Fig 1 - uploaded by Syed Waseem Bihaqi
Content may be subject to copyright.
(A–F) Photographs showing histopathological changes in cerebral cortex in different groups. (A) Control group (distilled water), (B) aluminium chloride (50 mg/kg) treated group, (C) aluminium chloride (50 mg/kg) + rivastigmine tartrate (1 mg/kg) , treated group, (D) aluminium chloride (50 mg/kg) + Convolvulus pluricaulis extract (150 mg/kg), treated group, (E) rivastigmine tartrate (1 mg/kg) , treated group, (F) Convolvulus pluricaulis (150 mg/kg), treated group. Ghost cells (G), haemorrhage (H), and vacuolated cytoplasm (S) (H & E 10 × ).
Source publication
Aim of the study:
Convolvulus pluricaulis (Convolvulaceae) has long been used as traditional herbal medicine in India as nerve tonic. We investigated neuroprotective effects of aqueous extract from Convolvulus pluricaulis (CP) against aluminium chloride induced neurotoxicity in rat cerebral cortex.
Material, method and result:
Daily administrati...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... histology of the cerebral cortex was examined under light microscope (Fig. 1A-F). Increased neuronal loss, ghost cells haemorrhage and vacuolated cytoplasm show aluminium induced alteration at microscopic levels. Absence of histopathological changes was observed in cerebral cortex of CP (150 mg/kgbwt) treated aluminium fed rats, while rivastigmine showed modest beneficial effect. Cerebral cortex from the rats of ...
Context 2
... histology of the cerebral cortex was examined under light microscope (Fig. 1A-F). Increased neuronal loss, ghost cells haemorrhage and vacuolated cytoplasm show aluminium induced alteration at microscopic levels. Absence of histopathological changes was observed in cerebral cortex of CP (150 mg/kgbwt) treated aluminium fed rats, while rivastigmine showed modest beneficial effect. Cerebral cortex from the rats of ...
Citations
... Ayurvedic treatment has been used for hundreds of years as a remedy, anti-aging, psychological stimulant, antianxiety, chemopreventive, antispasmodic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial including antibiotic, antidiabetic, heart problems, tranquilizer or mainly for strengthen knowledge as well as intelligence [31]. It is also used to cure nervous system disorders like schizophrenia, epilepsy, sleeplessness, psychosis, and/or other cognitive disturbances [32][33][34][35]. The plant C. pluricaulis seems recognized to have medicinal properties in each of its components. ...
... Convolvulus is a family of Convolvulaceae and has chemical components with biological activity that give these species their medicinal potential. Several Convolvulus varieties Table 3, like C. prostratus, have been claimed to have medicinal effects that can be used to treat conditions like Alzheimer's disease [36,54] and anxiety-related neurodegeneration [45,55,56] and avoid neurotoxicity brought on by aluminum [35]. Convolvulus plants are indeed significant for their therapeutic uses as well as their cultural and religious importance as they serve to remind people of specific elements of their lords and goddesses [57]. ...
Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis), also called C. pluricaulis Choisy (C. pluricaulis), is a longstanding shrub also known by the names C. microphyllus Sieb. as well as C. prostratus Forsk and it’s employed as a traditional people’s remedy for a number of illnesses such as memory enhancement in Ayurveda and Conventional Chinese Medicine system. It is primarily utilized as a memory enhancer and brain stimulant for the treatment of central nervous diseases like stress, depression, and sleeplessness. Traditional Indian medications are used. Anxiolytic, neurological (Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Epilepsy, but also Depressant) antioxidants, analgesics, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antihyperlipidemic, and cardioprotective actions are just a few of the medicinal qualities of this herb that have been linked to them in historical publications. Therefore, identifying and scientifically validating herbal remedies helps advance Ayurvedic/ Unani studies. Various biological phytoconstituents, including the alkaloids (convolamine), flavonoids (kaempferol), and polyphenolic compounds (scopoletin, sitosterol, and ceryl alcohol), have been linked to the therapeutic benefits of this botanical. Several active substances, such as scopoletin, kaempferol phytosterol, as well as -sitosterol, which was extracted from flying sections of C. pluricaulis, have been demonstrated to work as GABAA agonists that might explain the antianxiety and CNS depressant properties of shankhpushpi. To compile data for this article, a Systematic Literature Review on C. pluricaulis was conducted.
... It deranges cholinergic neurotransmission by increasing the enzymatic activity of acetylcholine esterase, induces lipid-protein damage and destabilizes endogenous antioxidant enzymes and Na+/K+ATPase activity, and causes overexpression of Cyclin-dependent kinase5 (Cdk5). 10 Also, aluminium exposure leads to degenerative changes altering the histoarchitecture of brain, histopathological changes neuronal loss, and cellular abberations. 11 Aluminium intoxication and would derange the antioxidant status, neurotransmitter levels and thereby contributes to oxidative stress-induced damage that imitates Alzheimer's. ...
... In the context of ursolic acid, chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the compound have been found to exhibit strong anti-angiogenic effects in tumors. 10,40 Chitosan possesses polycationic amino groups that provide it with the ability to exhibit mucoadhesive properties. This characteristic enables chitosan to establish ionic interactions with anions present on the cell surface or mucous membrane. ...
... [65] Convolvulus pluricaulis Convolvulus pluricaulis prevented aluminum-induced neurotoxicity in rat cerebral cortex. [66] α-Cyperone α-Cyperone binds and interacts with tubulin, being capable of destabilizing microtubule polymerization. The effect of this interaction could result in reduction of inflammation. ...
With the increment of the aging population in recent years, neurodegenerative diseases exert a major global disease burden, essentially as a result of the lack of treatments that stop the disease progression. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is an example of a neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people globally, with no effective treatment. Natural compounds have emerged as a viable therapy to fill a huge gap in AD management, and in recent years, mostly fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic, RNA-based therapeutics have become a hot topic in the treatment of several diseases. Treatments of AD face significant limitations due to the complex and interconnected pathways that lead to their hallmarks and also due to the necessity to cross the blood–brain barrier. Nanotechnology has contributed to surpassing this bottleneck in the treatment of AD by promoting safe and enhanced drug delivery to the brain. In particular, exosome-like nanoparticles, a hybrid delivery system combining exosomes and liposomes’ advantageous features, are demonstrating great potential in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
... Convolvulus pluricaulis prevented aluminium induced neurotoxicity in rat cerebral cortex. [66] α-Cyperone α-Cyperone binds and interacts with tubulin, being capable of destabilizing microtubule polymerization. The effect of this interaction could result in reduction of inflammation. ...
With the increment of the aging population in recent years, neurodegenerative diseases exert a major global disease burden, essentially as a result of the lack of treatments that can stop the disease progression. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is an example of a neurodegenerative disease, that affects millions of people globally, with no effective treatment. Natural compounds have emerged as a viable therapy to fill a huge gap in AD management, and in recent years, mostly fuelled by the Covid-19 pandemic, RNA-based therapeutics have become a hot topic in the treatment of several diseases. Treatments of neurodegenerative diseases face significant limitations due to the complex and interconnected pathways that lead to their hallmarks and, also due to the necessity to cross the blood–brain barrier. Nanotechnology has contributed to surpass this bottleneck in the treatment of AD, by promoting safe and enhanced drug delivery to the brain. In particular, exosome-like nanoparticles, a hybrid delivery system combining exosomes and liposomes' advantageous features, are demonstrating great potential in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
... In this study, there were marked degeneration of both pyramidal and granular neurons. This can be explained as chronic administration of AlCl3 associated with oxidative stress and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which led to decrease in the antioxidant enzyme [15]. Thus, resulting in a substantial increase in the rate of phospholipid peroxidation in brain cells, leading to membrane damage and neuron death [16]. ...
Abstract
Background: Aluminum is a widely distributed metal in the environment. Also, it is categorized as a neurotoxin which has hazardous effects on the development of the brain Aim of the work: To study the effect of chronic administration of aluminum chloride on hippocampus in two different doses. Methods: twenty-four adult male rats were equally divided into three groups: group Ⅰ, Ⅱ and ⅠⅡ. Histological study was done using H&E staining. Results: Al Cl3-group showed variable histological changes in hippocampal features. Conclusion: Aluminum chloride in high dose (100mg/kg) had an obvious deleterious effect on histological structure of hippocampus.
... Convolvulus pluricaulis, commonly known as Shankhpushpi, is utilized to enhance cognition and regenerate nerves [75][76][77][78]. Convolvulus pluricaulis belongs to the family Convolvulaceae. ...
... Experimental evidence and mechanisms of action Doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o., ethanolic extract of the C. pluricaulis, as well as its ethyl acetate and the aqueous fraction, demonstrated memory-enhancing properties [84]. Convolvine, a pharmacological component of C. pluricaulis, enhanced the memory-improving effects of choline and reduced cognitive impairment in AD [78,85]. C. pluricaulis treatment for three months at a dose of 160 mg/kg prevented neurotoxic effects by lowering acetylcholine esterase activity, lowering damage from free radicals, and keeping ChAT and NGF-TrkA working [86]. ...
Background
One of the most important healthcare challenges in the world today is neurological disorders. Pose lifestyle changes are linked to a significantly higher risk of chronic illnesses and diseases, placing a significant financial and healthcare burden on society at large. In this review article, we focused on the various neuro-nutraceutical herbs and their beneficial roles in neurodegenerative disorders.
Main body of the abstract
An extensive literature review was done from the standard databases such as Scopus, Elsevier, and PubMed using standard keywords “Nutraceuticals”, “Neuro-nutraceuticals”, “Neurodegenerative disorders”. Numerous "neuro-nutraceuticals" are natural plant compounds with dietary and pharmaceutical components that are intended to improve cerebral blood flow along with illness prevention and control. These compounds are found in food, herbal medicines, and nutritional supplements such as Bacopa monnieri, Curcuma longa, Asparagus racemosus, Helicteres angustifolia, Hericium erinaceus, Crocus sativus, Uncaria tomentosa, Centella asiatica, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Moringa oleifera.
Short conclusion
While discussing the neuroprotective and the neuromodulatory properties of various neuro-nutraceuticals, we rationally postulate here their molecular mechanisms. Additionally, compared to single-target medicines, which may have unfavourable side effects, these herbs are believed to be safer and to provide a more holistic improvement in brain health.
Graphical Abstract
... Convolvulus pluricaulis (CP) is a perennial herb that has been previously studied for its anti-amnesiac and anxiolytic properties in rodents [29][30][31][32]. Aqueous CP extract has shown significant AChE inhibition in the cortex and hippocampus of male Wistar rats with scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment [30]. ...
... Two active components of CP, namely, scopoletin and scopolin, have significantly reduced scopolamine-induced amnesia in a dose-dependent manner in mice [31]. CP, in combination with rivastigmine, has inhibited aluminium-induced elevation of AChE activity in rats [32]. ...
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors increase the retention of acetylcholine (ACh) in synapses. Although they alleviate cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease, their limited benefits warrant investigations of plant extracts with similar properties. We studied the anti-AChE activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis (CP) in a zebrafish model of cognitive impairment induced by scopolamine (SCOP). CP is a perennial herb with anti-amnesiac and anxiolytic properties. It contains alkaloid, anthocyanin, coumarin, flavonoid, phytosterol and triterpenoid components. Isoxazole (ISOX) was used as a positive control for AChE inhibition. CP-treated 168 hpf larvae showed a similar pattern of AChE inhibition (in the myelencephalon and somites) as that of ISOX-treated larvae. CP was superior to ISOX as evidenced by the retention of avoidance response behavior in adult zebrafish. Molecular docking studies indicated that ISOX binds Ser203 of the catalytic triad on the human AChE. The active components of CP—scopoletin and kaempferol—were bound by His447 of the catalytic triad, the anionic subsite of the catalytic center, and the peripheral anionic site. This suggested the ability of CP to mediate both competitive and non-competitive modes of inhibition. Surprisingly, SCOP showed AChE inhibition in larvae, possibly mediated via the choline-binding sites. CP + SCOP induced a concentration-dependent increase in AChE inhibition and ACh depletion. Abnormal motor responses were observed with ISOX, CP, ISOX + SCOP, and CP + SCOP, indicative of undesirable effects on the peripheral cholinergic system. Our study proposes the examination of CP, SCOP, and CP + SCOP as potential AChE inhibitors for their ability to modulate cognitive deficits.
... These findings provide direct evidence that aluminum may play a role in cognitive impairment and motor function loss. [1,[22][23][24][25] The mechanism of aluminum toxicity is extremely crucial as it has been linked to a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including oxidative brain damage and the generation of reactive oxygen species, altered neurotransmitter biosynthesis, inflammatory reactions (gliosis), reduced utilization of glucose, changes in the rate of transmembrane diffusion and the BBB transport system (BBB). [26,27] Aluminum hampered retrieval and acquisition of spatial recognition memory in the Y-maze, according to our findings. ...
... e nootropic effect of CP was also confirmed by other studies [9,10]. In various experimental models, CP can protect against neuronal injury and ameliorate memory deficits [11][12][13][14][15]. CP treatment prevented protein and mRNA expressions of tau and amyloid precursor protein (APP) in scopolamine-induced rat brain [16]. ...
Convolvulus pluricaulis (CP), a Medhya Rasayana (nootropic) herb, is a major ingredient in Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese formulae indicated for neurological conditions, namely, dementia, anxiety, depression, insanity, and epilepsy. Experimental evidence suggests various neuroactive potentials of CP such as memory-enhancing, neuroprotective, and antiepileptic. However, precise mechanisms underlying the neuropharmacological effects of CP remain unclear. The study, therefore, aimed at deciphering the molecular basis of neuroprotective effects of CP phytochemicals against the pathology of dementia disorders such as Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) disease. The study exploited bioinformatics tools and resources, such as Cytoscape, DAVID (Database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery), NetworkAnalyst, and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) database to investigate the interaction between CP compounds and molecular targets. An in silico analysis was also employed to screen druglike compounds and validate some selective interactions. ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) analysis predicted a total of five druglike phytochemicals from CP constituents, namely, scopoletin, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, and ayapanin. In network analysis, these compounds were found to interact with some molecular targets such as prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 (PTGS1 and PTGS2), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3), insulin receptor (INSR), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG), and monoamine oxidase A and B (MAOA and MAOB) that are associated with neuronal growth, survival, and activity. Docking simulation further confirmed interaction patterns and binding affinity of selected CP compounds with those molecular targets. Notably, scopoletin showed the highest binding affinity with PTGS1, NOS3, PPARG, ACHE, MAOA, MAOB, and TRKB, quercetin with PTGS2, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid with INSR, and ayapanin with HMOX1. The findings indicate that scopoletin, kaempferol, quercetin, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and ayapanin are the main active constituents of CP which might account for its memory enhancement and neuroprotective effects and that target proteins such as PTGS1, PTGS2, NOS3, PPARG, ACHE, MAOA, MAOB, INSR, HMOX1, and TRKB could be druggable targets against dementia.
... Various herbs with their family, plant extract, phytoconstituents, and probable mechanism of action are indicated in Table 2 given below. [70] α and β asarone Lipopolysaccharideinduced neuroinflammation in a model of rat [71]; Ellman method [70] Reduces oxidative stress and has anti-inflammatory properties; inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) [72,73] Allium sativum (Garlic) Alliaceae Bulbs Di-allyl-disulfide and s-allyl cysteine Scopolamineinduced amnesia; transgenic mouse model Tg2576 ...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic dysfunction of neurons in the brain leading to dementia. It is characterized by gradual mental failure, abnormal cognitive functioning, personality changes, diminished verbal fluency, and speech impairment. It is caused by neuronal injury in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal area of the brain. The number of individuals with AD is growing at a quick rate. The pathology behind AD is the progress of intraneuronal fibrillary tangles, accumulation of amyloid plaque, loss of cholinergic neurons, and decrease in choline acetyltransferase. Unfortunately, AD cannot be cured, but its progression can be delayed. Various FDA-approved inhibitors of cholinesterase enzyme such as rivastigmine, galantamine, donepezil, and NDMA receptor inhibitors (memantine), are available to manage the symptoms of AD. An exhaustive literature survey was carried out using SciFinder’s reports from Alzheimer’s Association, PubMed, and Clinical Trials.org. The literature was explored thoroughly to obtain information on the various available strategies to prevent AD. In the context of the present scenario, several strategies are being tried including the clinical trials for the treatment of AD. We have discussed pathophysiology, various targets, FDA-approved drugs, and various drugs in clinical trials against AD. The goal of this study is to shed light on current developments and treatment options, utilizing phytopharmaceuticals, nanomedicines, nutraceuticals, and gene therapy.
