Figure 6 - uploaded by Alexandr Chvátal
Content may be subject to copyright.
(A) Nerve cells by Leydig (1851, 1852, 1853): (a) Ganglion body with processes formed from two bodies: an outer sheath of a nerve fiber and of a ganglionic body (a), myelin sheath passing from the fiber onto the ganglion corpuscle; (b) the nerve fiber in the shark trigeminal ganglion: axis cylinder (a) enters directly into the granular mass of the ganglionic body, nervous fiber sheaths (b), and its nuclei (c); (c) ganglion body of the hammerhead cerebellum: light process (a) gradually thickening and encapsulating with the fat-containing sheath (b); (d) branched nerve cells in the sturgeon retina. (B) Nerve cells according to Lockhart Clarke (1851, 1858, 1859) and Radkliffe and Lockhart Clarke (1862): (a) caudate vesicles, traversed by the fibrils of the ventral roots of the nerves; (b) cells from the human olivary body; (c) large cells in the dorsal vesicular columns of the ox; (d) degenerated (a) and nondegenerated (b, c, d) human spinal cord neurons. (C) Diagram of the epithelia of the inner ear cochlea of cats and dogs by Corti (1851): The periosteum (a, l), lamina spiralis ossea (b), auditory nerve (c), the basilar membrane (d), cell bodies on the folded membrane (e), epithelial cells on the inner side (f), a roof (tectorial) membrane (g), vas spirale (h), epithelial cells of the second row (i), and epithelial cells on the outer side (k).
Source publication
The previous works of Purkyně, Valentin, and Remak showed that the central and peripheral nervous systems contained not only nerve fibers but also cellular elements. The use of microscopes and new fixation techniques enabled them to accurately obtain data on the structure of nerve tissue and consequently in many European universities microscopes st...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... bounded nerve fiber with a finely granulated inner axis cylinder. According to Leydig, ganglion cells looked like an extension of the nerve fiber with the content of the axis cylinder gradually blending with the granular cell content. He even described ganglion cells with four processes, which he thought was the fusion of two bipolar cells (see Fig. 6Aa). In his next work dealing with rays and sharks, Leydig (1852) described fibers and cells in the cerebellum of hammerhead sharks. As he stated, he could confirm Wagner's findings that double-edged fibers emerged from nerve cells, which created parallel bundles and further branched out to the periphery of the cerebellum. Leydig was ...
Context 2
... described fibers and cells in the cerebellum of hammerhead sharks. As he stated, he could confirm Wagner's findings that double-edged fibers emerged from nerve cells, which created parallel bundles and further branched out to the periphery of the cerebellum. Leydig was convinced that these fibers were continu- ing processes of nerve cells (see Fig. 6Ac). In the gray matter of the brain, he further described a granular substance containing free nuclei or larger bright ganglion cells, together with fine, often varicose fibers, and, in the white matter, he observed only bundles of nerve fibers running in different directions. In his next work dealing with fishes and reptiles (Leydig, ...
Context 3
... a granular substance containing free nuclei or larger bright ganglion cells, together with fine, often varicose fibers, and, in the white matter, he observed only bundles of nerve fibers running in different directions. In his next work dealing with fishes and reptiles (Leydig, 1853), he also described branched nerve cells in the retina (see Fig. ...
Context 4
... course of spinal nerve fibers, Lockhart Clarke also described the presence of nerve vesicles (cells) in the gray matter of the spinal cord. They had either an oval, pear- like, or irregular shape, and most of them had extremely thin processes that further branched forming a fine network, by which the cells were interconnected with each other (see Fig. 6Ba). According to Lockhart Clark, these cells had a significant relationship to the function of the spinal nerves, as they were present in their vicinity and their number increased in direct proportion to the size of the nerves to which they were ...
Context 5
... in which he stated that he had no evidence of interconnections between the nerve cell processes and spinal roots. In the publication dealing with the brain structure (Lockhart Clarke, 1858), he described the topography of nerve fibers in the medulla oblongata, as well as the morphology of the cell formations in the olives and some ganglia (see Fig. 6Bb). Lockhart Clarke's next work described the structure of the gray matter of the spinal cord and filum terminale, including a topography of different types of cells and fibers (see Fig. 6Bc) on cross-sections of the tissue (Lockhart Clarke, 1859). For instance, according to him the substantia gelatinosa, consisted of nerve fibers, nerve ...
Context 6
... he described the topography of nerve fibers in the medulla oblongata, as well as the morphology of the cell formations in the olives and some ganglia (see Fig. 6Bb). Lockhart Clarke's next work described the structure of the gray matter of the spinal cord and filum terminale, including a topography of different types of cells and fibers (see Fig. 6Bc) on cross-sections of the tissue (Lockhart Clarke, 1859). For instance, according to him the substantia gelatinosa, consisted of nerve fibers, nerve cells, blood vessels, and connective tissue containing nuclei. When describing fibers emerging from nerve cells, he referred to the previous studies of Stilling, whose many findings were ...
Context 7
... together with the physician Charles Bland Radcliffe (1822-1889), Lockhart Clarke described his microscopic analysis of the spinal cord of a patient who had died of paralysis and muscle atrophy (Radcliffe & Lockhart Clarke, 1862). In this work, he apparently for the first time described and showed the degeneration of spinal cord neurons (see Fig. 6Bd) as an accompanying symptom of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Turner, Swash, & Ebers, ...
Context 8
... stria vascularis of the inner ear. In the sensory epithelium, stained by carmine, he described neural cells with a regular oval shape and with granular content, a nucleus, and a nucleolus, which looked like an oil drop. Corti also described in detail the interconnec- tions of these bipolar nerve cells with nerve fibers of the auditory nerve (see Fig. ...
Citations
... He remained visible the reflection of the razor's surface through the section and always wetted it with alcohol. Thus, he obtained serial sections in transverse, longitudinal, and oblique planes of the spinal cord [2,5,15,16]. Besides, he used a compressor invented by Wallach, which he described in detail with his drawings in the book (Fig. 3) [15]. ...
... Sixteen years later, Stilling published his book titled Neue Untersuchungen uber den Bau des Rückenmarks [20]. Stilling, in this book, aimed to overview the structure of the spinal cord and the relationship of its individual parts to one another [16,20]. The book contains many measurements related to the anatomy of the spinal cord and these were presented in tables. ...
Benedict Stilling (1810-1879), was a prolific, prominent, and ambitious anatomist, who performed works on the organization of the nervous system for many years. He made numerous observations on the anatomy of the nervous system in various animal species. Stilling contributed to the establishment of significant foundations in the anatomy of the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum. Stilling paved the way for future researchers by describing the techniques he used in his diligent studies published in his published books. In his books, which include many drawings and cadaveric images, he revealed the relationships between the structures in the nervous system. He also made significant contributions to neuroanatomy terminology by coining terms in these books. At the same time, some nuclei in the anatomy of the nervous system were later named after him as an eponym by many researchers. Therefore, Stilling's neuroanatomical works, which are still important today, should be appreciated. This article aims to emphasize his pioneering work in neuroanatomy.
... Previous parts of this historical overview have been dealt with the history of research of the structure of nerve tissue from its beginning in the mid-19th century till around 1861 (Chvátal, 2015a;Chvátal, 2015b;Chvátal, 2017). At that time, the term "neuron" has not yet been introduced, so different authors may use expressions like "ganglion cell", "ganglion particle" or "nerve cell." ...
... In the following years, this finding was a supportive argument for the so-called reticular theory of the nervous system (see below). However, Deiters, like Kölliker, rejected the idea of direct connections between neurons via anastomoses, in which on the other side believed Schroeder van der Kolk, Mauthner, Bidder, Kupffer and others (see Chvátal, 2017). ...
... (Besser, 1866b;p.309). Although Rokytanský and Virchow suggested differences between connective tissue and neuroglia (see Chvátal, 2017), in the 1950s and 1960s, the question of connective tissue containing fibers and loose nuclei on the one hand and neuroglia on the other hand was not solved, as is for example present in Frommann. Even Virchow's expression "Nervenkitt" (neural cement), so-called neuroglia, and by Rokytanský and later by Virchow suggested concept of glial tissue had virtually no response (Dierig, 1994). ...
In the previous part of series of historical overviews were summarized significant advances in nerve tissue structure research up to the beginning of the sixties of the 19th century. The question of relationship between neural bodies and nerve fibers has not yet been finally solved. Also the structure of connective tissue that showed different morphological properties based on the processing of nerve tissue and its staining by various researchers was even much less clear. In addition, the terminology concerning basic elements of nerve tissue was not yet fixed, however, the research of its structure continued intensively. The present overview summarizes significant discoveries about the structure of nerve tissue between 1863 and 1873. It became clear that nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies formed a mutually interconnected unit and therefore the general structure of a neuron, consisting of a cellular body, dendrites and axon was characterized. The connective tissue no longer appeared as a homogeneous fine grain supportive substance. It was shown that it was heterogeneous, and besides connective fibers, it also contained several types of neuroglial cells, which significantly differed from neurons. During the same time, the so-called reticular theory of neural tissue structure was established, and it also became clear that the way in which the nerve tissue was processed and stained could no longer provide more information about its structure.
... Although Rokytanský and Virchow suggested differences between the neuroglia found in nervous tissue vs connective tissue in the rest of the body (see [84]), the question of connective tissue containing fibres and loose nuclei on the one hand, and neuroglia on the other hand, still remained under debate. Besser adopted Virchow's concept and used term "neuroglia" to emphasize its different properties from the connective tissue of other organs and systems. ...
Neuroscience, like most other divisions of natural philosophy, emerged in the Hellenistic world following the first experimental discoveries of the nerves connecting the brain with the body. The first fundamental doctrine on brain function highlighted the role for a specific substance, pneuma, which appeared as a substrate for brain function and, being transported through the hollow nerves, operated the peripheral organs. A paradigm shift occurred in 17th century when brain function was relocated to the grey matter. Beginning from the end of the 18th century, the existence of active and passive portions of the nervous tissue were postulated. The passive part of the nervous tissue has been further conceptualised by Rudolf Virchow, who introduced the notion of neuroglia as a connective tissue of the brain and the spinal cord. During the second half of the 19th century, the cellular architecture of the brain was been extensively studied, which led to an in-depth morphological characterisation of multiple cell types, including a detailed description of the neuroglia. Here, we present the views and discoveries of the main personalities of early neuroglial research.
... This concept contributed to the elaboration of the most important biological discovery of the 19th century, namely, that all living systems are aggregates of different cell types and living organisms, which result from the coordinated and integrated functions of tissues made by different cell types. In 1839, Theodore Schwann (1810 -1872), in a book coauthored by the botanist Matthias Schleiden (1804 -1881), published in German and 8 yr later in English (54), theorized that cells are the fundamental units forming all terrestrial living organisms and containing all needed information for any vital processes to take place (9). This sounded the death knell of vitalism, which, from Aristotle on, held that some special energy was necessary for initiating each vital processes (35,36,63). ...
This article reminisces about the life and key scientific achievements of Jan Evangelista Purkinje (1787-1869), a versatile 19th century Czech pioneer of modern experimental physiology. In 1804, after completing senior high school, Purkinje joined the Piarist monk order, but, after a 3-yr novitiate, he gave up the religious calling "to deal more freely with science." In 1818, he earned a Medical Doctor degree from Prague University by defending a dissertation on intraocular phenomena observed in oneself. In 1823, Purkinje became a Physiology and Pathology professor at the Prussian Medical University in Breslau, where he innovated the traditional teaching methods of physiology. Purkinje's contributions to physiology were manifold: accurate descriptions of various visual phenomena (e.g., Purkinje- Sanson images, Purkinje phenomenon), discovery of the terminal network of the cardiac conduction system (Purkinje fibers), identification of cerebellar neuronal bodies (Purkinje cells), formulation of the vertigo law (Purkinje's law), discovery of criteria to classify human fingerprints, etc. In 1850, Purkinje accepted and held until his death the Physiology chair at Prague Medical Faculty. During this period, he succeeded in introducing the Czech idiom (in addition to long-established German and Latin) as a Medical Faculty teaching language. Additionally, as a zealous Czech patriot, he actively contributed to the naissance and consolidation of a national Czech identity conscience. Purkinje was a trend-setting scientist who, throughout his career, worked to pave the way for the renovation of physiology from a speculative discipline, ancilla of anatomy, into a factual, autonomous science committed to the discovery of mechanisms governing in-life functions.
... The research results of the microscopic structure of animal and human nervous and other bodily tissue obtained by the famous nineteenth-century Czech scientist Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787Purkyně ( -1869 have already been adequately described in various older and newer publications (for reviews, see Chvátal, 2015bChvátal, , 2017. Original publications indicate that Purkyně, using his technical erudition, also contributed to the construction of a number of devices that enabled him to obtain significant results in the field of histology. ...
... The question of authorship of the microtome invention, as it is known today, is currently still a matter of debate. According to Sajner, this method was officially known in histological technique since 1842, when Stilling started to use it (see also Chvátal, 2017), but even after then the serial cutting method was not accepted in histology, as it would have been deserved. The Swiss anatomist Wilhelm His the Elder (1831-1904 is often mentioned as the inventor of the microtome. ...
The findings obtained by the famous nineteenth-century Czech scientist Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787-1869) in the field of microscopic structure of animal and human tissues, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, have already been described in depth in a number of older and newer publications. The present article contains an overview of the instruments and tools that Purkyně and his assistants used for microscopic research of tissue histology. Some of these instruments were developed either by Purkyně alone, such as the microtomic compressor, or together with his assistant Adolph Oschatz, such as the microtome. A brief overview of the development of the cutting engines suggests that the first microtome, a prototype of modern sliding microtomes, was designed and constructed under the supervision of Purkyně at the Institute of Physiology in Wrocław. Purkyně and his assistants, thus, not only obtained important findings of animal and human nervous and other tissues but also substantially contributed to the development of instruments and tools for their study, a fact often forgotten today.
... Some authors were convinced that it is a continuation of the internal layer of the cranial dura mater, which largely consists of lymphatic vessels and contains no blood vessels. Pappenheim, who published a comprehensive work of the microscopic structure of the eye tissues in 1842 (Chvátal, 2016; Pappenheim, 1842), according to Bohdálek believed that in this layer nerve fibers are located as in the choroid. Bohdálek, in addition, referred to his own previous work on the innervation of the internal surface of the sclera (Bochdalek, 1849b), in which he was convinced that the nerve plexus is located just within the suprachoroid lamina. ...
