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(A)-(F) Calluna vulgaris: (A) remains in situ; (B) stem with flower; (C) leaf epidermis; (D) twig without leaves; (E) stem; (F) seed. (G)-(K Erica tetralix: (G) stems and leaves in situ; (H) leaf; (I) leaf epidermis; (J) and (K): seed. (L)-(O) Empetrum nigrum: (L) and (M) leaves; (N) leaf epidermis; (O) seed.
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Context 1
... vulgaris Hammond et al. (1990) investigated the position of Calluna vulgaris (Fig. 1A-F) in relation to local raised peat bog water tables, and found that it occurred under minimum and maximum water table depths of 10 cm and 52 cm, respectively, with 90% of occurrences at 30 cm water table depth. It is restricted to drier microforms, because the roots and their endomycorrhizas need an aerated layer about 10-20 cm deep ( ...
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... tetralix (Fig. 1G-K) can withstand some water- logging under experimental conditions (Bannister, 1964). Hammond et al. (1990) investigated the posi- tion of Erica tetralix in relation to local raised peat bog water tables and found that it occurred under minimum and maximum water table depths of 5- 52 cm below the surface, with 90% of its occurrences ...
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... nigrum (Fig. 1L-O) is intolerant of pro- longed waterlogging and is restricted to well-drained hummock microforms on raised peat bogs (Bell and Tallis, 1973) and can occur abundantly in mire mar- gins (Økland, ...
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... commune and Polytrichum juniperinum/alpestre-type Polytrichum commune (Fig. 10A-C) grows under a wide range of acidic habitats, including heaths, woods, wet moorlands, bogs, lake margins, pools, and stream sides in damp-to-wet microhabitats. It is commonly associated with a range of Sphagnum spp., especially Sphagnum palustre and Sphagnum recurvum. Polytrichum juniperinum (Fig. 9K-O) grows on well-drained acidic ...
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... squarrosa (Fig. 10D-F) is a moss that occurs in fens and subfossil leaves identified in a peat profile collected from the east-European Russian Arctic have been used to show a wet and mesotrophic phase in the local peatland succession (Vä liranta et al., ...
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... giganteum ( Fig. 10G and H) is a moss that primarily occurs in rich fens. Subfossil leaves of Calliergon giganteum were identified by van Geel et al. (1986) and used to indicate stagnant, eutrophic, and base-rich aquatic environments in an Eemian lake ...
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... spp. (Fig. 10I and J) Drepanocladus aduncus is an aquatic moss which occurs in moderate-rich fens, small lakes, ponds, or streams. Drepanocladus fluitans is found in pools in blanket bogs, sometimes with Sphagnum cuspida- tum. Watson (1968) describes it as a species that can tolerate both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, since it is found in both deep ...
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... fruit bodies (ca. 125-500 mm in diameter) are regularly recorded in raised bog macrofossil samples (van Geel, 1978). The dark-brown fruit bodies are often still filled with ascospores. Meliola ellisii (Fig. 11B) is an obligate parasite on Calluna vulgaris. The currently unidentified Type 18 (Fig. 11A) occurs on roots of Eriophorum vaginatum. Mycelium with chlamydospores of Glomus cf. fasciculatum (Fig. 11C) can be common in various types of (non- oligotrophic) peat deposits. It grows as a vesicular- arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungus on a ...
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... fruit bodies (ca. 125-500 mm in diameter) are regularly recorded in raised bog macrofossil samples (van Geel, 1978). The dark-brown fruit bodies are often still filled with ascospores. Meliola ellisii (Fig. 11B) is an obligate parasite on Calluna vulgaris. The currently unidentified Type 18 (Fig. 11A) occurs on roots of Eriophorum vaginatum. Mycelium with chlamydospores of Glomus cf. fasciculatum (Fig. 11C) can be common in various types of (non- oligotrophic) peat deposits. It grows as a vesicular- arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungus on a variety of host plants. In lake sediments the presence of Glomus indicates soil erosion in the ...
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... recorded in raised bog macrofossil samples (van Geel, 1978). The dark-brown fruit bodies are often still filled with ascospores. Meliola ellisii (Fig. 11B) is an obligate parasite on Calluna vulgaris. The currently unidentified Type 18 (Fig. 11A) occurs on roots of Eriophorum vaginatum. Mycelium with chlamydospores of Glomus cf. fasciculatum (Fig. 11C) can be common in various types of (non- oligotrophic) peat deposits. It grows as a vesicular- arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungus on a variety of host plants. In lake sediments the presence of Glomus indicates soil erosion in the catchment of the lake ( Anderson et al., ...
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... and gemmules of freshwater sponges (Fig. 11E and F) are of regular occurrence in macrofossil sam- ples; especially in shallow water deposits at transitions from open water in the first stage of terrestrialization (Harrison, ...
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... chitinous larval remains of chironomids ( Fig. 11G and H) are very useful in paleoenvironmental studies of lake sediments (Walker, 2001). For the use of caddis fly larvas remains we refer to Elias (2001). ...
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... majority of oribatid mites (Fig. 11I) have a scler- otinized, chitin-rich cuticle. They are soil dwellers, common in peat deposits, but normally no records are made and for identifications specialist literature and the help of an acarologist is essential ( Schelvis and van Geel, 1989). For an overview of the potential use of mites in paleoecology see Solhøy ...
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... geometra (Fig. 11J) is an external parasite of freshwater fish. They lay their eggs in cocoons on the pond bottom, plants, stones, etc. Cocoons can be common in lake deposits ( Pals et al., ...
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... (Fig. 11K-M) are small, sessile, colonial, filter-feeding animals. There are more than 65 fresh- water species worldwide. Bryozoa of the class Phylactolaemata produce asexual buds called stato- blasts. These consist of two chitinous valves with regenerative cells within, and function as reproduc- tive, survival, and dispersal agents. Statoblasts ...
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... peat deposits and lake sediments, the presence of linings of foraminiferae (Fig. 11N) indicate tempor- ary inundation with salt or brackish ...
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... (Fig. 11O) are bivalved aquatic crusta- ceans with shells, common in nonmarine waters with neutral-to-alkaline pH. Ostracods are sensitive to a range of ecological factors (Holmes, ...
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... loricas of Callidina angusticollis (Fig. 11P) are of regular occurrence in Holocene raised bog deposits, but to date no specific ecological information can be derived from the occurrence of this representative of the Rotifera (van Geel, ...
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... While the overall trends are highly similar the timing can be slightly different, which could be related to the slightly different depths (and therefore slightly different ages) from which the two proxies generally were obtained within the same core. The relatively heavy plant macrofossils do not disperse as far from the parent plant as pollen and spores, providing confidence in their local origin and the resulting reconstructions of the local vegetation (Birks, 2007;Mauquoy and Van Geel, 2007), yet they are not always abundantly present in the soil cores. The pollen records are in most cases much richer than the macrofossil records both in terms of numbers of analysed layers and in terms of remains included within the individual layers. ...
During the Late Holocene, the majority of lowland river systems in temperate Europe transformed from low‐energy multi‐channel rivers in strongly vegetated marshy floodplains to more open floodplains characterised by single‐channel meandering rivers with overbank deposits. While the general framework of this transformation in floodplain geomorphology, ecology and hydrology (i.e. geoecohydrology) is widely recognised many uncertainties remain as its timing varies significantly, both among different river catchments and within them. To unravel whether the observed differences in floodplain response can be attributed to differences in the timing and nature of the driving forces or to a difference in sensitivity towards them, we compare long‐term and large‐scale reconstructions of the geoecohydrological floodplain dynamics and of the (climatically and anthropogenically driven) land cover change for two contrasting regions: the central Belgian loess belt and the sandy Campine region. By using a combination of cluster analysis, ordination and Ellenberg indicator scores on a large multi‐proxy and multi‐site dataset, we revealed the major trends in the past geoecohydrological evolution of northeastern Belgian floodplains. These trends are probably determined by changes in floodplain wetness, which can in turn be linked to variations in upland forest cover. The Early and Late Holocene floodplain transformations appear synchronous with the respective increases and decreases in upland forest cover in the vicinity of the sites, largely determining the water availability in the river catchments and thereby their local geoecohydrological conditions. Initially, these evolutions were determined by climate, but during the Middle and especially Late Holocene anthropogenic influence became a far more important factor, causing the evolutions in the two studied regions to increasingly diverge. While marshy floodplains with forested margins can still be found in the sandy Campine region today, these have become rare in the central Belgian loess belt due to the combination of a higher level of human impact and greater erodibility of the soils in this area. Despite the strong spatiotemporal variability of the floodplain transformations, we observe a trend towards increasingly rapid floodplain responses to upland land cover changes over the course of the Holocene, probably related to the growing hillslope–floodplain connectivity. We conclude that the (dis)similarities in Holocene geoecohydrological floodplain change can be largely attributed to the (dis)similarities in (climatically or anthropogenically driven) land cover change in the uplands, although the differences in inherent sensitivity of the locations – linked to factors such as soil type and topography – further complicate the already non‐linear impact–response relationships.
... No chemical treatment was necessary. All remains were counted and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level, mainly based on Mauquoy and van Geel (2013) and Birks (2013). ...
... The samples were washed and sieved under a warm-water current over 0.20 mm mesh screens. The percentage of individual fossils of vascular plants and brown mosses was estimated, and the fossil carpological remains and vegetative fragments (leaves, rootlets, epidermis) were identified using identification keys (Smith, 2004;Mauquoy and Van Geel, 2007) and compared with recently collected specimens. S. capillifolium and Sphagnum rubellum were grouped together (as S. capillifolium/rubellum) due to the difficulty in differentiating them in fossil state. ...
As peatlands are a major terrestrial sink in the global carbon cycle, gaining an understanding of their development and changes throughout time is essential in order to predict their future carbon budget and potentially mitigate the adverse outcomes of climate change. With this aim to understand peat development, many studies have investigated the paleoecological dynamics by analyzing various proxies, including pollen, macrofossil, elemental, and biomarker analyses. However, as each of these proxies is known to have its own benefits and limitations, examining them in parallel allows for a deeper understanding of these paleoecological dynamics at the peatland and a systematic comparison of the power of these individual proxies. In this study, we therefore analyzed peat cores from a peatland in Germany (Beerberg, Thuringia) to (a) characterize the vegetation dynamics over the course of the peatland development during the late Holocene and (b) evaluate to what extent the inclusion of multiple proxies, specifically pollen, plant macrofossils, and biomarkers, contributes to a deeper understanding of those dynamics and interaction among factors. We found that, despite a major shift in the regional forest composition from primarily beech to spruce as well as many indicators of human impact in the region, the local plant population in the Beerberg area remained stable over time following the initial phase of peatland development up until the last couple of centuries. Therefore, little variation could be derived from the paleobotanical data alone. The combination of pollen and macrofossil analyses with the elemental and biomarker analyses enabled further understanding of the site development as these proxies added valuable additional information, including the occurrence of climatic variations, such as the Little Ice Age, and more recent disturbances, such as drainage.
... Initially, the entire sample was examined with a stereomicroscope to obtain volume percentages of individual subfossils of vascular plants and mosses. The subfossil carpological remains and vegetative fragments (leaves, rootlets, epidermis) were identified using identification keys (Smith and Smith, 2004;Mauquoy and van Geel, 2007). Volume percentages of the different vegetative remains and Sphagnum sections were estimated in steps of 5%. ...
... Then they were rec og nized us ing a ste reo scopic mi cro scope at a mag ni fi ca tion of 10-100x, and counted. The re mains were identi fied with the help of Kats et al. (1965), Grosse-Brauckamnn (1972, Berggren (1981), Cappers et al. (2006), Zastawniak (2006, 2008), Mauquoy and van Geel (2007), the col lec tion of mac ro scopic plant re mains at the Fac ulty of Bi ol ogy, Uni ver sity of Bialystok, and the col lec tion of mac ro scopic plant re mains at the Na tional Col lec tion of Mod ern Biodiversity and Fos sil Or gan isms of the W. Szafer In sti tute of Bot any of the Pol ish Acad emy of Sci ences (KRAM her bar ium) in Kraków. ...
Eemian organogenic deposits, analysed at the Struga and Parysów sites (Garwolin Plain, central Poland), reveal the vegetation history. Palynological analysis supported by plant macrofossil analysis revealed a pollen succession encompassing seven regional pollen assemblages zones, E1-E7 RPAZ, within which indicator taxa for various climate characteristics (mainly temperature and humidity, including Tilia tomentosa and Hedera helix ) were recorded. Additionally, the Struga G-120 profile encompasses a Late Saalian section of deposits in which stadial and interstadial oscillations are inferred. The data corroborated earlier findings that the warmest and wettest part of the Eemian interglacial was during the hazel phase (E4 RPAZ) and the beginning of the hornbeam phase (E5 RPAZ). The younger part of the hornbeam phase bears the record of a decrease in humidity and gradual drop in air temperature. During the telocratic period encompassing the spruce-fir (E6 RPAZ) and pine (E7 RPAZ) phases, increased humidity and rising water levels in the lakes studied are again evident. The reconstructed plant succession and climatic conditions are discussed against a broader background of other Eemian profiles from Poland and neighbouring countries. They largely confirm that, at that time, the Garwolin Plain showed characteristics typical of a transitional climate from oceanic in Western Europe to continental beyond the eastern borders of Poland.
... A ste reo scopic micro scope of mag ni fi ca tion 10-100x was used for rec og ni tion. The re mains were then counted and iden ti fied based on Grosse-Brauckamnn (1972, 1974, Katz et al. (1977), Mauquoy and van Geel (2007), and the col lec tion of mac ro scopic plant re mains at the Fac ulty of Bi ol ogy, the Uni ver sity of Bialystok. ...
A new site of Eemian organogenic deposits in Słup (central Poland) has revealed an intermittent record of several phases within this interglacial. Pollen based studies of the core Sł-19, drilled at the littoral zone of the palaeolake, indicated the absence of the E2, E3, E6 and an incomplete record of the E4 and E5 zones of the typical pollen succession. Results of other proxies (plant macrofossils, Cladocera, molluscs, NPPs, iso topes) supported the conclusions derived from the pollen diagram regarding the high humidity and lake water level during the E4 (Corylus-Quercus-Tilia) phase and at the beginning of the E5 (Carpinus-Corylus-Alnus) phase, when the fossil lake was most extensive. Thus, the lack of a record of the E3 and E4 RPAZs was associated with water level lowering and a less humid climate. The results stand in agreement with several other Eemian records from central Poland.
... Initially, the entire sample was examined with a stereomicroscope to obtain volume percentages of individual subfossils of vascular plants and mosses. The subfossil carpological remains and vegetative fragments (leaves, rootlets, epidermis) were identified using identification keys (Hadenäs, 2003;Smith and Smith, 2004;Mauquoy and van Geel, 2007;Hölzer, 2010). Refer to Gałka et al. (2017b) for a detailed methodology for plant macrofossil analysis in peatlands. ...
Rapidly increasing temperatures in high-latitude regions are causing major changes in wetland ecosystems. To
assess the impact of concomitant hydroclimatic fluctuations, mineral deposition, and autogenous succession on
the rate and direction of changing arctic plant communities in Arctic Alaska, we conducted detailed palaeoecological
analyses using plant macrofossil, pollen, testate amoebae, elemental analyses, and radiocarbon and lead
(210Pb) dating on two replicate monoliths from a peatland that developed in a river valley on the northern
foothills of the Books Range. We observed an expansion of Sphagnum populations and vascular plants preferring
dry habitats, such as Sphagnum warnstorfii, Sphagnum teres/squarrosum, Polytrichum strictum, Aulacomnium palustre
and Salix sp., in recent decades between 2000 and 2015 CE, triggered by an increase in temperature and deepening
water tables. Deepening peatland water tables became accentuated over the last two decades, when it
reached its lowest point in the last 700 years. Conversely, a higher water-table between ca. 1500 and 1950 CE
led to a recession of Sphagnum communities and an expansion of sedges. The almost continuous supply of mineral
matter during this time led to a dominance of minerotrophic plant communities, although with varying species
composition throughout the study period. The replicate cores show similar patterns, but nuanced differences are
also visible, depicting fine spatial scale differences particularly in peat-forming plant distribution and the different
timings of their presence. In conclusion, our study provides valuable insights into the impact of hydroclimatic
fluctuations on peatland vegetation in Arctic Alaska, highlighting their tendency to dry out in recent decades. It
also highlights the importance of river valley peatlands in paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
... It was difficult to infer what type of material burned to produce the elongated and very thin charcoal particles (type D1 according to Mustaphi & Pisaric 2014), as this morphotype can either result from the burning of grass leaf veins and awns or be rays and tracheids from burnt wood (Schweingruber 1978, Mauquoy & Van Geel 2007. However, the elongated shape of type C and D fragments combined with their light weight and consequent portability suggests they may have arrived by long-distance, or at least extra-local, transport (Enache & Cumming 2006, 2009. ...
Ombrotrophic peatlands are ideal archives for reconstructing charcoal fluxes resulting from vegetation burning. This is because they are sensitive to local environmental changes and the deposition of allochthonous material is exclusively atmospheric. This article presents a charcoal analysis in which two generally accepted research methods were compared, namely (i) quantification of the frequency of occurrence (number), and (ii) quantification of the size (area) of charred particles. The peat cores were extracted from the ombrotrophic bog of Tăul Mare in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains (northern Romania). The two methods for quantifying the occurrence of charcoal yielded similar results showing increasing variability of fire activity during the last ~ 3000 years. Charcoal peaks were best defined in the charcoal area dataset and indicated an increase in charcoal particle size during periods of high charcoal abundance, which points to local fires. Analysis of charcoal morphology showed that, during time intervals with high charcoal abundance, there was a gradual increase in the proportion of burnt wood. This suggests that episodes of high and/or low intensity burning, on both long and short timescales, may play an important role in determining the charcoal signature of these events. The high level of detection of high intensity fires suggests that charcoal records may be most useful in systems with high intensity fires.
... Для микроскопического исследования использовались микроскопы Альтами СМ0745 (стереомикроскоп) и Nikon Eclipse Ci-L (световой микроскоп). Для определения систематической принадлежности макроостатков растений использовался ряд определителей (Короткина, 1939;Матюшенко, 1939;Домбровская и др., 1959;Кац и др., 1977;Mauquoy, Van Geel, 2007). ...
Based on analysis of the plant macrofossil composition in the peat deposits, we can identify the environments these plants were formed and developed. This paper is aimed at a detailed study of the macrofossil assemblages from the peat deposits in the Wittgirrensky peatland, which is a study site of the Rossyanka Carbon Polygon in the Kaliningrad Region. The conclusions of the study may contribute to the general insight into the mire flora development in the SouthEastern Baltic region. In total, 85 types of plant and animal macroremains were found in the peat and gyttja samples from the Wittgirrensky peatland, representing 39 different taxonomic groups, which were combined into 6 main macrofossil assemblage zones: 1) Salix-Phragmites, 2) Carex-Drepanocladus, 3) Pinus-Ericaceae, 4) Sphagnum magellanicum, 5) Sphagnum fuscum, 6) Sphagnum-Ericaceae.
... The samples were washed and sieved under a warm water current over 0.20 mm mesh screens. The percentage of 115 individual fossils of vascular plants and brown mosses was estimated, and the fossil carpological remains and vegetative fragments (leaves, rootlets, epidermis) were identified using identification keys (Smith, 2004;Mauquoy and Van Geel, 2007) and compared to recently collected specimens. S. capillifolium and Sphagnum rubellum were grouped together (as S. capillifolium/rubellum) due to the difficulty of differentiating them in fossil state. ...
As peatlands are a major terrestrial sink in the global carbon cycle, gaining understanding of their development and changes throughout time is essential to predict their future carbon budget and potentially mitigate negative influences of climate change. With this aim to understand peat development, many studies have investigated the paleoecological dynamics through the analysis of various proxies, including pollen, macrofossil, elemental, and biomarker analyses. However, as each of these proxies are known to have their own benefits and limitations, examining them in parallel potentially allows for a deeper understanding of these paleoecological dynamics at the peatland and for a systematic comparison of the power of these individual proxies. In this study, we therefore analyzed soil cores from a peatland in Germany (Beerberg, Thuringia) to a) characterize the vegetation dynamics over the course of the peatland development during the late Holocene and b) evaluate to what extent the inclusion of multiple proxies, specifically pollen, macrofossil, and biomarkers, contributes to a deeper understanding of those dynamics and interaction among factors. We found that, despite a major shift in regional forest composition from primarily beech to spruce as well as many indicators of human impact in the region, the local plant population in the Beerberg area remained stable over time following the initial phase of peatland development up until the last couple of centuries. Therefore, little variation could be derived from the paleobotanical data alone. The combination of pollen and macrofossil analyses with the elemental and biomarker analyses enabled further understanding of the site development as these proxies added valuable additional information including the occurrence of climatic variations, such as the Little Ice Age, and more recent disturbances such as drainage and dust deposition.
