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A. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) crop showing terminal papilionaceous flowers; B. Plant showing characteristic curved legumes (or pods); C. Fenugreek seed is rich source of important phytochemicals necessary for the nutraceutical and functional food industry; D. Hydroponic generated fenugreek seedlings in the lab.
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Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), an annual forage legume is also well known around the globe as an important spice crop; as well as a medicinal herb since it is rich in several important phytochemicals with positive impacts on human health. The nutraceutical and functional food industry is slowly but steadily transforming into an important...
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... (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) an annual forage legume is well known around the world as an importan spice crop and a medicinal herb (Fig. 3). The plant has been used for centuries in traditional Ayurvedic medicinal practices; as well as in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medical systems ( Acharya et al., 2010;Basu et al., 2007). The herb is reported to have a number of important medicinal properties in addition to its anti- diabetic and hypocholesterolemic ( Basu et al., 2007). Numerous research groups across the globe has convincingly demonstrated anti-microbial and antioxidant properties as well as anti-leukemic effects of fenugreek in addition to the high concentration of several important phytochemicals like various essential oils, steroidal sapogenins (e.g. diosgenin), complex carbohydrates (e.g. galactomannan), essential amino acids (e.g. 4-hydroxyleucine) to name only a handful ( Acharya et al., 2010;Aggrwal et al., ...
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Legume plants are environmentally friendly because of the low-cost cultivation costsas well as the good quality of post-harvest residues. The aim of this study was to determine the fertilizer value of post-harvest residues of fenugreek plants grown under various environmental conditions. The value of the aerial parts of fenugreek plants left in the...
Citations
... Others of them can be listed as cured oils, aromatic and spice uses, and use in pharmaceutical components (Petropoulos 2002;Basu 2006;Acharya et al. 2008). Basu et al. (2017) reported that fenugreek presents rich raw materials depending on its phytochemicals and it can be used in the emergent global industry (food and nutraceutical) as a chemurgic crop. ...
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual plant of Fabaceae family. It has various medicinal properties. The plant is used as spice or forage crop. It is native to the Mediterranean countries and it is also used as a spice plant in many parts of the world. The seeds and leaves of the fenugreek have been used commonly in traditional medicine because of including some important phytochemicals such as diosgenin, trigonellin, and fenugreekine. The used area of the fenugreek should be increased in different industry as food containing health-giving additives and having medicinal benefit as its phytochemicals. Fenugreek cultivation can increase the diversity of farming systems, improve its profitability, and make an important contribution to human health. This plant has been grown in arid and semi-arid region of the world as easily. However, yield, production and sowing area of fenugreek have lower values compared to other legume plants. Thus, best scientific strategies including breeding programs or cultural application should be implemented to improve the high yield of fenugreek species. Applications of different agricultural system can increase the fenugreek yield and phytochemical properties, thus it can contribute both crop production and soil management. This chapter emphasizes on the various scientific prospective including agricultural, agronomical, nutraceuticals, and industrial uses of fenugreek from past to present. In addition to this, it will moot for new research areas and different used areas of fenugreek.
... For centuries, besides in the traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicinal practices, the Indian medicinal applications have used fenugreek to treat various diseases in human and animals. Various clinical trials have entrenched appreciable medicinal properties of fenugreek leaves and seeds on study of human and animal subjects as compared with untreated control samples (Acharya et al. , 2010Basu et al. 2017;Fedacko et al. 2016). Because of the presence of natural, bioactive chemical compounds fenugreek has a broad variety of medicinal, health-promoting, and disease-preventing properties. ...
... Fenugreek seeds have medicinal properties including hepatoprotective effect, antidiabetic agent, hypocholesterolemic, galactogogue, gastric stimulant, anticancer, for anorexia, lactation aid, and antibacterial properties (Srinivasan 2006). These are important medicinal properties of fenugreek, so this crop has equal ability to be used in food industries, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries (Basu et al. 2017). ...
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) belongs to legume family and finds its origin from South Eastern Europe and Western Asia, but now grown mainly in India and many parts of the world including Northern Africa and the United States. Over 80% of the total world’s production of fenugreek is contributed by India, it occupied an area of nearly 219,000 ha with total production of 247,000 tonnes in 2015–16. Fenugreek seeds are extensively used as spice in Indian cuisine for flavoring, while its leaves, germinated seed, and tender shoots are used as vegetables. The seeds are aromatic, pleasantly bitter, and slightly sweet with antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic, galactogouge, and carminative properties. They are also reported to have remedial and nutritive properties and trigger digestion process. Fenugreek seeds contain a central hard and yellow embryo surrounded by a corneous and comparatively large, white, and semi-transparent layer of endosperm which is further surrounded by a tenacious and dark brown husk. Fenugreek seeds contain high proteins (27.57%), soluble (30.6%) and insoluble (20.6%) dietary fiber, crude fat (6.71%), and minerals such as calcium, iron, and β-carotene. The seeds are also rich in polysaccharides and galactomannan. In India, boiling, pressure cooking, roasting, or germination of fenugreek seeds are done to make the seeds soft, palatable and to remove its bitterness.
... Also, the rising popularity for fenugreek products in the international markets could be an important opportunity for Iranian farmers for earning extra profit for a low input industrial crop. Basu and Zandi (2017) stated that fenugreek has the potential to become a chemurgic crop suitable for supply of raw materials rich in phytochemicals for the emergent global food and nutraceutical industries. They have concluded that fenugreek foods and fenugreek products show significant promise for sales into global niche markets; if the target consumers are made aware of the important health benefits of fenugreek comprehensively. ...
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) belongs to the botanical family Papilionaceae, and its native geographic range is the area extending from Iran to Northern India, but it is presently cultivated also in other regions of the world. Historically, fenugreek has been used as an important traditional, multipurpose medicinal herb in Iranian, Indian, Chinese, and Tibetan Medicinal Practices for several centuries. The most important compositions of fenugreek seeds are neutral detergent fiber, protein, gum, moisture, lipids, starch, and ash. Fenugreek seeds and leaves are anti-cholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, carminative, demulcent, deobstruent, emollient, expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, hypoglycemic, laxative, parasiticide, restorative, and uterine tonic and useful in burning sensation. Traditional uses of fenugreek seeds around the world are in bone and muscles, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, female reproductive system, cardiovascular system, endocrinology, and hepatic. The most important modern health benefits of fenugreek are in appetite suppressant and weight loss, reduce cholesterol, reduce cardiovascular risk, control diabetes, a good relief for sore throats, it cures acid reflux or heartburn, relieves constipation, prevents colon cancer, good for kidney trouble, good for skin infection, increases milk production, reduces menstrual discomfort, and it minimizes symptoms of menopause. Integrative use of modern science and traditional medicine with novel technologies and discoveries will secure production of medicinal herbs and promote sustainability in a long-term and a wide-range. Treatment with natural medicine especially barberry as non-synthetic drug is recommended.
... Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual forage legume (Fig. 1) and a spice crop as well as a medicinal herb that has been grown for centuries across South Asia with India being the largest producer Basu, 2015;Basu et al., 2017). The crop does very good with minimal input agriculture and can be even grown as a remediation crop and/or nitrogen fixer in marginal lands low in agronomic potential like that of developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America with arid and semi-arid agro-climatic conditions. ...
... Fenugreek is an important medicinal, chemurgic, annual forage legume and a widely known traditional spice crop with multiple uses (Basu et al., 2009;Basu, 2015). The crop is important to the forage and seed industries, spice industry as well as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and functional food industries (Basu et al., 2007;Basu et al., 2017). Furthermore due to rise in preferences for organic agriculture products among a section of global consumers as well as increasing popularity of nutraceuticals and functional food around the globe; fenugreek could be a potential winner due to its unique pharmacological and neutraceutical properties. ...
... The plant is recommended for the semi-arid regions of Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America as a low input, dryland, annual forage legume (Basu and Agoramoorthy, 2014;Solorio-Sánchez et al., 2014;Basu et al., 2017). The genetics, physiology and highly specialized arid and semi-arid climate adaptations allow fenugreek to work as an active nitrogen-fixer with low water requirement and allow the crop to grow in arid or semi-arid climatic regimes under low input agriculture system practices in several poor developing and under developed nations (Acharya et al., 2008al Basu, 2015. ...
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a predominantly dryland crop belonging to the Fabaceae family and is closely related to alfalfa belonging to the same tribe. This annual forage legume species is an efficient biological agent for atmospheric nitrogen fixation through her microbial flora hosted in the root nodules. As such fenugreek is an excellent species for both long and short term crop rotation cycles in drier arid or semi-arid agro-climatic regions like that of Iran. Most importantly fenugreek is also a traditional medicinal herb due to presence of essential phytochemicals. Fenugreek seed is an excellent galactagogue; and has rich anti-diabetic and anti-hyeprcholesterolaemic properties as established in multiple experimental studies on various animal models and human subjects. The agro-climatic conditions of Iran has huge potential for generating new locally adopted, neutraceutically rich, high seed and forage yielding, disease resistant fenugreek cultivars that can cater to the global nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries as a highly desired chemurgic crop. Since this is a low input crop marginal lands in Iran could be used for commercial fenugreek production and can contribute towards income generation for farmers with lower capacity for agricultural investments. The rising popularity for fenugreek products in the international markets could be an important opportunity for Iranian farmers for earning extra profit for a low input industrial crop.
... Maize has an anti-cancer effect, effectively lowers cholesterol, improves digestion and reduces the risk of cancer. 7,8 The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of sweet maize (Zea mays cv. Landmark) on Cadmium nitrate solutions of concentration 5 mM, 10 mM and 20 mM by observing seed germination, seedlings electrolyte leakage, the fresh and dry mass and the water content in plant organs grown from seedlings germinated in Cadmium nitrate solutions. ...
Increasing the amount of heavy metals in the soil influences the production of contaminated food products. A common phenomenon is the inhibition of plant growth by heavy metals. Plant cultivation in the contaminated soils is problematic due to the accumulation of heavy metals in various organs. For many years, influences of metal toxicity on plants are examined, but the results of these studies are not conclusive. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Cadmium nitrate at concentrations of 5 mM, 10 mM and 20 mM on the seed germination, the electrolyte leakage from sweet maize seedlings (Zea mays L. cv. Landmark) and the growth of plants grown from them. The seed germination was significantly lower for 10 mM and 20 mM Cadmium compared to the control group. The electrolyte leakage from seedlings with higher concentration of Cadmium nitrate was increased. The biometric analysis of underground and aboveground plant organs showed significant inhibiting effect of Cadmium nitrate on maize growth. The fresh and dry mass decreased with higher concentration of Cadmium solution. The water content was different between the control group and plants treated with Cadmium nitrate solution.
The consumption of animal products, including meat and meat products, has increased globally with increased household income. Spoilage by microbes, autolytic enzymes, and lipid oxidation can cause the deterioration of meat and meat products, which has a considerable economic and environmental impact. Meat curing, which includes the addition of salt, nitrite, and sometimes nitrate to fresh meat cuts, enables a preservative effect by removing moisture and reducing the water activity of the meat. Nitrates and nitrites have been traditionally used as curing agents in the production of cured meat products. Sodium and potassium nitrates and sodium and potassium nitrites are used in meat curing because they stabilize red meat color, inhibit some spoilage and food poisoning anaerobic microorganisms, delay the development of oxidative rancidity, and contribute to flavor development. The beneficial effects of adding nitrates and nitrites to meat products are the improvement of quality characteristics and microbiological safety. However, several studies have indicated that nitrates and nitrites intake should be limited owing to their potential carcinogenic effect on humans. Therefore, the consumer demand for natural or nitrate- and nitrite-free meat products remains high. There is a need to find alternative natural plant material that provides alternative antioxidant and antimicrobial activities since they are noncarcinogenic and reliable; they can substitute or reduce nitrates and nitrites with minimal or no quality compromise of sensory attributes and shelf-life. Hence in this overview, we focused on Persian indigenous herbs, their essential oil and extracts' chemical composition, and their relation to their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity to find out how the essential oils and extracts of the herbs can be applied to meat and meat as a natural substitute.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a pharmaceutically significant aromatic crop with health benefits linked to its phytochemicals. This article aims to overview progress in using emerging technologies to extract its bioactive compounds and extraction mechanisms. Also, the trends in the applications of this herb in the food industry and its therapeutical effects were explained. Fenugreek's flavor is the primary reason for its applications in the food industry. At the same time, it has antimicrobial, antibacterial, hepatoprotection, anticancer, lactation, and antidiabetic effects. Phytochemicals responsible for these effects include galactomannans, saponins, alkaloids, and polyphenols. Besides, data showed that emerging technologies boost fenugreek extracts' yield and biological activity. Among these, ultrasound (55.6%) is the most studied technology, followed by microwave (37.0%), cold plasma (3.7%), and combined approaches (3.7%). Processing conditions (e.g., treatment time and intensity) and solvent (type, ratio, and concentration) are significant parameters that affect the performance of these novel extraction technologies. Extracts obtained by sustainable energy-saving emerging technologies can be used to develop value-added health-promoting products.
Trigonella hamosa (Genus: Trigonella; Family: Fabaceae), also known as branched Fenugreek, is a medicinally important plant traditionally employed for the treatment of common ailments. This study aimed at the evaluation of the chemical composition and biological profile of T. hamosa. The hydro-methanolic extract of T. hamosa (METH) was prepared through maceration, and subjected to solvent–solvent fractionation to obtain n-hexane fraction (HFTH), chloroform fraction (CFTH) and n-butanol fraction of T. hamosa (BFTH). Chemical profiling was carried out through preliminary phytochemical screening and determination of total phenolic (TFC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) and GC–MS analysis. In biological profiling, the extract and fractions were analyzed for in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral and thrombolytic activities. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various primary and secondary metabolites in extract and fractions of T. hamosa, polyphenolic quantification of METH showed highest TPC (139.32 ± 2.07 mg GAE/g D.E.) and TFC (61.31 ± 3.12 mg QE/g D.E). Similarly, a total of 22 compounds were tentatively identified in the GC–MS analysis of HFTH. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for HFTH in the CUPRAC and DPPH assays followed by METH which presented maximum results in CUPRAC assay. In vitro antidiabetic assay of HFTH showed significant alpha-amylase inhibition potential (70.13%) followed by CFTH (53.42 %). In the anti-thrombolytic assay, maximum results were observed for HFTH (60.99 %) followed by METH (45.24 %). The comparative bioactive fraction was subjected to antibacterial assessment which presented a concentration-dependent increase in antibacterial activity against various strains; Escherichia coli with a zone of Inhibition (16 mm), Bacillus subtilis (15 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), Bacillus pumilus (14 mm). Similarly, HFTH exhibited strong antiviral potential against all the tested viral strains; avian influenza A H9, avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV, and Newcastle disease virus NDV with strong hemagglutination titers 2, 0, and 2 respectively. Furthermore, the phytoconstituents identification by GC–MS was further analyzed by subjecting to in-silico molecular docking analysis for determination of interaction between identified phytoconstituents and α-amylase enzyme. This study highlighted the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic potential of aerial parts of Trigonella hamosa that could be further explored for the selection of leads which may contribute to novel drug development.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) native geographic range is the area from Iran to North part of India, but it is presently planted also in other regions of the world. Fenugreek has been used as a notable multipurpose medicinal and traditional herb in Iranian, Indian, and Chinese for several centuries. The most important composition of fenugreek seeds are protein, neural detergent fiber, gum, lipids, moisture, ash and starch. Fenugreek seeds and leaves are anticholesterolemic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, carminative, demulcent, deobstruent, emollient, expectorant, galactogogue, febrifuge, laxative, hypoglycaemic, restorative, parasiticide and uterine tonic and useful in burning sensation. Traditionally, fenugreek seeds used around the world are in bone and muscles, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, female reproductive system, cardio-vascular system, endocrinology and hepatic. The most outstanding modern health benefits of fenugreek are in appetite suppressant and weight loss, reduce cholesterol, reduce cardiovascular risk, control diabetes, a good consolation for sore throats, a remedy for acid reflux, constipation, colon cancer prevention, appropriate for kidney trouble, skin infection, increase milk production, reduce menstrual discomfort, and it reduces menopause symptoms. Both modern science and traditional medicine integration with novel technologies and discoveries will secure cultivation of medicinal herbs and promote sustainability in a long-term and a wide-range.
