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(A) Electron microscopic image of fluorescent nanoparticles and silica formation at 0.00038 M TEOS. (B) Fluorescent nanoparticles and silica formation at 0.0015 M TEOS. (C) Fluorescent nanoparticles and silica formation at 0.009 M TEOS. (D) Fluorescent nanoparticles and silica formation at 0.02 M TEOS. (E) Fluorescent nanoparticles and silica formation at 0.2 M TEOS.
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The sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was developed as a new modality in the surgical diagnosis of lymph node metastases. Dye and radioisotope are major tracers for the detection of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN). Dye tends to excessively infiltrate into the interstitium due to their small size (less than several nanometers), resulting in difficulties...
Citations
... International Journal of Nanomedicine 2023:18 4592 medium-sized contrast agents (50-200 nm) could be retained in the lymph nodes due to their slow rate of transport through the lymphatic vessels; 35,36 large size contrast agents (>500 nm) usually migrated through macrophages and dendritic cells in the lymphatic vessels, so the migration rate was very slow and might not even reach the lymph nodes. 37 The ideal tracer was one with right size not only to enter the lymphatic vessels without entering the capillaries, but to reach the SLN and remained there for a long time without reaching the distant lymph nodes prematurely, making it possible to directly determine the location of the SLN. ...
Introduction:
Sentinel lymph node (SLN) is the first regional lymph node where tumor cells metastasize, and its identification and treatment are of great significance for the prevention of tumor metastasis. However, the current clinical modalities for identification and treatment of SLN are still far from satisfactory owing to their high cost, invasiveness and low accuracy. We aim to design a novel nanomedicine system for SLN imaging and treatment with high efficacy.
Methods:
We designed and prepared hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (HMCS) and loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX), which is then modified with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) to obtain nanomedicine: HMCS-PVP-DOX.
Results:
HMCS-PVP with a size of about 150 nm could retain in the lymph nodes for a long time and stain the lymph nodes, which could be easily observed by the naked eye. At the same time, HMCS-PVP exhibited excellent photoacoustic and photothermal imaging capabilities, realizing multimodal imaging to locate lymph nodes precisely. Due to its high specific surface area, HMCS could be largely loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX). HMCS-PVP-DOX displayed highly efficient synergistic chemotherapy-photothermal therapy for lymphatic metastases in both cellular and animal experiments due to its significant photothermal effect under 1064 nm laser irradiation. HMCS-PVP-DOX also displayed great stability and biosafety.
Discussion:
Multifunctional nanomedicine HMCS-PVP-DOX is expected to provide a novel paradigm for designing nanomedicine to the diagnosis and treatment of lymphatic metastases because of its good stability and safety.
... Compared to conventional fluorescent methods, fluorescent NPs support the unique advantages of photofading resistance, higher brightness, and better size control [472]. Cellular tracking fluorescent NPs are inorganic QDs [473,474], nanodiamonds [475], fluorescent latex/silica nanobeads [476], and organic NPs [477]. ...
... Compared to conventional fluorescent methods, fluorescent NPs support the unique advantages of photofading resistance, higher brightness, and better size control [472]. Cellular tracking fluorescent NPs are inorganic QDs [473,474], nanodiamonds [475], fluorescent latex/silica nanobeads [476], and organic NPs [477]. ...
Global overpopulation, industrial expansion, and urbanization have generated massive amounts of wastes. This is considered as a significant worldwide challenge that requires an urgent solution. Additionally, remarkable advances in the field of biomedicine have impacted the entire spectrum of healthcare and medicine. This has paved the way for further refining of the outcomes of biomedical strategies toward early detection and treatment of different diseases. Various nanomaterials (NMs) have been dedicated to different biomedical applications including drug delivery, vaccinations, imaging modalities, and biosensors. However, toxicity is still the main factor restricting their use. NMs recycled from different types of wastes present a pioneering approach to not only avoid hazardous effects on the environment, but to also implement circular economy practices, which are crucial to attain sustainable growth. Moreover, recycled NMs have been utilized as a safe, yet revolutionary alternative with outstanding potential for many biomedical applications. This review focuses on waste recycled NMs, their synthesis, properties, and their potential for multiple biomedical applications with special emphasis on their role in the early detection and control of multiple diseases. Their pivotal therapeutic actions as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant nanodrugs, and vaccines will also be outlined. The ongoing advancements in the design of recycled NMs are expanding their diagnostic and therapeutic roles for diverse biomedical applications in the era of precision medicine.
... Compared to conventional fluorescent methods, fluorescent NPs support the unique advantages of photofading resistance, higher brightness, and better size control [472]. Cellular tracking fluorescent NPs are inorganic QDs [473,474], nanodiamonds [475], fluorescent latex/silica nanobeads [476], and organic NPs [477]. ...
Global overpopulation, industrial expansion,
and urbanization have generated massive amounts of wastes. This is considered as a significant worldwide challenge
that requires an urgent solution. Additionally,
remarkable advances in the field of biomedicine have
impacted the entire spectrum of healthcare and medicine.
This has paved the way for further refining of the outcomes
of biomedical strategies toward early detection and treatment
of different diseases. Various nanomaterials (NMs)
have been dedicated to different biomedical applications
including drug delivery, vaccinations, imaging modalities,
and biosensors. However, toxicity is still the main factor
restricting their use. NMs recycled from different types of
wastes present a pioneering approach to not only avoid
hazardous effects on the environment, but to also implement
circular economy practices, which are crucial to
attain sustainable growth. Moreover, recycled NMs have
been utilized as a safe, yet revolutionary alternative with
outstanding potential for many biomedical applications.
This review focuses on waste recycled NMs, their synthesis,
properties, and their potential for multiple biomedical applications
with special emphasis on their role in the early
detection and control ofmultiple diseases. Their pivotal therapeutic
actions as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant
nanodrugs, and vaccines will also be outlined. The ongoing
advancements in the design of recycled NMs are expanding
their diagnostic and therapeutic roles for diverse biomedical
applications in the era of precision medicine.
... Over the past few decades, nanomaterials have pushed forward the frontiers of diagnostics and therapy. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Many nanoparticle platforms have been exploited as drug delivery vehicles, such as inorganic nanoparticles, [10] liposomes, [11,12] and polymer NPs. [13,14] However, a major drawback for the biomedical application of nanoparticles is that often they are not biodegradable and have limited body clearance, accumulating in the body with undesired consequences. ...
While mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are extensively studied as high‐potential drug delivery platforms, the successful clinical translation of these nanocarriers strongly depends on their biodistribution, biodegradation, and elimination patterns in vivo. Here, a novel method is reported to follow the in vivo degradation of MSNs by tracking a radioactive label embedded in the silica structure. Core–shell silica nanoparticles (NPs) with a dense core and a mesoporous shell are labeled with low quantities of the positron emitter ⁸⁹Zr, either in the dense core or in the mesoporous shell. In vivo positron emission tomography imaging and ex vivo organ measurements reveal a remarkable difference in the ⁸⁹Zr biodistribution between the shell‐labeled and the core‐labeled NPs. Release of the radiotracer from shell‐labeled NPs is used as a probe of the extent of silica dissolution, and a prompt release of the radioisotope is observed, with partial excretion already in the first 2 h post injection, and a slower accumulation in bones over time. On the other hand, when ⁸⁹Zr is embedded in the nanoparticle core, the biodistribution remains largely unchanged during the first 6 h. These findings indicate that MSNs have fast, hour‐scale, degradation kinetics in vivo.
... Amorphous silicon dioxides are known to confer desirable attributes upon incorporation with active ingredients including enhanced biocompatibility, improved chemical stability, and improved thermal stability [7,9,[37][38][39]. Modified Stöber methodologies employed by Cong et al. afford silica coatings on fluorescent dye-doped polymeric nanoparticles towards obtaining an insulating layer with improved physical stability [37]. ...
... Amorphous silicon dioxides are known to confer desirable attributes upon incorporation with active ingredients including enhanced biocompatibility, improved chemical stability, and improved thermal stability [7,9,[37][38][39]. Modified Stöber methodologies employed by Cong et al. afford silica coatings on fluorescent dye-doped polymeric nanoparticles towards obtaining an insulating layer with improved physical stability [37]. Silver-silica core-shell structures, successfully prepared by Xu et al., use a modified Stöber process to confer chemical stability to metallic silver nanoparticles without hindering antimicrobial efficacy [9]. ...
Novel silver compounds in higher oxidation states, Ag (II) and Ag (III), have emerged as desirable alternatives to existing forms of antimicrobial silver compounds. Offering enhanced efficacy without sacrificing biocompatibility. Unique physiochemical characteristics associated with higher oxidation state silver confer desirable therapeutic traits. However, these same characteristics create challenges in terms of long-term stability and chemical compatibility with conventional biomedical materials. Core-shell methodologies, utilizing silica as a mesoporous or amorphous shell, have been adopted to enhance the stability of reactive active ingredients or cores. These methodologies commonly utilize controlled condensation of silicic acids in non-aqueous media by way of hydrolyzing alkyl silicates: the Stöber process or modified processes thereof. However, these strategies are not conducive to cores of higher oxidation state silver wherein hydroxyl organic precursors and by-products are incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Addressing these challenges, we present a strategy herein for the preparation of a self-directed silver oxynitrate-silica, Ag7NO11:SiO2, framework. The method described utilizes pH gradients generated from the oxidation reaction of soluble silver, Ag (I), with a strong oxidizing agent/alkaline silicate media to facilitate spatial control over the protonation and subsequent condensation of silicic acid from aqueous solution. The resulting Ag7NO11:SiO2 framework confers enhanced long term and thermal stability to silver oxynitrate without impairing aqueous degradation profiles or subsequent antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities.
... To reduce such surgical complications, the concept of SLN imaging has been gradually introduced and applied [36]. In our study, ITM micelles with a diameter of 100 nm could quickly move from the injection site to SLNs along lymphatic capillaries and remain in the SLNs for a long time, which is in line with the requirements of an ideal contrast agent [37,38]. However, most lymphatic mapping agents are incapable of diagnosing SLN metastases or are not visible on the images [39,40]. ...
Metastasis is one of the most threatening aspects of cervical cancer. We developed a method to intraoperatively map the primary tumor, metastasis and metastatic sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), providing real-time intraoperative guidance in cervical cancer.
Methods: TMTP1, a tumor metastasis targeting peptide, was employed to modify the indocyanine green (ICG)-loaded poly (ethylene glycol)- poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PEG-PLGA) micelles. The cervical cancer subcutaneous tumor model and lung metastasis model were established to determine the active targeting of ICG-loaded TMTP1-PEG-PLGA micelles (ITM) for the primary tumor and occult metastasis of cervical cancer. Human cervical cancer HeLa cells engineered by firefly luciferase were injected into the right hocks of BALB/c nude mice to develop the SLN metastasis model. The ITM and control ICG-loaded PEG-PLGA micelles (IM) were injected into the right hind footpads in the SLN metastasis model, and the migration and retention of micelles were recorded under near-infrared fluorescence. K14-HPV16 transgenic mice were also used to detect the image capability of ITM to target cancerous lesions.
Results: ITM could actively target imaging of the primary tumor and cervical cancer metastasis. ITM quickly diffused from the injection site to SLNs along lymphatic capillaries and remained in the SLNs for 12 h. Moreover, ITM specifically accumulated in the tumor metastatic SLNs (T-SLNs), which could be successfully distinguished from normal SLNs (N-SLNs).
Conclusion: ITM could achieve active targeting of the primary tumor, metastasis and T-SLNs, providing precise and real-time intraoperative guidance for cervical cancer.
... The size of a best lymphatic tracer should be (in the range of 50-200 nm) big enough to remain in the sentinel lymph nodes, small enough to allow its entry into the lymphatic capillaries while long enough for proper SLN visualization and imaging without being transferred to the higher tier nodes early [54][55][56]. For the SLNs to be properly recognized during the surgical procedure, the Nano-sized carbon particles with a diameter of 150 nm pass easily through the lymphatic capillaries and also allow accumulation in the lymph nodes for the longer duration. ...
Comparing diagnostic accuracy study between ultrasonography (US) guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and core-needle biopsy (CNB) of the Sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer patients. We selected 289 newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer patients from June 2015 to July 2017. Ultrasound (US) guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNA) and core-needle biopsy (CNB) was performed to identify patients with suspicious sentinel lymph node (SLN). Patients with a cortical thickness > 2 mm or atypical morphological char- acteristics were recommended FNA and CNB. Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was applied to patients with biopsy-proven metastasis, and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was applied to FNA or CNB negative patients. ALND was also performed when SNB is positive. Out of 289 patients, only 131 patients met final study criteria. Lymph node status was evaluated by FNA, CNB, SLND, and ALND. Among 131 patients, 45 were deemed positive for metastasis and 86 were determined to be negative with CNB, whereas 38 were deemed positive for metastasis and 93 were determined to be negative by using FNAB. CNB was used to correctly identify seven axillae as positive for metastasis that were deemed negative by using FNAB. There were no positive FNAB results in axillae that were negative for metastasis with CNB. All patients underwent SLNB and those with biopsy-proved axillary metastases were assigned directly to ALND as the primary staging procedure. The final histopathologic assessment indicated that 50 (38.2%) of the 131 axillae studied had axillary LN metastases. Axillary US-guided CNB was used to correctly identify 45 (90.0%) of the 50 LN-positive axillae, whereas axillary US-guided FNAB was used to correctly identify 38 (76.0%, P < 0. 001). There were no false-positive results. CNB netted 5 false-negative results, and FNAB resulted in 12. There was significantly different accuracy between different diagnostic tools. In our study, we demonstrated that CNB is a more reliable approach than FNA for the preoperative diagnosis of SLN metastasis.
... This technique is comparatively sensitive and stable [21,22]. High-resolution spectra that are recognizable by the naked eye can be obtained from stimulated microspheres, with sensitivities higher than those of colloidal gold particles [23].The relevant products are currently at the basic research and development stage, and are based on fluorescent microspheres (mainly for single-item detection) [24][25][26]. Colored microspheres are also used as detection tracers. ...
Background:
Rotavirus (RV) and enteric adenovirus (AdV) mainly cause infantile infectious gastroenteritis. Several separate test methods for the detection of RV or AdV are currently available, but few tests are able to simultaneously detect both RV and AdV viruses, especially in primary medical institutions.
Methods:
The present study was mainly designed to compare the performance of two combined test strips for the detection of RV and AdV: a rotavirus-adenovirus strip with fluorescent microspheres for tracers (FMT); and the CerTest rotavirus-adenovirus blister strip with colored microspheres for tracers (CMT). To test the strips cultures of RV, AdV and from other enteric pathogens were used, in addition to 350 stool specimens from 45 symptomatic patients with gastrointestinal infections.
Results:
Detection thresholds for RV and AdV cultures using serial dilutions showed that the sensitivity of FMT was significantly higher than that of CMT (both P < 0.05). Specificity evaluation demonstrated that with culture mixtures of Coxsackie (A16), ECHO (type30), and entero- (EV71) viruses there was no detection of cross reaction using the two test strips, i.e., all the results were negative. With regard to the detection of RV in 350 clinical specimens, the total coincidence rate was 92.9%, the positive coincidence rate was 98.2%, and the negative coincidence rate was 90.8%. With regard to AdV detection, the total coincidence rate was 95.4%, the positive coincidence rate was 95.2%, and the negative coincidence rate was 95.5%.
Conclusions:
FMT performed better than CMT with regard to the combined detection of RV and AdV.
... After irradiation using a laser light source such as an ultraviolet lamp, a visible fluorescent band can be observed. The product has a simple design, is easy to use, and has high sensitivity [11]. Fluorescent nanometer particle detection still has some technical problems that remain to be solved, such as selection of proper fluorescent nanometer particle, antibody labeling technology, and the stable storage of labeled fluorescent nanometer particle. ...
This study was designed to prepare and evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a Norovirus GI and GII fluorescent particles combined detection test strip method. Using selected chromatographic materials and antibodies specific to Norovirus GI and GII, the Norovirus GI and GII fluorescent particles combined detection test strip (tested method) was prepared as a conventional double antibody sandwich. The samples assayed included cultured rotavirus and 465 specimens from patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal infection. Norovirus was detected using the tested method and a reference method (CerTest Norovirus GI-GII test card). The results indicated that the sensitivity of the tested method was 4 (for GI detection) or 8 times (for GII detection) greater than the reference method. Neither of the two methods cross-reacted with rotavirus and so on. For specimens, 29 were found to be negative by the reference method and positive by the tested method, and 8 were found to be negative by the tested method and positive by the reference method. Furthermore, a retesting of these samples by qPCR showed that 28 of the 29 were positive, and 3 of the 8 were positive. In summary, the Norovirus GI and GII fluorescent particles combined detection test strip was successfully prepared and had good detection performance.
