Figure 10 - uploaded by Beatrice Funiciello
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(A) Moderate hyperkeratosis and severe epidermal irregular hyperplasia with rete peg formation. In the superficial dermis higher density of neoplastic fibroblasts compared to mid dermis is evident. Hematoxylin and eosin, 200×. (B) Moderate compact hyperkeratosis with mild epidermal hyperplasia and mild rete peg formation. In the superficial and mid dermis, typical picket fence arrangement of fibroblasts is present. The picket fence pattern is considered a highly diagnostic pattern but is observed in less than 50% of equine sarcoids. Hematoxylin and eosin, 20×. (C) Moderate compact hyperkeratosis with mild epidermal hyperplasia and rete peg formation. In the superficial dermis, high cellularity and typical picket fence arrangement of fibroblasts are present. The picket fence pattern is considered a highly diagnostic pattern but is observed in less than 50% of equine sarcoids. Hematoxylin and eosin, 100×.
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The chapter reviews all the aspects of the equine sarcoid, with reference to the most recent literature.
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Citations
... The disease was described in different warm-blooded animals including cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, giraffe, and zebras (Löhr et al. 2005;Trewby et al. 2014;Al-Salihi et al. 2020;Funiciello and Roccabianca 2020). Virus spreading may occur through direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects. ...
Cutaneous warts are the common clinical feature of infection with Bovine papillomavirus (BPV), and it is commonly known as bovine papillomatosis. It causes significant economic losses, especially in the dairy sector. The aim of this study was surveillance of the circulating strains of BPV in four Egyptian governorates and characterization by electron microscopy. Warts skin lesions and whole blood from seventy-eight native breed cattle were obtained. Molecular detection using two different sets of primers, phylogenetic analysis, and electron microscopy were carried out. The obtained results showed that using FAP59/FAP64 primer set is more sensitive than the MY09/My11 primer set in the detection of the papilloma L1 gene either in the blood or in the skin lesion. Sequence analysis of the partially amplified L1 gene revealed 4 different strains belonging to Deltapapillomavirus 4. Only Alfayoum_Deltapapillomavirus_2018 (accession no: MW018705) was found to be closely related to the strain previously isolated in different Egyptian governorates in 2017, and 2 strains were closely related to an isolate of equine origin. Electron microscopy examination of the skin lesions showed the presence of negatively stained rounded, non-enveloped virus particles with a size of 60 nm in diameter. In conclusion, continuous surveillance and characterization of the circulating strains using multiple sets of primers are important. Efficient biosecurity measures must be applied to decrease transmission of papillomavirus between the different animal species, especially in the mixed management system.
Sarcoids are common mesenchymal neoplasms of horses. Although there are few studies in which sarcoids have been followed over a long period of time, sarcoids are considered locally invasive and have been reported to frequently recur following surgical excision. Currently, no histological features have been identified to predict which sarcoids will recur after excision. The present study comprised 49 sarcoids for which histology sections were available and in which the recurrence status of the case was known. Each sarcoid was excised from a different horse. Overall, 12 of the 49 (24%) sarcoids recurred after surgical excision. Mitotic count (MC), cellularity, necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and inflammation of the sarcoids were evaluated histologically. Of these, MC correlated with recurrence. Four of 5 (80%) sarcoids with an MC ≥ 20 in 2.37 mm ² recurred, which was a significantly higher recurrence rate than that of sarcoids with an MC < 20, 8 of 44 cases recurred (18%), P = .0051. Clinical type was also found to correlate with recurrence. Three of 4 (75%) fibroblastic types recurred, which was a significantly higher recurrence rate than that of sarcoids with other clinical types, 9 of 45 cases (18%), P < .001. In addition, univariate Cox regression analysis confirmed fibroblastic type and MC ≥ 20 as significant predictors for recurrence ( P = .016 and P = .005, respectively). To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first large study examining recurrence rates in sarcoids, and the first time that histological features have been correlated with recurrence.
Sarcoids are the most common dermatological tumor of equids worldwide. These fibroblastic tumors rarely regress, more often they remain and can be locally invasive. To explore the functional importance of DNA methylation during the BPV-dependent neoplasia of equine dermal tissues, this study assessed a methylation level of CpG islands (CGIs) in the promoter region of LPAR1, MPZL3 , and POPDC2 genes, and within the gene body of the EHF gene, which were found to be differentially expressed in sarcoid samples in a previous study and harbored the differentially methylated sites (DMSs) in their sequences. The results of bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) showed a decrease in the methylation levels of CGIs of LPAR1 and EHF genes and an increase in the case of POPDC2 . The obtained data did not reveal any changes in the level of DNA methylation in the analyzed promoter region of the MPZL3 gene between the tumor and healthy tissues. Our observations confirm the presence of CpG methylation alternations in the equine sarcoid and provide new insight into a better understanding of the epigenetic regulation of this tumor development.
Sarcoids are the most commonly diagnosed skin tumours in equines. Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are the primary causative agent of sarcoids. There has been intensive research to discover the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to the aetiopathogenesis of this disease and tumour suppressors and proto‐oncogenes known to play a role in human neoplastic conditions have been investigated in equine sarcoids. Current approaches include the identification of gene expression profiles, characterising sarcoid and normal skin tissues, and an assessment of epigenetic alterations such as microRNA differential expression and DNA methylation status. This review focuses on selected groups of genes that contribute to the molecular mechanisms of sarcoid formation. These genes have the potential to complement current clinical examinations of equine sarcoid disease in diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic response and screening.
