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Why people engage in unsafe work practices, especially when advised not to, is an important question about human and organizational behavior. We seek insights into such behavior by examining questions about electricians’ safety decisions, with focus on why electricians work “energized” (or “live” meaning with electrical energy on) even when safety...
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... Pekerjaan listrik merupakan salah satu contoh pekerjaan yang berisiko tinggi, ada bukti bahwa bahkan pekerja listrik yang sangat terlatih terkadang dengan sadar mengambil risiko yang tidak perlu yang meningkatkan kemungkinan cedera akibat kerja listrik pada diri mereka sendiri atau orang lain (Austin et al., 2020). Berdasarkan analisis skenario OSHA, ada tiga alasan utama terjadinya kecelakaan listrik: peralatan atau instalasi yang tidak aman, lingkungan, dan praktik kerja (Chi et al., 2009). ...
Occupational health and safety is a set of activities to prevent injuries and health problems for workers and to provide a safe and healthy workplace. PT PLN (Persero) ULP SIbolga Kota is a sub-unit under UP3 SIbolga that helps manage customer service and distribution electricity network service. Electrical distribution work is one of the jobs that have a high risk. Some of the injuries that often occur during the distribution of electricity are electric shock, burns, and falls from a height. The purpose of this study was to determine the main priority factors causing work accidents and alternative prevention using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Data collection from expert respondents was carried out by distributing questionnaires. After analyzing the data, the consistency value (CR) of all risk criteria was determined to be less than 0.1, and this indicates that the decisions made by the experts are consistent. The main priority of the work accident factor at the criterion level is Discipline, with a weight of 0.372, the main priority of the work accident factor at the sub-criteria level is bad weather conditions, with a weight of 0.818, and the main priority of preventing work accidents in the alternative level is equipment maintenance with a weight of 0.298.
... 震等 [6] 通过事故树理论对导致施工触电事故发生的 施工人员因素和机械因素进行定性分析从而得出 了其结构重要度，总结了预防事故的途径；Austin 等 [7] 和 Abukhashabah等 [8] 通过对建筑工人进行问卷 调查，发现疲劳工作、工人缺乏职业安全意识和 经验不足是造成触电事故和伤害的主要致因；El-Sherif等 [9] 研究认为非电工的普通工人的用电安全 同样不可忽视，需要加强电气安全知识教育来缩 短电工与普通工人的安全差距；Kim等 [10] 使用改进 后的Haddon模型对加拿大安大略省1997-2007年 的建筑事故分析，研究发现导致施工触电事故的 重 要 致 因 是 直 接 接 触 电 源 、 低 电 压 源 和 户 外 工 作；Zhao等 [11] 和Wong等 [12] ...
... Internal attributes like efficacy, on the other hand, have been proven to influence certain behaviours such as decision-making. These factors are known to be related to harmful behaviours in high-risk careers like electrical engineering (Austin et al, 2020). These make studies concerning decision-making an important subject since it also associated with other workrelated abilities. ...
One of the qualities that employers often observe in potential graduates is the ability to display soft skills such as decision-making. It is suspected that some personality traits, cognitive domains, and efficacy have some effects on individual decision-making. Such awareness is expected to help technical trainees establish improved decision-making styles later that could have a positive professional impact. The aim of this study is to identify the domain of personality traits, rationality tendencies, self-efficacy and the combination of predictors that affect the decision-making style of trainees in technical training institutions. This study was conducted using survey quantitative design as the data collection tool. A population of 740 full-time trainees in electrical engineering from eight public technical training institutes were selected and 591were identified using stratified random sampling technique.Data was collected using the Big Five Inventory (BFI), Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and Maximization Scale. Based on multiple regression analysis, it is concluded that self-efficacy is the strongest predictor affecting decision-making styles among trainees at technical training institutions, as opposed to rationality, personality traits or a combination of predictors. This implies that self-efficacy has a profound effecton decision-making style. It could lead the trainee to make decisions based on his own experiences, rather than abiding safety rules and standard operating procedures. The trainees should realize decisions solely based on past convictions and experiences could cause detrimental effects on employers and themselves.
... Jalmo and Suwandi (2018) had students perform writing and drawing tests on genetic concepts to determine which test offers higher levels of mental models. Other researchers created expert and user mental models using information from expert sources and information from interviewing users, respectively (Austin et al., 2020;Cox et al., 2003). ...
Industrial systems can be complex and not intuitive to perceive. Therefore, students in technology and engineering programs can benefit from developing mental models of industrial systems during their journey in college. However, more often than not, these students do not have access to industrial facilities; thus, developing mental models for systems is a challenge. This paper examines the merit of an Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) framework application in creating proper mental models for industrial systems in technology and engineering students. Two IVR applications were developed. One IVR application afforded interaction with components of a prefabricated industrial cooling water system (CWVR). In the other application, students designed and built industrial systems with IVR (system designer VR [SDVR]). SDVR facilitated constructive-generative engagement. A group of 33 students was divided into two; one group (the Design, experimental group) was tasked with building a system with SDVR and interacting with the cooling water system in CWVR. The other group was tasked with directly interacting with the CWVR without building a system with SDVR (the Interaction, comparison group). Students' mental models of the cooling water system in CWVR were evaluated following completing the interaction experience with CWVR. The results demonstrate that the causal model notion of the mental model of the cooling water system was significantly higher in the Design, experimental group. The results suggest that designing a rich IVR application that facilitates constructive-generative engagements may carry merit in informing student mental models of complex technical concepts. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
... Besides, the establishment of HFACS model would involve lots of issues associated with human judgment and feelings (Qiao et al., 2020a). Grounded theory is considered as the reliable method to determine the contributors and construct new theories from reality (Yaraghi and Langhe, 2011;Austin et al., 2020;Malakoutikhah et al., 2021), which is integrated with HFACS model in this study to decrease subjectivity. However, the HFACS model focuses on comprehensive qualitative analysis, which is unable to quantitatively analyze the causation mechanism among different levels. ...
... Grounded theory is a mature qualitative research method aimed at establishing theory from original materials, which advocates developing theory in data research, rather than deducting verifiable assumptions from existing theories (Strauss and Corbin, 2014). Grounded theory is often used to determine the contributors and construct new theories for workers' safe acts ( has been utilized in various fields to sort out and summarize the original data in a systematic way, such as electrical work (Austin et al., 2020), and aviation . Grounded theory has a systematic research design, including phenomenon definition, data collection, three-level coding, and saturation test, as shown in Fig. 4. The three-level coding is the core stage of grounded theory, which contains three steps: open coding, axial coding and selective coding . ...
... Finally, to ensure the reliability and integrity of theory construction, saturation test is required. If there is no new category in the new collected data and no new logical or causal relationship between the categories, the conceptual model is considered to be theoretically saturated (Austin et al., 2020). This study codes the 5 remaining accident reports to takes saturation test, comparing with the obtained results, no new factors are generated, which indicates that the model is theoretically saturated. ...
Unsafe acts have been recognized as the substantial factors leading to maritime accidents. An obstacle to analyzing seafarers' unsafe acts involved in maritime accidents is the lack of data. Bayesian approach in structural equation modelling (SEM) estimation has attracted extensive attentions across other fields, due to its advantages that can handle complicated models and small sample size. Therefore, this study proposes an innovative methodology to address the multifactor risk coupling and causation involved in seafarers' unsafe act contributing to ship grounding accidents. Based on the principle of Bayesian SEM, the advantages of Grounded theory and Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) are integrated into this methodology. Specifically, Grounded theory and HFACS model are applied to identify and structure seafarers' unsafe acts and their contributory factors, facilitating the development of the conceptual model. Then, by employing Bayesian SEM, the causation paths and effects of seafarers' unsafe acts are examined. The results reveal that organizational influences play a significant role in the causation mechanism of seafarers' unsafe acts, and preconditions for unsafe acts are the only variables that exert direct impact on unsafe acts. Moreover, unsafe supervision and preconditions for unsafe acts are served as intermediate factors affecting seafarers' unsafe acts. In addition, this results indicate the feasibility of Bayesian SEM in analyzing seafarers’ unsafe acts.
... This theory has been successfully applied in some fields. For example, Lcaa et al. (30) analyzed the reasons for the shoddy work of some electricians by using the grounded theory. They suggested that electricians' work requires high cognitive ability. ...
The risk factors affecting workers' unsafe acts were comprehensively identified by Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) and grounded theory based on interview data and accident reports from deep coal mines. Firstly, we collected accident case and field interview data from deep coal mines issued by authoritative institutions. Then, the data were coded according to grounded theory to obtain relevant concepts and types. The HFACS model was used to classify the concepts and categories. Finally, the relationship between core and secondary categories was sorted out by applying a story plot. The results show that risk factors of unsafe acts of deep coal mine workers include environmental factors, organizational influence, unsafe supervision and unsafe state of miners, and the main manifestations of unsafe acts are errors and violations. Among them, the unsafe state of miners is the intermediate variable, and other factors indirectly affect risky actions of coal miners through unsafe sates. Resource management, organizational processes and failure to correct problems are the top three risk factors that occur more frequently in unsafe acts. The three most common types of unsafe act are unreasonable labor organization, failure to enforce rules, and inadequate technical specifications. By combining grounded theory and the HFACS framework to analyze data, risk factors for deep coal miners can be quickly identified, and more precise and comprehensive conceptual models of risk factors in unsafe acts of deep coal miners can be obtained.
... Grounded theory is often used to determine the contributors and construct new theories for workers' safe acts [34,35]. It is utilized in various fields to sort out and summarize the original data in a systematic way, such as electrical work [34], and aviation [36]. ...
... Grounded theory is often used to determine the contributors and construct new theories for workers' safe acts [34,35]. It is utilized in various fields to sort out and summarize the original data in a systematic way, such as electrical work [34], and aviation [36]. Although grounded theory is a qualitative analysis method, it is rooted deeply in the original data, finding problems from reality [37]. ...
... In order to ensure the reliability and integrity of theory development, saturation test is required. If no new categories and logical relationships are found in the new collected data, the conceptual model is considered to be theoretically saturated [34]. In the present study, 5 remaining accident reports are coded according to the grounded theory coding procedure. ...
Unsafe acts of seafarers have been widely recognized as the direct causes of maritime accidents. Previous studies have demonstrated the significant role of unsafe acts, and provided numerous factors that affect seafarers’ unsafe acts. However, the complex relationship among factors has not been explored. Therefore, in the present study, grounded theory is employed with the objective of determining the seafarers’ unsafe acts and their contributory factors in a systematic way, and within the framework of human factor analysis and classification system (HFACS), the causation of seafarers’ unsafe acts is hierarchized. Then, rough set theory is integrated with association rule mining to explore the potential causation of seafarers’ unsafe acts. The results highlight the development of theoretical analysis framework for seafarers’ unsafe acts, and the causation of unsafe acts is presented from three perspectives: “factors→unsafe acts”, “factors self-association”, and “unsafe acts self-association”. Finally, the safety countermeasures are provided. Results from this study would help relevant stakeholders to tailor prevention measures for seafarers’ unsafe acts, and enhance the safety management level in seafarers.
... 'Sharp-end' behavior is not only the product of individual-level human factors such as personality, attitude, and emotional experiences, but also how these factors interact with phenomena such as the physical workspace and environment, social elements such as organizational culture and safety climate, and human capabilities, including knowledge, skills, and motivation [12]. Although most arc flash injuries are precipitated by unsafe acts such as failing to isolate energy sources or otherwise working live [13], not donning the required Personal Protective Equipment or PPE [14], and failing to recognize risk in some types of maintenance work [15], these acts are mostly unintentional or accepted work practices, and a symptom of deeper trouble within the work system, such as latent local or organizational factors. Thus, this review focuses on how broader systems factors, both internal and external to the organization, shape the self-protective and risk management behaviors of frontline electrical workers. ...
... Again, electrical safety is affected by forces and pressures that operate at different levels, ranging from regulators, to unions, to organizational stakeholders such as managers and peers. Furthermore, as electrical contractors often have direct contact with customers [13], there can be direct and marked effects on safety behaviors. Finally, the dynamic nature of electrical work, whereby safety boundaries (actual or perceived) can rapidly shift, and priorities swiftly change [17], means that a systems approach that takes into account dynamic influences such as these is appropriate. ...
... Austin et al. [13] Importance of keeping to work schedule, protecting the public from harm, training apprentices in safe working practices, customer satisfaction, reputation protection, right person/right equipment/right job, safety attitudes, old/aging equipment, cheap or low-quality materials, preventative maintenance schedule, poor past workmanship (people without training or poor work quality), hot or dangerous machinery, other chemicals onsite/in proximity, working at heights, working in confined spaces, working in dynamic and distracting environments (e.g., construction site), poor housekeeping, weather conditions, other trades' knowledge and motivation of safety, other trades' ridicule or social pressure to work unsafely, quality of between-trade communication, customer interactions and distractions, time pressure (customers, employers, supervisors), fatigue due to long working hours, stricter safety regulations, quality work procedures and guidelines, public electrical safety campaigns, presence and availability of safety inspectors, lack of preparation when having to work live (expectation it will be dead), customer or engineers' decision to not shut down live equipment, electricians' own decision that de-energizing would be inconvenient, troubleshooting or testing live equipment, working out of hours to de-energize introduces new risks (lighting, etc.), availability of PPE, inadvertent re-energizing of deactivated equipment by others Baby et al. [20] Safety climate, personal stress, social support, job stress, self-esteem Basahel [21] Senior manager safety leadership style Börner and Lassowski [22] Fear of negative repercussions for reporting electrical incidents, absence of recognition for safe working, lack of employee involvement in decision making, relationship quality with peers, senior manager safety leadership style, internal organizational communication quality, effectiveness of job planning and resources Castillo-Rosa et al. [23] Age (<25 and over 65 more likely), experience (<1 year experience) ...
Injuries sustained while performing electrical work are a significant threat to the health and safety of workers and occur frequently. In some jurisdictions, non-fatal serious incidents have increased in recent years. Although significant work has been carried out on electrical safety from a human factor perspective, reviews of this literature are sparse. Thus, the purpose of this review is to collate and summarize human factors implicated in electrical safety events. Articles were collected from three databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar), using the search terms: safety, electri*, human factors, and arc flash. Titles and abstracts were screened, full-text reviews were conducted, and 18 articles were included in the final review. Quality checks were undertaken using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and the Critical Appraisal Skills Program. Environmental, individual, team, organizational, and macro factors were identified in the literature as factors which shape frontline electrical worker behavior, highlighting the complexity of injury prevention. The key contributions of this paper include: (1) a holistic and integrated summary of human factors implicated in electrical safety events, (2) the application of an established theoretical model to explain dynamic forces implicated in electrical safety incidents, and (3) several practical implications and recommendations to improve electrical safety. It is recommended that this framework is used to develop and test future interventions at the individual, team, organizational, and regulator level to mitigate risk and create meaningful and sustainable change in the electrical safety space.
Information technology is one of the most rapidly growing technologies globally. Over the last decade, its usage in healthcare has been remarkable. Over the last decade, its usage in healthcare has been remarkable. The study examines the impact of various factors as barriers to adopting the information system in healthcare. These factors are categorized into three major types: external attacks, which include phishing attacks and ransomware; employee factors, including lack of skills and the issue of information misuse; and technological factors, including complexity and vulnerability. The findings show that external attacks and technological factors are the main barriers to adopting information systems, while employee factors have no significant impact on the adoption of information systems in the healthcare industry of Pakistan. The study provides implications for healthcare policy makers, professionals and organziations regarding the successful adoption of health information system.
