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(A) Phylogenetic hypothesis of the subfamily Calpinae (Noctuoidea, Erebidae) based on a Bayesian Inference analysis, along with outgroups. Clades representing tribes are coloured. Support values under the two support measures (ML Bootstrap/posterior probabilities) shown next to the branches. Names of moths shown in figure from top to bottom are: Hypsoropha hormos Hübner, Miniodes phaeosoma Hampson (Phyllodini), Phyllodes imperialis Druce (Phyllodini), Eudocima salaminia (Cramer) (Ophiusini), Gonodonta sicheas (Cramer) (Calpini), Calyptra thalictri (Borkhausen) (Calpini), Plusiodonta casta (Butler) (Calpini) and Oraesia excavata (Butler) (Calpini). (B) Summary of Bayesian ancestral state reconstruction analysis for major Calpinae lineages, optimized in the program RASP (Yan et al., 2011). Ancestral feeding reconstructions with highest marginal probabilities are indicated at each node. Red branches indicate hematophagous species; green branch indicates lachryphagous species.
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... Calpinae, our analysis strongly supported monophyly of Calpini (BP P 98; PP = 1), contained the type genus Calyptra, the New World Gon- odonta Hübner, and Cosmopolitan genera Plusiodonta Guenée, and Oraesia Guenée. This clade placed sister to a well supported clade consisting of genera assigned to Ophiderini and Phyllodini (BPP71; PP = 0.98, Fig. 2A). There was strong support (BP P 94; PP = 1) for the clade comprised of Phyllodes Boisduval and the Afri- can genus Miniodes Guenée. Ophiderini (BP P 70; PP = 1) was rep- resented by the large tropical genus Eudocima and the African genus ...
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... results from the RASP analysis of adult feeding behaviors suggested a non-piercing ancestor for Calpinae + outgroups (Fig. 2B, Node I; Table 2, P = 100%). The best-supported ancestral feeding behavior for subfamily Calpinae is primary piercing of soft-skinned fruits (Fig. 2B, Node II; Table 2, P = 44%) with other feeding behaviors such as non-piercing and fruit sucking showing lower probabilities (P = 25%). The ancestral reconstruction analysis supported ...
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... results from the RASP analysis of adult feeding behaviors suggested a non-piercing ancestor for Calpinae + outgroups (Fig. 2B, Node I; Table 2, P = 100%). The best-supported ancestral feeding behavior for subfamily Calpinae is primary piercing of soft-skinned fruits (Fig. 2B, Node II; Table 2, P = 44%) with other feeding behaviors such as non-piercing and fruit sucking showing lower probabilities (P = 25%). The ancestral reconstruction analysis supported primary piercing of thick-skinned fruits and secondary fruit piercing of fruits for Calpini (Plusiodonta, Oraesia, Calyptra, and Gonodonta) (Fig. 2B, Node ...
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... fruits (Fig. 2B, Node II; Table 2, P = 44%) with other feeding behaviors such as non-piercing and fruit sucking showing lower probabilities (P = 25%). The ancestral reconstruction analysis supported primary piercing of thick-skinned fruits and secondary fruit piercing of fruits for Calpini (Plusiodonta, Oraesia, Calyptra, and Gonodonta) (Fig. 2B, Node III; Table 2, P = 98%). The ancestral feeding behavior with the highest probability for the vampire moth genus Calyptra was primary piercing of thick-skinned fruits (Fig. 2B, Node VIII; Table 2, P = 93%). Calyptra thalictri and C. minu- ticornis have been reported feeding on blood under experimental and natural conditions, ...
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... analysis supported primary piercing of thick-skinned fruits and secondary fruit piercing of fruits for Calpini (Plusiodonta, Oraesia, Calyptra, and Gonodonta) (Fig. 2B, Node III; Table 2, P = 98%). The ancestral feeding behavior with the highest probability for the vampire moth genus Calyptra was primary piercing of thick-skinned fruits (Fig. 2B, Node VIII; Table 2, P = 93%). Calyptra thalictri and C. minu- ticornis have been reported feeding on blood under experimental and natural conditions, respectively (Fig. 2B, red 1 branches). How- ever, there is only one known blood feeding incident for C. lata and none for C. hokkaida; adult feeding behaviors for C. canadensis are ...
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... (Fig. 2B, red 1 branches). How- ever, there is only one known blood feeding incident for C. lata and none for C. hokkaida; adult feeding behaviors for C. canadensis are unknown. The ancestral feeding behavior for clade Phyllodi- ni + Ophiderini is also primary piercing of soft-skinned fruit and sec- ondary piercing of other fruit hosts (Fig. 2B, Node IV; Table 2, P = 72%). Primary piercing of soft-skinned fruits and secondary pierc- ing of all fruits is the feeding behavior with the highest support for Phyllodini (Fig. 2B, Node V; Table 2, P = 66%). The ancestral feeding behavior with the highest probability for Ophiderini is also primary piercing of soft-skinned fruits and ...
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... The ancestral feeding behavior for clade Phyllodi- ni + Ophiderini is also primary piercing of soft-skinned fruit and sec- ondary piercing of other fruit hosts (Fig. 2B, Node IV; Table 2, P = 72%). Primary piercing of soft-skinned fruits and secondary pierc- ing of all fruits is the feeding behavior with the highest support for Phyllodini (Fig. 2B, Node V; Table 2, P = 66%). The ancestral feeding behavior with the highest probability for Ophiderini is also primary piercing of soft-skinned fruits and secondary fruit piercing (Fig. 2B, Node VI; Table 2, P = 62%), with primary piercing of hard-skinned fruits being the derived condition for species in the genus Eudocima (Fig. 2B, ...
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... 2, P = 72%). Primary piercing of soft-skinned fruits and secondary pierc- ing of all fruits is the feeding behavior with the highest support for Phyllodini (Fig. 2B, Node V; Table 2, P = 66%). The ancestral feeding behavior with the highest probability for Ophiderini is also primary piercing of soft-skinned fruits and secondary fruit piercing (Fig. 2B, Node VI; Table 2, P = 62%), with primary piercing of hard-skinned fruits being the derived condition for species in the genus Eudocima (Fig. 2B, Node VII; Table 2, P = 85%). Hemiceratoides sittaca represents an independent origin of tear feeding in the subfamily (Fig. 2B, green ...
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... for Phyllodini (Fig. 2B, Node V; Table 2, P = 66%). The ancestral feeding behavior with the highest probability for Ophiderini is also primary piercing of soft-skinned fruits and secondary fruit piercing (Fig. 2B, Node VI; Table 2, P = 62%), with primary piercing of hard-skinned fruits being the derived condition for species in the genus Eudocima (Fig. 2B, Node VII; Table 2, P = 85%). Hemiceratoides sittaca represents an independent origin of tear feeding in the subfamily (Fig. 2B, green ...
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... also primary piercing of soft-skinned fruits and secondary fruit piercing (Fig. 2B, Node VI; Table 2, P = 62%), with primary piercing of hard-skinned fruits being the derived condition for species in the genus Eudocima (Fig. 2B, Node VII; Table 2, P = 85%). Hemiceratoides sittaca represents an independent origin of tear feeding in the subfamily (Fig. 2B, green ...
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... Parsimony Ancestral States analysis implemented in Mes- quite v.2.75 ( Maddison and Maddison, 2011) resulted in similar feeding behavior reconstructions for Calpinae. A non-piercing ancestor for Calpinae + outgroups was the reconstruction for Node I, with a primary piercing of soft-skinned fruit reconstruction for Calpinae (Fig. 2B, Node II). There were two independent origins for primary piercing of thick-skinned fruits: one for tribe Calpini (Fig. 2B, Node III) and another for Ophiderini (minus genus Hemice- ratoides); There were two separate origins of skin piercing and blood feeding within the genus Calyptra (Fig. 2B, Node VIII, red ...
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... resulted in similar feeding behavior reconstructions for Calpinae. A non-piercing ancestor for Calpinae + outgroups was the reconstruction for Node I, with a primary piercing of soft-skinned fruit reconstruction for Calpinae (Fig. 2B, Node II). There were two independent origins for primary piercing of thick-skinned fruits: one for tribe Calpini (Fig. 2B, Node III) and another for Ophiderini (minus genus Hemice- ratoides); There were two separate origins of skin piercing and blood feeding within the genus Calyptra (Fig. 2B, Node VIII, red ...
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... of soft-skinned fruit reconstruction for Calpinae (Fig. 2B, Node II). There were two independent origins for primary piercing of thick-skinned fruits: one for tribe Calpini (Fig. 2B, Node III) and another for Ophiderini (minus genus Hemice- ratoides); There were two separate origins of skin piercing and blood feeding within the genus Calyptra (Fig. 2B, Node VIII, red ...
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... in Zahiri et al. (2011Zahiri et al. ( , 2012, we find strong support for the subfamily Calpinae that comprises three monophyletic tribes: Phyllodini, Ophiderini and Calpini (Fig. 2A). The tribe Phyllodini, consisting here of the type genus and the African genus Miniodes, is placed with strong support as sister to tribe Ophiderini, consist- ing of the pan-tropical genus Eudocima (of which Ophideres Boisdu- val, the type genus, is a synonym) and the African genus Hemiceratoides. The tribe Phyllodini share several ...
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... which Ophideres Boisdu- val, the type genus, is a synonym) and the African genus Hemiceratoides. The tribe Phyllodini share several features with Ophiderini. The adults of both tribes share the flash coloration of the hindwings coupled with cryptic, leaf-mimicking forewing fa- cies. These two tribes together placed as sister to tribe Calpini ( Fig. 2A). The proboscis of Calpini is distinctly modified, being ro- bust, sharp, and with socketted hooks to facilitate the piercing of the tough skins of fruit and, in the case of Calyptra, mammals (Zas- pel et al., ...
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... iors analysis support the hypothesis of Bänziger (1971) that hematophagy in Calyptra evolved from the fruit-piercing habit as opposed to lachryphagy (Hilgartner et al., 2007) or other animal- associated feeding behaviors (Downes, 1973). Hemiceratoides sitti- ca placed as a member of the PhyllodiniÀOphiderini clade rather than sister to Calpini (Fig. 2A). Our results support the interpreta- tion that lachryphagy in the genus Hemiceratoides represents a un- ique origin of this behavior within the ...
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... and non-piercing/fruit sucking; Node II). Our results support a directional addition of feed- ing types from nectar feeding to fruit piercing, to skin piercing and blood feeding rather than a directional progression as hypothesized by Bänziger (1971). This work also suggests blood feeding is re- stricted to one genus within Calpinae, Calyptra (Fig. 2B). Blood feeding records continue to be documented in recent primary literature (C. thalictri, Zaspel et al., 2007) and recorded on recent collecting expeditions (C. lata, Zaspel unpublished field observa- tions 2008). Thus, blood feeding may occur in other Calyptra spe- cies but remains to be ...
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