formation in many hardwood trees and woody shrubs [8]. The parasitic growth of the fungus was first reported by Mayr [9] who considered this species to be parasitic on Acer, Aesculus, Prunus, Robinia, Spiraea, Tilia, and Ulmus [1]. Both saproparasitic and saprotrophic occurrence is very abundant on host taxa such as Abies, Picea, Pinus, Fagus, Acer, Betula, Carpinus, Quercus spp., Fraxinus, Salix, Robinia, Tilia spp., Malus, Aesculus, Cerasus, Corylus, Sambucus, Sorbus and Juglans [2]. ...
Previous phytopathological studies of the fungal pathogen Nectria cinnabarina have been focused on its distribution and host diversity but little is known about the spread of this pathogen and the defence responses of forest trees to an infection inside host tissues. Histopathological alterations of bark, periderm, phloem and woody tissues were investigated in sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) branches following their natural attack by the advanced anamorph and teleomorph developmental stages of the fungus. Light, fluorescence, confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy techniques supplemented by X-ray micro-computed tomography imaging were used to distinguish between healthy and disintegrated plant tissues. The intercellular spread of fungal hyphae was found primarily in the phelloderm. Expanding hyphae aggregations produced ruptures in the phellem and the disintegration of both phellogen and phellodermal parenchyma cells in close proximity to the expanding fruiting bodies of the fungus. Thicker hyphae of the teleomorph fungal stage heavily disintegrated the phelloderm tissues and also induced enhanced sclerification of the nearby phloem tissues that limited the spread of the infection into the sieve tubes. Both the intercellular and intracellular spread of hyphae inside the peripheral parts of sclereid clusters led to the disintegration of the compound middle lamellae but the hyphae were only rarely able to pass through these structural phloem barriers. The massive fungal colonization of both lumens and disintegrated tangential cell walls of ray parenchyma cells resulted in severe cambial necroses. Although the hyphae penetrated into the outermost annual growth rings of the xylem, no cell wall disintegration of the parenchyma cells, vessels and fibres was revealed. Despite the local cambial necroses and severe phloem ray disintegration, the bark remained attached to the examined branches and no bark cankers were formed.
... Анаморфна стадія -Tubercularia vulgaris Tode [5]. Субстрат: гілки бука (Fagus L.), клена (Acer L.), бузини (Sambucus L.), шовковиці (Morus L.). ...
... Berk., N. nigrescens Cooke. Ці види різняться за кольором стром і перитеціїв, розмірами асків та аскоспор, розгалуженням конідієносців[5]. Нами виявлені: Nectria cinnabarina s.s.на гілках бука, N. dematiosa -на гілках явора та N. nigrescensна гілках клена.Синоніми: Sphaeria dematiosa Schweinitz, Cucurbitaria dematiosa (Schweinitz) Kuntze. ...
Destructive fungi are the object of considerable attention in studies of the impact of economic activities on forest ecosystems, the search for indicators of forest damage, as well as measures for their protection. Among the xylotrophic fungi, asc fungi occupy a special place, which is characterized by a significant morphological diversity of fruit bodies and the ability to develop on different types of substrates.
... Nectria cinnabarina, also known as coral spot (Line, 1922), is a weak pathogen and later a saprophyte of Beech. Its ability to cause cankers and dieback on broadleaved trees (Line, 1922;Hirooka et al., 2011) was confirmed by our results: on saplings inoculated with Nec. cinnabarina, the second longest necrotic lesions and no healing over were observed within four months. ...
Filamentous fungi associated with woody tissues of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and isolated from diseased trees and healthy trees were examined in relation to their impact on tree health. To this end, classical culture-based isolation methods, in planta inoculations and fungal identification using ITS-barcode and morphological characters were used. Stem endophytes of healthy beech saplings collected in German forests were isolated to determine endophyte communities in woody stem tissues. Pathogenicity tests were performed on living potted beech saplings using twelve selected fungal pathogens and wood inhabiting fungi (Hypocreales, Botryosphaeriales, and Xylariales) originating mainly from European beech with symptoms of the complex disease Vitality loss, or from bark necroses, or known to be common endophytes of beech. The impact of these ascomycetous fungi with respect to tree health was discussed. The potential influences of endophytic fungi of beech and of test conditions are discussed in relation to the success of inoculation. All tested fungal strains except for Neonectria ditissima were able to establish themselves post inoculation in the beech stems and caused necroses when there was sufficient water, but at different severities. Under the experimental conditions, Botryosphaeria corticola was shown to be the most virulent tested latent pathogen against F. sylvatica. In the context of climate change and global warming, the tested Botryosphaeriaceae are able to play a primary role in the disease progress of Vitality loss of Beech. The key role of Neonectria coccinea in causing bark necroses and the loss of vitality in beech was confirmed because the tested strain induced large lesions on the beech saplings.
... [130] documented five alternatives which can be followed when deciding on a single name for a fungus with a pleomorphic life cycle. These are: 1) strict priority, ignoring names originally typified by asexual morph or sexual morph by considering the priority of both generic names and species epithets [131,132]; 2) sexual morph priority, with asexual morph species epithets [133]; 3) sexual morph priority without considering earlier asexual morph species epithets [134][135][136]; 4) teleotypification and 5) single species names but allowing two genera per clade (Hypomyces/Cladobotryum) [137,138]. A number of sexual and asexual morph fungal genera have been linked by applying the oldest available name for the lineage (strict priority) in various studies. ...
Fungi are a large group of eukaryotes found as saprophytes, pathogens or endophytes, which distribute in every corner of our planet. As the main pathogens, fungi can cause 70-80% of total plant diseases, leading to huge crop yield reduction and economic loss. For identification of fungal plant pathogens, mycologists and plant pathologists have mainly gone through two stages, viz. morphological observation and morphology/phylogeny, and the next era might be utilizing DNA barcodes as the tool for rapid identification. This chapter accounts i) the brief history of development for fungal identification tools and main concepts, ii) the importance and confusion of "One fungus, one name" for pathogen identification, iii) more or fewer species that we need in agricultural practice, and iv) the foreground of fungal plant pathogen identification. These will help to solve the practical problems of identification of fungal pathogens in agricultural production.
... [130] documented five alternatives which can be followed when deciding on a single name for a fungus with a pleomorphic life cycle. These are: 1) strict priority, ignoring names originally typified by asexual morph or sexual morph by considering the priority of both generic names and species epithets [131,132]; 2) sexual morph priority, with asexual morph species epithets [133]; 3) sexual morph priority without considering earlier asexual morph species epithets [134][135][136]; 4) teleotypification and 5) single species names but allowing two genera per clade (Hypomyces/Cladobotryum) [137,138]. A number of sexual and asexual morph fungal genera have been linked by applying the oldest available name for the lineage (strict priority) in various studies. ...
... The dataset was updated by investigations in the database for acquiring correct sequences. The outgroup taxa for the present dataset were taken based on Hirooka et al. (2011). All sequences were aligned using the Q-INS-i algorithm of MAFFT version 7 (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/ ...
Carnation is an ornamental plant of economic importance worldwide. Fusarium fungus is one of the critical infectious agents of Carnation in Mahallat city. Some species of Fusarium cause wilting and crown and root rot in carnation. In this study, 20 fungal isolates of Fusarium were isolated from diseased carnation plants and rhizosphere samples from Carnation greenhouses in Mahallat. The isolates were identified morphologically using Leslie and Summerell's identification key. Amplification of the TEF-1α gene region was done using ef1 and ef2 primers. Amplified fragments were purified and sequenced, and the nucleotide sequences were introduced in the Fusarium ID database for molecular identification of isolates based on the TEF-1α gene. A phylogenetic tree was also drawn. The results showed that Fusarium isolates were categorized into five species: F14 was identified as Fusarium brachygibbosum morphologically and F. solani molecularly. F6 was morphologically and molecularly identified as F. solani, F10 identified as Fusarium culmorum. All crown and root isolates (F11, F12, F13, F15, F16, F17, F18, F9, and F20) were identified as F. oxysporum. The rhizosphere isolates of F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F7, F8, and F9 were identified as Fusarium proliferatum. This study shows that the use of the TEF-1α gene for molecular identification of Fusarium isolates is a relatively accurate, fast, and straightforward method for detecting species and can be used in plant pathological studies. Identifying the pathogen is the first step to controlling the disease.
