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(A) Nodular sclerosing common Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NS-CHL): the normal lymph node structure is largely effaced because of a nodular growth; the nodule is surrounded by thick collagen bands originating from the capsule (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification, × 40). Inset: birefringence of collagen bands (polarised light microscopy; original magnification, × 20). (B) NS-CHL: scattered lacunar cells can easily be seen within one nodule (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification, × 300). Inset: cytological details of a lacunar cell (Giemsa; original magnification, × 800). (C) NS-CHL: so called cellular phase; note the nodularity of the growth (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification, × 80). (D) NS-CHL: so called syncytial variant; note the cohesive growth pattern of neoplastic cells (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification, × 400). (E) NS-CHL: an example of grade II tumour; note the content of neoplastic cells within the nodule, which covers more than 25% of the examined area (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification, × 300). (F) An example of anaplastic large cell lymphoma of the Hodgkin-like type (ALCL-HL): the tumour consists of nodules partly surrounded by collagen bands (haematoxylin and eosin, original magnification, × 20).(G) ALCL-HL: at higher magnification it can be seen that the collagen bands are almost exclusively formed by neoplastic cells (Giemsa; original magnification, × 300). (H) ALCL-HL: typical intrasinusoidal diffusion of neoplastic cells as shown by CD30 staining (APAAP technique, Gill’s haematoxylin counterstain; original magnification, × 200). (I) ALCL-HL: ALK protein expression by neoplastic cells (APAAP technique, Gill’s haematoxylin counterstain; original magnification, × 400). (J) Primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma (PMLBCL): neoplastic cells sometimes have multiple nuclei, show a wide rim of clear, fragile cytoplasm, and elicit a stromal reaction with compartmentalisation (Giemsa; original magnification, × 300). (K) PMLBCL: neoplastic cells express the CD30 molecule (APAAP technique, Gill’s haematoxylin counterstain; original magnification, × 300). (L) Mixed cellularity common Hodgkin’s lymphoma (MC-CHL): Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (H&RS) cells are easily identified; they are found with a cellular milieu consisting of small lymphocytes, some plasma cells, histiocytes, and granulocytes (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification, × 350). (M) MC-CHL: an example of a mummified cell (arrow) (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification, × 350).
Source publication
Despite its well known histological and clinical features, Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) has recently been the object of intense research activity, leading to a better understanding of its phenotype, molecular characteristics, histogenesis, and possible mechanisms of lymphomagenesis. There is complete consensus on the B cell derivation of the tumour in m...
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Brentuximab vedotin is a CD30-directed antibody-drug conjugate. Retreatment with brentuximab vedotin monotherapy was investigated in patients with CD30-positive Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) or systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) who relapsed after achieving complete or partial remission (CR or PR) with initial brentuximab vedotin therapy in a p...
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Introduction
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Citations
... However, when they take on a multinucleated form, they are termed Reed-Sternberg cells. The presence and characteristics of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells play a pivotal role in diagnosing and understanding the disease's progression [23]. On the other hand, non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is more common and encompasses various lymphoma types originating from different lymphocytes. ...
Biotechnology is one of the emerging fields that can add new and better application in a wide range of sectors like health care, service sector, agriculture, and processing industry to name some. This book will provide an excellent opportunity to focus on recent developments in the frontier areas of Biotechnology and establish new collaborations in these areas. The book will highlight multidisciplinary perspectives to interested biotechnologists, microbiologists, pharmaceutical experts, bioprocess engineers, agronomists, medical professionals, sustainability researchers and academicians. This technical publication will provide a platform for potential knowledge exhibition on recent trends, theories and practices in the field of Biotechnology
... Hodgkin lymphoma (HL; formerly called Hodgkin's disease) is a germinal center, B-cell malignant disorder that affects the reticuloendothelial and lymphatic systems (1). ...
Background
The incidence of Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) in HIV-positive individuals is approximately 19X more than in HIV-negative persons. Most HIV-HL patients present at an advanced stage (Ann Arbor stage III-IV), have “B” symptoms and extranodal involvement. HAART's development has led to a significant change in the natural history and risk stratification of HIV-HL. Therefore, this study aimed to determine differences in clinicopathological and survival patterns of HL among individuals with and without HIV disease in Tanzania in the HAART era.
Methodology
This hospital-based retrospective cohort study was conducted at the ORCI, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare proportions. Student t-test was used to compare means. The log-rank test was applied to the variables in univariate analysis to identify factors that predict survival. The factors that were significant in univariate analysis were then analyzed in multivariate fashion using a Cox regression model.
Results
83 patients with HL were recruited, and the prevalence of HIV-positive status was 27.7%. Most of the patients with HIV-HL had an age of more than 30 years (73.9%), while most of the non-HIV-HL patients had an age of less than 30 years (63.3%) (P = 0.02). The 2-year OS rate for HIV-HL was 34%, while that for non-HIV-HL was 67%. Among the HIV-HL patients, predictors of a poorer outcome were a CD4 count ≤ 200 cells/mm3 (P = 0.05), lack of HAART use (P = 0.00), and the use of HAART for ≤ 10 months (P = 0.00).
Conclusion
The prevalence of HIV-HL was 27.7% among HL patients. HIV positivity is still a poor prognostic factor in our setting, especially for patients not on HAART, on HAART for less than ten or ten months, or with a low CD4 count below 200 cells/mm3.Patients with HIV-HL were older and had higher LDH levels, whereas patients with non-HIV-HL were younger and had low LDH levels.
... Despite advances in medical imaging technology, it is difficult for even experienced hematopathologists to identify different subtypes of lymphoma. Diagnosis of lymphoma is firstly based on the pattern of growth and the cytologic features of the abnormal cells, then clinical, molecular pathology, immunohistochemical, and genomic features are required to finalize the identification of certain subtypes [6]. However, clinical routine methods that enable tissue-specific diagnosis, such as image-guided tumor biopsy and percutaneous needle aspiration, have the shortcomings of subjectivity, costly, and poor classification accuracy [7]. ...
Background
Accurate diagnosis and early treatment are essential in the fight against lymphatic cancer. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical imaging shows great potential, but the diagnostic accuracy of lymphoma is unclear. This study was done to systematically review and meta-analyse researches concerning the diagnostic performance of AI in detecting lymphoma using medical imaging for the first time.
Methods
Searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, IEEE and Cochrane up to December 2023. Data extraction and assessment of the included study quality were independently conducted by two investigators. Studies that reported the diagnostic performance of an AI model/s for the early detection of lymphoma using medical imaging were included in the systemic review. We extracted the binary diagnostic accuracy data to obtain the outcomes of interest: sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), and Area Under the Curve (AUC). The study was registered with the PROSPERO, CRD42022383386.
Results
Thirty studies were included in the systematic review, sixteen of which were meta-analyzed with a pooled sensitivity of 87% (95%CI 83–91%), specificity of 94% (92–96%), and AUC of 97% (95–98%). Satisfactory diagnostic performance was observed in subgroup analyses based on algorithms types (machine learning versus deep learning, and whether transfer learning was applied), sample size (≤ 200 or > 200), clinicians versus AI models and geographical distribution of institutions (Asia versus non-Asia).
Conclusions
Even if possible overestimation and further studies with a better standards for application of AI algorithms in lymphoma detection are needed, we suggest the AI may be useful in lymphoma diagnosis.
... 35 CD30 is a major marker of HRS cells and its expression occurs in >95% of cases of cHL. 36,37 Signal transduction through CD30 leads to the activation of NF-kB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, resulting in proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects in HRS cells. 38 At the same time, under physiological conditions, CD30 expression is found on minor subpopulations of activated B lymphocytes, and NK cells, as well as on 3%-31% of circulating T lymphocytes. ...
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a malignancy characterized by the presence of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells within a complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Despite advances in conventional therapies, a subset of cHL patients experience relapse or refractory disease, necessitating the exploration of novel treatment strategies. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) therapy has emerged as a promising approach for the management of cHL, harnessing the power of genetically modified T cells to recognize and eliminate tumor cells. In this article, we provide an overview of the pathogenesis of cHL, highlighting the key molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. Additionally, we discuss the rationale for the development of CAR-T cell therapy in cHL, focusing on the identification of suitable targets on HRS cells (such as CD30, CD123, LMP1, and LMP2A), clonotypic lymphoma initiating B cells (CD19, CD20), and cells within the TME (CD123, CD19, CD20) for CAR-T cell design. Furthermore, we explore various strategies employed to enhance the efficacy and safety of CAR-T cell therapies in the treatment of cHL. Finally, we present an overview of the results obtained from clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapies in cHL, highlighting their potential as a promising therapeutic option. Collectively, this article provides a comprehensive review of the current understanding of cHL pathogenesis and the rationale for CAR-T cell therapy development, offering insights into the future directions of this rapidly evolving field.
... In addition to morphological differences, B lymphocytes express specific surface markers including CD19, CD20, and CD21. These markers were used to identify and differentiate the cell population [45,46]. ...
Simple Summary
Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is an important part of the body’s immune system. This type of cancer involves a set of molecules and cells that promote tumor survival. Some structures found in the tumor niche are associated with vascular biology, which integrates a network of molecules and cells that play a fundamental role in nutrition and oxygen supply to tissues, including tumors. Thus, the main objective of this study was to improve our knowledge of the relationship between vascular biology and Hodgkin’s lymphoma and to enable new studies on disease intervention. Here, we describe the main cells and molecules associated with tumors that play a role in vascular biology. Additionally, this study addresses the main models of disease experimentation.
Abstract
Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) is a lymphatic neoplasm typically found in the cervical lymph nodes. The disease is multifactorial, and in recent years, the relationships between various vascular molecules have been explored in the field of vascular biology. The connection between vascular biology and HL is intricate and the roles of several pathways remain unclear. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular relationships between vascular biology and HL. Proteins associated with various functions in vascular biology, including cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-13, and IL-21), chemokines (CXCL10, CXCL12, and CCL21), adhesion molecules (ELAM-1/VCAM-1), and growth factors (BDNF/NT-3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α), have been linked to tumor activity. Notable tumor activities include the induction of paracrine activation of NF-kB-dependent pathways, upregulation of adhesion molecule regulation, genome amplification, and effective loss of antigen presentation mediated by MHC-II. Preclinical study models, primarily those using cell culture, have been optimized for HL. Animal models, particularly mice, are also used as alternatives to complex biological systems, with studies primarily focusing on the physiopathogenic evaluation of the disease. These biomolecules warrant further study because they may shed light on obscure pathways and serve as targets for prevention and/or treatment interventions.
... This illness is classified into Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). HL accounts for approximately 8% of all malignant lymphoid neoplasms and is characterised by mature B lymphocytes, which correspond to the so-called Reed-Sternberg (RS) cell, which accounts for less than 1% of the overall tumour 97 . NHL, on the other hand, accounts for most malignant lymphoid neoplasms and involves mature B cells and T and NK lymphocytes. ...
It is a key priority in public health to treat illnesses due to the rising frequency of obesity-related malignancies. Around 11.9% of male and 13.1% of female cancer cases worldwide have an obesity-related malignancy as their primary cause. In addition to colorectal, postmenopausal ovarian, breast, gallbladder, thyroid, and multiple myeloma cancers, endometrial, esophageal, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, renal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and thyroid cancer, the relationship between obesity and cancer is clear in many anatomical sites. This article provides a thorough overview of the most recent epidemiological data on obesity and its connection to cancer in light of this urgent issue. The contradiction of weight increase and cancer risk and death. Furthermore, examining BMI differences in obesity-related malignancies offers a comprehensive grasp of the disease's complexities. These mechanisms include adipokine pathophysiology, cellular and micro environmental changes, ectopic fat accumulation, disruptions in dietary nutrients, circadian cycles, and potential factors like alteration of the intestinal flora and mechanical influences on weight. The conclusion's discussion of potential future approaches to prevention, detection, and treatment highlights the pressing need for more study and action on this important public health problem. The main objective is to increase knowledge of the complexity of obesity-related malignancies and increase awareness of it to create efficient methods for prevention and treatment. This review offers insight into how potential processes and risk factors combine on target tissues, ultimately causing them to take on a feature of cancer by addressing these important aspects. This review focuses on the Epidemiology of obesity influencing cancer, links between obesity and cancer, the influence of cancer by weight growth, somatometry, biological links, ectopic fat deposition, insulin sensitivity, adiponectin, obesity influencing widely occurring cancers, and FTO protein.
... This illness is classified into Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). HL accounts for approximately 8% of all malignant lymphoid neoplasms and is characterised by mature B lymphocytes, which correspond to the so-called Reed-Sternberg (RS) cell, which accounts for less than 1% of the overall tumour 97 . NHL, on the other hand, accounts for most malignant lymphoid neoplasms and involves mature B cells and T and NK lymphocytes. ...
It is a key priority in public health to treat illnesses due to the rising frequency of obesity-related malignancies. Around 11.9% of male and 13.1% of female cancer cases worldwide have an obesity-related malignancy as their primary cause. In addition to colorectal, postmenopausal ovarian, breast, gallbladder, thyroid, and multiple myeloma cancers, endometrial, esophageal, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, renal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and thyroid cancer, the relationship between obesity and cancer is clear in many anatomical sites. This article provides a thorough overview of the most recent epidemiological data on obesity and its connection to cancer in light of this urgent issue. The contradiction of weight increase and cancer risk and death. Furthermore, examining BMI differences in obesity-related malignancies offers a comprehensive grasp of the disease's complexities. These mechanisms include adipokine pathophysiology, cellular and micro environmental changes, ectopic fat accumulation, disruptions in dietary nutrients, circadian cycles, and potential factors like alteration of the intestinal flora and mechanical influences on weight. The conclusion's discussion of potential future approaches to prevention, detection, and treatment highlights the pressing need for more study and action on this important public health problem. The main objective is to increase knowledge of the complexity of obesity-related malignancies and increase awareness of it to create efficient methods for prevention and treatment. This review offers insight into how potential processes and risk factors combine on target tissues, ultimately causing them to take on a feature of cancer by addressing these important aspects. This review focuses on the Epidemiology of obesity influencing cancer, links between obesity and cancer, the influence of cancer by weight growth, somatometry, biological links, ectopic fat deposition, insulin sensitivity, adiponectin, obesity influencing widely occurring cancers, and FTO protein.
... This revelation was accompanied by a distinctive light brown staining coloration, confirming the presence of cells that express CD30, a marker often associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Throughout the histopathological assessment, the presence of characteristic Hodgkin cells was also observed, highlighting the typical features of Hodgkin's lymphoma within the examined tissue [3]. Notably, eosinophils were also noted. ...
Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) has proven to be highly
accurate in lung cancer diagnosis and staging. However, its efficacy in diagnosing lymphoma, especially
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, remains controversial, mainly due to the need for larger biopsies for definitive
diagnosis. This case study presents a 53-year-old HIV-positive man with a controlled viral load, who
presented with a large left hilar mass and a left upper lobe nodule, both showing significant uptake on
positron emission tomography scans. The patient underwent bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage,
EBUS-TBNA using an Olympus™ Vizishot 2 needle (Center Valley, PA), and EBUS-guided transbronchial
forceps biopsies (TBFB) of a left hilar lymph node using a 1.8 mm Boston Scientific™ forceps (Marlborough,
MA). The EBUS-TBNA revealed granulomas, while the subsequent EBUS-guided TBFB revealed nodular
lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma. EBUS-TBFB may be a promising technique for obtaining
larger tissue samples and enhancing diagnostic yield in cases of mediastinal lymphadenopathy with
suspected lymphoma.
... 2. Considering that the patient had a progressive disease after Adcetris, he had an indication for Pembrolizumab outside the country [9][10][11][12]. ...
Hodgkin's lymphoma is the third most common cancer in young people between 15 and 34 years of age, with a lower incidence in other age groups and slightly higher in males. The etiology of Hodgkin's lymphoma is still unknown - although various factors influencing the oncogenesis of the disease have been noted, the mechanism of their influence is poorly understood. This article will present the case of a 41-year-old patient with classic Hodgkin's lymphoma - nodular sclerosis histological subtype - chemorefractory.
... I don't think that combining Bren-tuximab+Nivolumab in the conditions where the patient has already performed the 16 administrations of Brentuximab would have brought any benefit. Consid- ering that the patient had progressive disease after Adcetris, he was indicated for Pembrolizumab or CAR-T cell outside the country [9][10][11][12]. ...
Hodgkin's lymphoma, formerly known as Hodgkin's disease, is a type of cancer of the lymphatic system, an important part of the site where immune processes take place. The disease can affect people of any age, but it is much more common in the age range of 20-40 years and in people over 55 years old. In Hodgkin's lymphoma, cells in the lymphatic system multiply uncontrollably and can spread outside of it. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin's lymphomas present a chance for patients to achieve a complete remission of this type of cancer. The prognosis is constantly improving for people with this diagnosis. This article will present the case of a 27-year-old patient with classic Hodgkin's Lymphoma - histological subtype mixed cellularity - chemo refractory.
