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A-G: Clitopilus orientalis (CAL 1616 & CAL 1613). A-B. Basidiocarps; C. Basidiospores; D. Basidium; E. Pileipellis; F. Cheilocystidia; G. Stipitipellis. Scale bars: A-B = 1 cm; C-G = 10 µm. Photos: By K.N.A. Raj.
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Three species of Clitopilus, C. albidus sp. nov., C. subscyphoides and C. orientalis, are described from Kerala State, India, based on morphology and molecular phylogeny. Comprehensive descriptions, photographs, and comparisons with phenetically similar and phylogenetically related species are provided. The RNA polymerase II genes (rpb2) of the thr...
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Context 1
... a megablast search using the ITS (657 bp) sequence, the closest hits were Clitopilus giovanellae (Bres.) Josserand (1941: 10) (GenBank EF413030, 95 % identity) and C. scyphoides (GenBank FJ770401, 95 % identity). Blast search with rpb2 sequences showed no close hits with an e-value of zero. Clitopilus orientalis T.J. Baroni & Watling, Mycotaxon 72: 58 (1999). Figs. 3. A-G Description:-Basidiocarps small, omphalinoid to clitocyboid. Pileus 6-33 mm diam., convex with or without a shallow central depression when young, becoming depressed to deeply concave or rarely somewhat plano-convex or applanate with age; surface pure white, weakly hygrophanous and becoming somewhat whitish, not striate, glabrous to the naked eye, velutinous under a lens, tacky when wet, with fine longitudinal ridges towards the margin when young that become more pronounced with age; margin almost inrolled when young, becoming incurved to somewhat straight at maturity, with 1-2 rows of marginal scales. Lamellae subdecurrent to deeply decurrent, rarely furcate, close, initially white, becoming orange-white (6A2/OAC759) at maturity, up to 4 mm wide, with lamellulae of 1-6 lengths; edge entire to the naked eye, finely torn under a lens, concolorous with the sides. stipe 12-31 × 1-7 mm, central or rarely eccentric, terete, equal or slightly tapering towards the apex, cartilaginous, solid; surface white or whitish, finely appressed-fibrillose all over, finely pruinose towards the apex; base with mycelial cords. odor not distinctive. Taste farinaceous. spore print not obtained. Basidiospores 5-8(8.5) × 3.5-6.5 (6.43 ± 0.72 × 4.25 ± 0.43) µm, Q = 1-2, Qm = 1.46, ellipsoid, with 6-10 longitudinal ribs, colorless, thin-walled. Basidia 17-27 × 6-9 µm, clavate, colorless or pale yellow, thin-walled, 4- spored; sterigmata up to 4 µm long. Lamella-edge heteromorphous or rarely fertile. Cheilocystidia 15-78 × 4-6.5 µm, scattered, cylindrical, often tapering towards the apex, flexuose or narrowly clavate, often septate, colorless, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Lamellar trama subregular; hyphae 2.5-13 µm wide, colorless, thin-walled. subhymenium inconspicuous. Pileus trama subregular; hyphae 2-8 µm wide, colorless or pale yellow, thin-walled. Pileipellis a cutis occasionally disrupted by erect solitary hyphae; hyphae loosely arranged, slightly gelatinized, 3-7.5 µm wide, colorless, thin-walled. stipitipellis a cutis often disrupted by bunches of ascending hyphae towards the stipe apex; hyphae 2-5.5 µm wide, thin-walled, colorless or very pale yellow; terminal cells cystidioid, 14-40.5 × 3.5-7 µm, flexuose-cylindric, narrowly clavate or narrowly utriform, thin-walled. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections ...
Citations
... Secondary xylem comprises rounded to angular vessels present mostly in radial multiples of 2-3 with some solitary vessels. Vessel diameter is 35 (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45) µm and vessel length is 320 (211-403) µm. Perforation plates in vessels are generally simple and rounded, but reticulated perforation plates can be seen in combination with simple perforation plates at a few places (Fig. 3G). ...
Agnimantha plant species have been used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for many years and is widely used as an ingredient in many ayurvedic formulations. However, the source for Agnimantha remained controversial as it is difficult to authenticate from various reports. Hence, the present study aims to identify and authenticate its original and substitute sources. As per the literature sources Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f., C. inerme (L.) Gaertn. and Premna serratifolia L. are considered Agnimantha species. The anatomy of the above mentioned species confirmed the presence of patches of up to 20 cells in the sclerenchyma of the root cortex, while in the absence of sclerenchyma of the stem cortex, abundant chambered crystals were also present in the bark of the stem and root in C. phlomidis as compared to C. inerme and P. serratifolia. Phylogenetic analysis using chloroplast (matK, trnH-psbA) and nuclear markers (ITS, rbcl) also indicates the close relation between C. inerme and P. serratifolia and hence places them both in the same clade, though C. phlomidis is closely related to the other species but placed in the adjacent clade. Hence, the study concludes that anatomical as well as molecular phylogenetic analysis reflect close relation between C. inerme and P. serratifolia. while a distant relation with C. phlomidis.
... & Broome) Petch, C. chalybescens T.J. Baroni & Desjardin, C. crispus Pat., C. orientalis T.J. Baroni & Watling, and C. sinoapalus S.P. Jian & Zhu L. Yang. Clitopilus albidus, found at Kerala State (India), has slightly gelatinized hyphae in pileipellis, without inflated cells in lamellar trama, and smaller basidiospores (4-5.5 × 3-4.5 μm) (Raj and Manimohan 2018). Clitopilus apalus, discovered at Sri Lanka, is characterized by the solid and longer stipe (15-45 × 3-15 mm), and larger basidiospores (6-8.5 × 4.5-5.5 μm) with 9-11 longitudinal ridges (Pegler 1977). ...
... The tropical species C. crispus, originally described at Vietnam, differs by the fine ridges on the pileus margin, and larger basidiospores (6.2-7.6 × 4-5.3 μm) with 9-12 longitudinal ridges (Patouillard 1913; Baroni and Watling 1999). Clitopilus orientalis, distributed at Malaysia and India, is distinct from C. subalbidus by its radiately ridged pileus, ellipsoid or short-ellipsoid and larger basidiospores (6-9 × 3.8-5.5 μm) (Baroni and Watling 1999;Raj and Manimohan 2018). Clitopilus sinoapalus, known from South China, differs from C. subalbidus by its white to yellowish pileus, narrower hyphae (4-12 μm in diam.) in lamellar trama and by its presence at higher elevations (> 1000 m) (Jian et al. 2020a Description: Basidiomata omphaloid, small. ...
... The newly collected samples have the key characters of this species given in the original description (Deng et al. 2013b). Moreover, the sequences from our samples coincided with sequences of the new record of C. subscyphoides from India (Raj and Manimohan 2018). In order to elaborate the concept of C. subscyphoides consistently, the specimen (GDGM 73056) is designated here as an epitype of C. subscyphoides with new DNA nucleotide sequences and a more complete morphological description presented. ...
In this study, two new species, namely Clitopilus highlandensis and C. subalbidus, are proposed based on morphological and molecular analyses. Clitopilus highlandensis differs from C. abprunulus by its greyish yellow and convex pileus, and larger basidiospores. Clitopilus subalbidus is similar to C. albidus but distinguished from the latter by its inflated hyphae in the lamellar trama and bigger basidiospores. The evidence from the phylogenetic tree constructed with RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) further supports the morphological taxonomy. The phylogenetic tree, comprehensive descriptions , photographs, macro-and microscopic comparisons are presented.
... This genus includes saprotrophic or mycoparasitic species and is widely distributed, particularly in northern temperate areas. A few reports are from the southern hemisphere, with only 30 of the previously described species recorded to date (Singer 1986; Baroni & Watling 1999;Moncalvo et al. 2002;Kirk et al. 2008;Hartley et al. 2009;Crous et al. 2012;Raj & Manimohan 2018). ...
... Singer (EF413030) reported from Spain is also closely related to the new species separated by strong bootstrap support (BS = 75%). The newly generated sequences of the Pakistani species clustered with other species from section Scyphodies (Morgado et al. 2016;Wang et al. 2017;Raj & Manimohan 2018;Kumla et al. 2019;Baroni et al. 2020aBaroni et al. , 2020bFatima et al. 2022;Rehman et al. 2022). ...
... Based on molecular data, Clitopilus kamaka, originally described from New Zealand by Cooper (2014), showed an identity of 96% with C. cretoalbus but significantly differs from our new species by producing a very small but lateral stipe in mature specimens, smooth basidiospores when basidiomata are fresh, lacking any type of cystidia, pileipellis with no encrusted pigments, and with basidiomata growing on rock surfaces. Based on DNA sequence data, C. subscyphoides, described from China and India, is closer to C. cretoalbus but is separated by its hygrophanous pileus with smaller diameter (3-6 mm), short stipe (4-9 mm), colourless small basidiospores (5-7 × 3.5-4.5 µm), absence of cystidia and pale yellow pileipellis (Deng et al. 2013;Raj & Manimohan 2018). ...
A new species, Clitopilus cretoalbus A.Izhar, Zaman, M.Asif, H.Bashir, Niazi & Khalid sp. nov.,is described herein based on several collections from Punjab, Pakistan.It is characterized by a clitocyboid to somewhat omphaloid stature combined with a white pileus, decurrent lamellae, an almost central to slightly eccentric whitish relatively long stipe, the occurrence of cheilocystidia, and basidiospores with 6 to 9 ridges in polar view. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of nrITS and nrLSU performed using the maximum likelihood method supported the novelty of this Pakistani species and its placement within the genus Clitopilus section Scyphoides. A comparison with other morpho-anatomically close species confirmed that the newly described species is distinct from others.
... (1871: 23) was proposed by Kummer (Jian et al. 2020a). This is a saprotrophic and widely distributed genus, especially in northern temperate areas (Raj & Manimohan 2018;Kumla et al. 2019;Jian et al. 2020a). It is characterized by basidiocarps that are clitocyboid, omphalinoid or pleurotoid, mostly whitish or occasionally grayish or brownish in color, with pink or pinkish brown spore prints, ellipsoid basidiospores with 5-12 longitudinal ridges that appear angular in a polar view, and hyphae lack clamp connections (Singer 1986;Noordeloos 1988). ...
... Clitopilus albidus has small pileus umbilicate to infundibuliform 7-34 mm wide, short stipe 11-21 × 1-4 mm, small basidiospores 4-5.5 × 3-4.5 with 7-8 longitudinal ridges and small basidia 15-22 × 5.5-8 µm. Clitopilus orientallis has small convex to applanate, omphalinoid to clitocyboid pileus 6-33 mm diam, orange lamellae at maturity, central stipe, basidiospores with 6-10 ridges and flexuous or narrowly clavate cheilocystidia present (Raj & Manimohan 2018). Clitopilu crispus has omphaloid to clitocyboid basidiomata, concave to deeply concave pileus, thin, tortuous and subcylindrical stipe and basidiospores with 8-11 longitudinal ridges. ...
A novel mushroom species occurring on loamy soil under Bombax cieba was collected from Chichawatni forest, Punjab, Pakistan. Phylogenetic analyses of the nrDNA ITS and nuLSU regions revealed that it clusters within the genus Clitopilus. Further morpho-anatomical analyses confirmed its uniqueness, which is referred as a new species under the name Clitopilus chichawatniensis. The distinguishing characteristics of this novel taxon are large whitish to light pale, eccentric pleurotoid pileus 50–65 mm wide with lobed and involuted margins, large ovoid to ellipsoid basidiospores 6.2–8.4 × 4.8–6.4 µm with 3–5 longitudinal ridges, absence of cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia. A detailed description of this taxon and a key to all existing species of the genus Clitopilus in Pakistan is provided.
... Clitopilus (Entolomataceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) is considered as a common saprotrophic genus (Raj, & Manimohan, 2018), and several members in the Entolomataceae family can form ectomycorrhizae with a wide range of tree species (Agerer, & Waller, 1993). ...
Several species of soil free‐living saprotrophs can sometimes establish biotrophic symbiosis with plants, but the basic biology of this association remains largely unknown. Here, we investigate the symbiotic interaction between a common soil saprotroph, Clitopilus hobsonii (Agaricomycetes), and the American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua). The colonized root cortical cells were found to contain numerous microsclerotia‐like structures. Fungal colonization led to increased plant growth and facilitated potassium uptake, particularly under potassium limitation (0.05 mM K⁺). The expression of plant genes related to potassium uptake was not altered by the symbiosis, but colonized roots contained the transcripts of three fungal genes with homology to K⁺ transporters (ACU and HAK) and channel (SKC). Heterologously expressed ChACU and ChSKC restored growth of a yeast K⁺‐uptake‐defective mutant. Upregulation of ChACU transcript under low K⁺ conditions (0 and 0.05 mM K⁺) compared to control (5 mM K⁺) was demonstrated in planta and in vitro. Colonized plants displayed a larger accumulation of soluble sugars under 0.05 mM K⁺ than non‐colonized plants. The present study suggests reciprocal benefits of this novel tree‐fungus symbiosis under potassium limitation mainly through an exchange of additional carbon and potassium between both partners.
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... genus(Raj and Manimohan, 2018). Several field investigations,42 however, suggested that Clitopilus orcella and C. subvilis could establish an 43 ectomycorrhizal association with Quercus petraea(Southworth, 2013) and Q. robur44 (Howe, 1964; Keizer and Arnolds, 1994), as well as other trees in the Fagaceae 45 family (Molina et al., 1992). ...
Clitopilus hobsonii (Entolomataceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) is a common soil saprotroph. There is also evidence that C. hobsonii can act as a root endophyte benefitting tree growth. Here, we report the genome assembly of C. hobsonii QYL-10, isolated from ectomycorrhizal root tips of Quercus lyrata. The genome size is 36.93 Mb, consisting of 13 contigs (N 50 = 3.3 Mb) with 49.2% GC content. Of them, 10 contigs approached the length of intact chromosomes, and three had telomeres at one end only. BUSCO analysis reported a completeness score of 98.4%, using Basidiomycota_odb10 lineage data. Combining ab-initio, RNA-seq data, and homology-based predictions, we identified 12,710 protein-coding genes. Approximately, 1.43 Mb of transposable elements (3.88% of the assembly), 36 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters, and 361 genes encoding putative carbohydrate-active enzymes were identified. This genomic resource will allow functional studies aimed to characterize the symbiotic interactions between C. hobsonii and its host trees and will also provide a valuable foundation for further research on comparative genomics of the Entolomataceae.
[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
... The Rhodocybe-Clitopilus clade, with approximately 300 species described so far worldwide, is the smaller of the two monophyletic groups that make up the Entolomataceae, i.e., the Entoloma clade and the Rhodocybe-Clitopilus clade. Members of the Rhodocybe-Clitopilus clade are mainly found as saprotrophs in tropical and/or temperate ecosystems in both hemispheres (Maire 1926;Singer 1947Singer , 1969Singer , 1973Singer and Section Editor: Zhu-Liang Yang Digilio 1952;Dennis 1953Dennis , 1961Pegler 1977Pegler , 1983Moser 1978;Horak 1979aHorak , 1979bHorak [1978; Baroni 1981;Baroni 1988, 2007;Noordeloos 1988Noordeloos , 2012; Baroni and Halling 1992; Baroni and Horak 1994; Baroni and Gates 2006;Yang 2007;Henkel et al. 2010;Raj and Manimohan 2018;Jian et al. 2020). Species of the Rhodocybe-Clitopilus clade are recognized by their attached lamellae, flesh pink or reddish-brown spore deposits, basidiospores ornamented with longitudinally ridged or bumpy-pustulate surface in face view, minutely angled in polar view with 6-12 facets, and with evenly cyanophilic spore walls (Kluting et al. 2014). ...
... Clitopilus subscyphoides WQ Deng, TH Li & YH Shen a recently described species from China (Deng et al. 2013), also reported from India (Raj and Manimohan 2018), is characterized by its entirely white omphalinoid basidiomata with umbilicate, slightly velutinus or finely pruinose pileus surface making it somewhat similar to C. velutinus. However, C. subscyphoides differs from C. velutinus by its small size (pileus under 10 mm broad), smaller basidiospores (5-7 × 3.5-4.5 μm) with 8-10 prominent longitudinal rides and angles in polar view, and a repent cutis for a pileipellis (Raj and Manimohan 2018). ...
... Clitopilus subscyphoides WQ Deng, TH Li & YH Shen a recently described species from China (Deng et al. 2013), also reported from India (Raj and Manimohan 2018), is characterized by its entirely white omphalinoid basidiomata with umbilicate, slightly velutinus or finely pruinose pileus surface making it somewhat similar to C. velutinus. However, C. subscyphoides differs from C. velutinus by its small size (pileus under 10 mm broad), smaller basidiospores (5-7 × 3.5-4.5 μm) with 8-10 prominent longitudinal rides and angles in polar view, and a repent cutis for a pileipellis (Raj and Manimohan 2018). ...
Based on morphological and phylogenetic investigations, four new species, Clitocella termitophila, Clitopilus velutinus, Rhodocybe dominicana, and Rhodocybe pseudoalutacea, one new variety, Rhodocybe luteocinnamomea var. fulva, and first reports of Clitopilus prunulus, Rhodocybe mellea, and Rhodocybe roseiavellanea are described and illustrated from the island of Hispaniola. Three protein coding genes, RPB2, TEF1, and ATP6, were used to compare taxa and make phylogenetic inferences about novel species and varieties. Where necessary, because of non-availability of these protein coding gene data for every taxon, ITS sequences were used to confirm uniqueness or species similarity for C. velutinus and R. mellea, respectively. This contribution is a result of and based on numerous expeditions in the Dominican Republic by two different groups over a 20-year period that were designed to gather data on macrofungal biodiversity of this region. The new agaric taxa documented here contribute to the limited but growing knowledge on biodiversity of the Entolomataceae (Agaricales) for the Dominican Republic and the island of Hispaniola.
... P. Kumm. (Vizzini et al. 2011;Morgado and Noordeloos 2012;Cooper 2014;Morgado et al. 2016;Wang et al. 2017;Raj and Manimohan 2018). ...
... Our analysis of the 4-gene alignment strongly supported the monophyly of Clitopilus (ML/BI = 88/1), Clitocella (ML/BI = 100/1), and Clitopilopsis (ML/BI = 100/1). Two clades (A and B) in Clitopilus were also strongly supported, similar to results in Kluting et al. (2014) and Raj and Manimohan (2018). Clade A was composed of two internal, well-supported, sister subclades, which are referred to as C. sect. ...
... & Broome) Petch. Clitopilus albidus, known from India, has a smaller pileus (7-34 mm wide) and smaller basidiospores with 7-8 distinct longitudinal ridges (Raj and Manimohan 2018). The young basidiomata of C. sinoapalus could be confused with those of C. peri, originally described from Sri Lanka, but the latter usually has smaller basidiomata and ellipsoid basidiospores (Pegler 1977a(Pegler , 1977bBaroni and Watling 1999). ...
Within the family Entolomataceae, many reports of Entoloma and Rhodocybe have been published, but few reports on Clitopilus and allied genera are available. In this study, Clitopilus, Clitocella, and Clitopilopsis from China were studied by morphological and phylogenetic methods. Portions of nuc 28S rDNA (28S), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), and ATPase subunit 6 (atp6), were employed to elucidate the relationships of Clitopilus and allies. Results indicate that Clitopilus should be divided into three sections, namely, sect. Clitopilus, sect. Scyphoides, and sect. Crispi, the last of which is newly described. In total, 17 species of Clitopilus, Clitocella, and Clitopilopsis are found in China; 14 species belong to Clitopilus, of which 5 are new: C. yunnanensis, C. brunniceps, C. rugosiceps, C. sinoapalus, and C. umbilicatus. Two species of Clitocella, including one new species, Clitocella orientalis, are described. One new species of Clitopilopsis, namely, Clitopilopsis albida, is proposed.
... 2008; Hartley et al. 2009;Crous et al. 2012;Raj and Manimohan 2018). Clitopilus is characterized by basidiocarps that are clitocyboid, omphalinoid or pleurotoid, mostly whitish or occasionally grayish or brownish in color, with pink or pinkish brown spore prints, ellipsoid basidiospores with longitudinal ridges that appear angular in a polar view, and hyphae lack clamp connections (Singer 1986;Noordeloos 1988). ...
... Formerly, the genus Clitopilus included Rhodocybe (Moncalvo et al. 2002;Co-David et al. 2009;Vizzini et al. 2011a). However, molecular phylogenetic analyses have provided powerful tools for the identification of Clitopilus, leading to the separation of Clitopilus from Rhodocybe as well as the related genera (Clitocella and Clitopilopsis) (Cooper 2014;Kluting et al. 2014;Raj and Manimohan 2018). ...
A new species of agaricomycetes, Clitopilus lampangensis , is described based on collections from northern Thailand. This species was distinguished from previously described Clitopilus species by its pale yellow to grayish yellow pileus with the presence of wider caulocystidia. Molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on the data of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II ( rbp2 ) genes, also support the finding that C. lampangensis is distinct from other species within the genus Clitopilus . A full description, color photographs, illustrations and a phylogenetic tree showing the position of C. lampangensis are provided.
