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(A) Cyclic voltammograms of thin film electrode samples S1, S2, S3 and S4 with sulphate sources of different dip times. (B) Cycling stability analysis of S4 electrode after every 200 cycles upto 1000 cycles. (C) Charge discharge curves for S4 at different current densities. (D) Impedance plot and equivalent circuit for S4.
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The present work in on the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) mediated synthesis and study of variations in electrochemical behavior of PPy-Cu(OH)2 hybrid electrodes with dip time. In the aqueous route preparation, 0.1 m pyrrole, 0.1 m CuSO4 dissolved in acidified water (using 0.5 m H2SO4) and H2O2 (30 wt %) were used as initial...
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... Potentiodynamic electro-deposition was used in the synthesis. As precursors, a 99:1 aqueous solution of CoCl 2 and MnCl 2 at 1 M was employed [31][32][33][34]. The automatic spray pyrolysis process was used to create magnesium oxide (MgO) electrodes for supercapacitor applications [35]. ...
Dopant-free Co(OH)2 was synthesized from a precursor of 0.1 M CoCl2 on the single-sided conducting surface area of 1 cm² of stainless steel strip (SSS) substrate. It was developed by using a low-cost two-electrode technique at 0.5 V, 28 °C, 50 s reaction time, and in 50 ml double distilled water. Further, electrochemical properties are measured by a three-electrode technique. The charge/discharge characteristic testing of Co(OH)2 at different current densities (1 A/g, 3 A/g, 5 A/g) were studied which results in shifting of peaks toward the positive direction. CV examination of Co(OH)2 material as electrode was carried out at different scan rates (10 mV/s, 20 mV/s, 30 mV/s) in 0.1 M potassium hydroxide solution ranging − 0.2 to 0.5 V. A pair of redox peaks was noticeably observed in CV trace, demonstrating the typical capacitive behavior of Co(OH)2 electrode. The specific capacitances (87.5 to 262.5 F/g), specific energy densities (28 to 84 Wh/kg), and specific power densities (0.08 to 0.24 W/kg) were measured from GCD. Additionally, morphological studies such as XRD, SEM, and EDS were investigated. The morphological results show Co(OH)2 is having crystalline structure, average crystallite size of 37.88 nm, particle size of 180 nm, and elemental analysis confirms the presence of the elements. Further, it can be concluded that the Co(OH)2 has good electrochemical performance which is suitable for supercapacitor electrode material. This cobalt hydroxide electrode is a favourable candidate for electrochemical energy-storage devices.
Graphical abstract
... Especially, resolving the rapid energy crisis requires more development to meet current needs and researchers have a key role to play in creating more efficient, costeffective, and environment friendly energy storage systems [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Current Li-ion battery technology had limitations, like poor power density, low cyclic stability, high cost, less abundance of Li sources, etc. [7][8][9][10][11]. Even though the conventional capacitor had greater cyclic stability and power density, its minimal energy density suggested the necessity and importance of supercapacitors [12][13][14]. ...
Bismuth oxide/Zinc oxide (Bi2O3/ZnO-BZ) and Bismuth Oxide/Zinc Oxide loaded Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (Bi2O3/[email protected]) nanocomposites (NCs) were successfully synthesized through the one-pot hydrothermal method. The prepared samples were analytically characterized to reveal their structural, morphological and functional group characteristics. The presence of Bi2O3 nanoparticles with mixed crystalline phases (Cubic and Monoclinic) and hexagonally structured ZnO nanoparticles in BZM NCs were confirmed by XRD analysis. The electrochemical performances of the prepared NCs were investigated using 1 M KOH electrolyte in an electrochemical workstation under two and three-electrode configurations. The asymmetric supercapacitor fabricated by using BZM NCs modified working electrode possessed the maximum of 204.92 Fg⁻¹ specific capacitance, whereas BZ NCs modified working electrode showed only 145.90 Fg⁻¹ at the scan rate of 5 mVs⁻¹. BZ NCs retained their electrochemical behaviour of about 78.45 % after 5000 charge-discharge cycles and it was further extended up to 84.62 % by the incorporation of MWCNT. Through the fabrication of supercapacitors using BZM NCs, a maximum of 1800 Wkg⁻¹ power density and 9.433 Whkg⁻¹ energy density were achieved. The proposed BZM NCs-based electrodes with superior power and energy densities with high cyclic stability provided vital advantages for long-term commercial applications.
... Most probably, highly porous activated carbon electrode materials are used in EDLCs [1,3] and transition metal hydroxide/oxide material electrodes are used in pseudocapacitors [4]. Among these, transition metal hydroxide/ oxide and conducting polymer [5][6][7][8] composite electrodes are promising materials for supercapacitors due to their high specific capacitance, outstanding reversibility, and cycling stability than the carbon materials [1]. In supercapacitors, Hydroxides/oxides of various metals such as NiO [9], MnO 2 [10], Cu 2 O [4,11], Co 3 O 4 [12,13], NiCo 2 O 4 [14], MnO 4 [15], Cu (OH) 2 [16] and Fe 3 O 4 [17], were explored in large quantities owing to its multiple oxidation states. ...
In this research article, binder-less Co3O4 thin-film electrodes were successfully fabricated on stainless steel substrate by cathodic electrodeposition technique. The effect of different precursor pH media on the formation of Co3O4 has been studied. The Structural study of the Co3O4 by X-ray diffraction indicates cubic nature with porous crosslinked nano flaky/flakes (PCNF) morphology in Scanning Electron Microscope studies. FTIR and UV-Vis study reveals the confirmation of cobalt oxide material. The prepared Co3O4 PCNF thin-film electrodes are utilized for electrochemical charge storage applications. The PCNF Co3O4 electrodes exhibit the excellent performance of specific capacitances 323.9 Fg⁻¹ or specific capacity 187.1mAhg⁻¹ in 1M KOH aqueous electrolyte at 5 mVs⁻¹ scan rate. The power and energy density of the nanoflakes material is measured which indicates excellent coulombic efficiency in alkaline/Basic media. Further, a liquid-type symmetric supercapacitor device (LSSD) of Co3O4 was fabricated using PCNF cobalt oxide materials. The LSD exhibits excellent cycling stability with an enhanced specific capacitance of 107.9 Fg⁻¹ at a 10 mVsec⁻¹ scan rate. The maximum power and energy density delivered of the LSD are 4.33 KWKg⁻¹and 7.90 WhKg⁻¹ respectively. The alkaline medium of Co3O4 is more suitable for charge storage supercapacitor applications.
... Variety of materials including not only electrically conducting polymers in pure [5][6][7] and composite/hybrid forms [8][9][10] but plenty of transition-metal oxides (TMO) viz. RuO2 [11], Co3O4 [2], Fe2O3 [4], NiO [3], Fe3O4 [12], FeOOH [13][14] Cu(OH)2, NiCo2O4, MnCo2O4 [15][16][17][18][19] etc., are being tested for fabrication of redox capacitors. Ubiquitous need of alternatives for RuO2 resulted due to high cost and limited sources of Ru. ...
... Thus, despite several advantages, polypyrrole (PPy) suffers from poor electrochemical stability in electrolytes, the lower elasticity of volume during the doping and dedoping process, fragility in the flexible devices. These inadequacies can be eliminated either by forming copolymers of pyrrole [13][14][15][16], or by forming PPy composites/hybrids with metal oxides/hydroxides [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] to improve the electrochemical properties, stability and processability. Ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 ) has been observed as a potentially good electrode material for supercapacitors due to its long cycling life, durability structural stability and high electrochemical performance [10,18,[27][28][29]. ...
... It was found that the current integral goes on increasing with scan rate but the SC decreases with the scan rate. The current integral does not increase in the required proportion with the increase in scan rate this is because of the fact that the voltage changes so rapidly that the whole material is not utilized at higher scan rates [20]. Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. ...
Present work describes the superficial incorporation of the RuO2 in pristine PPy matrix by simply immersing the pristine PPy FE in 20 ml of 1 μM aqueous solution of RuCl3 to soak it in PPy matrix followed by drying. XRD shows mostly amorphous nature but there are peaks confirming the existence of tetragonal as well as rutile structures of RuO2. The characteristic peak at 1563 cm⁻¹ in FTIR confirms the formation of PPy. SEM image of the prepared hybrid flexible electrodes (HFEs) exhibits spherical structures embedded in PPy matrix. EDX pattern of the HFE shows the peaks for C, N, O and Ru. The prepared HFEs were electrochemically analyzed by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The observed maximum SC was found to be 1010.4 F g⁻¹ at 5 mV s⁻¹ in 0.2 M Na2SO4.
Graphical abstract
... However, the relatively weak energy density in supercapacitors is the principal limitation for their utilization as primary power sources to substitute batteries [12]. In reference to their active electrode materials, ultracapacitors are classified into three groups: (i) carbon with its different 1 3 forms that is grounded on the double-layer capacitance principal rising from the ions and charges separation at the electrode/electrolyte interface [2,3,10,13], (ii) electronically conducting polymers [2,3,[14][15][16], (iii) metal oxides [1][2][3][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. The last two classes of systems involve oxidation/ reduction reactions arise that comprise the charge transfer between electrode and electrolyte [3,21,27]. ...
... Manganese oxides could exist in seven different crystalline forms having Mn in different oxidation states such as Mn 2+ , Mn 3+, and Mn 4+ [23,24]. Most of study manganese oxide for supercapacitor is MnO 2 . ...
The p-version of the finite element method based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is applied, to the free vibration of symmetric variable stiffness composite laminated (VSCL) elliptical plates, with curvilinear fibers. A curved hierarchical rectangular finite element is developed and used to model the elliptical plate. The geometry is described accurately by the blending function method. The element stiffness and mass matrices are integrated numerically using the Gauss-Legendre quadrature. The equations of motion are derived employing Lagrange’s method. The numerical results are validated by means of convergence tests and compared with available data in the literature, for isotropic and constant stiffness composite laminated (CSCL) circular and elliptical plates. The contour plots of the fundamental frequency as a function of the fiber orientation angles are presented for clamped and soft simply supported symmetric VSCL elliptical plates. The effect of thickness ratio, aspect ratio, boundary conditions, and mechanical parameters on the frequencies of the lowest five modes is investigated and discussed. The mode shapes are examined by considering the effect of the fiber orientation angles and stacking sequences.
... Developing flexible, lightweight supercapacitor that pave way for novel technology is the current aim of researchers. The prevailing materials used for supercapacitor electrodes are allotropes of carbon, activated carbon, metal oxides [3][4][5] and conducting polymers (CPs) [6][7][8][9]. Among them conducting polymers have emerged as a competitive material because of their high energy, high power density, low cost, high conductivity and robust mechanical stability [10,11]. ...
The synergistic effect of electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) and pseudo capacitive behaviour of camphor sulphonic acid (CSA) doped PCz-g-C3N4 electrode material for supercapacitor application is studied. The electrochemical behaviour of the prepared electrode material was analysed via cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge–discharge studies. The electrode material responded with the specific capacitance calculated to be 199 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 for negative potential window which proves that the material is highly efficient. The PCz-g-C3N4 nanocomposite was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of carbazole using ammonium persulfate as oxidizing agent in ethanol and water media. The structure and elemental analysis were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) techniques are also used to analyse the samples. The active PCz-g-C3N4 electrode material has porous structure and is a prominent material for supercapacitor application
... This increase in the potential window is attributed to the NaNO3 electrolyte. Specific FEs capacitances (SC) were calculated by using the following equations [9,[11][12]. ...
... This is because the current integral did not increase in the same proportion as that of the scan rate. This may be due to the fact that the PPy matrix doping and de-doping rate with the NO3anions did not vary in the expected proportion [11][12][13]. PPy suffers from poor elasticity in shape during the electrochemical reactions, affecting its cycling stability. The matrix could not regain the shape during the anionic doping-de-doping. ...
... The discharging portion shows three parts, indicating an initial ohmic drop followed by a rapid discharging portion, which may be due to the rapid anions loss from the PPy matrix near to the surface and, finally, a time consuming exponential discharging portion, indicating a Faradaic charge storage [11][12]. SC values evaluated from the GCD curves are mentioned in the inset of Fig. 2D. ...
In the chemical synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy), pyrrole oxidative polymerization was done. The use of alkali salts viz. FeCl3, Fe(NO3)3, as an oxidative polymerizer, creates impurities, affecting the purity of formed PPy. In this work, highly pristine PPy flexible electrodes (FE) were chemically synthesized using a 0.1 M solution of pyrrole acidified with 0.05 M HClO4 and 30 wt % H2O2, by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. FEs XRD patterns indicate amorphous PPy formation. A characteristic peak at 1559 cm⁻¹ in the FTIR spectra confirms PPy formation. A gradual change in the surface morphology with SILAR immersion time was observed. Nyquist plots describe different impedance parameters, which vary with SILAR immersion times. In cyclic voltammetric analysis (CV), the maximum specific capacitance observed for the FEs prepared with an immersion time of 10 s was 520.48 Fg⁻¹. Specific capacitance calculated using the galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) analyses was 529.70 Fg⁻¹, which was nearly the same as that observed by CV. FEs exhibited great cycling stability, even after 5000 cycles, with 74.43% of capacitance retention. Solid state symmetric device (SSD) produced specific capacitance as high as 312.28 Fg⁻¹, with 76 % of retention, even after 5000 cycles. © 2018, Sociedade Portuguesa de Electroquimica. All rights reserved.
... However, the relatively weak energy density in supercapacitors is the principal limitation for their utilization as primary power sources to substitute batteries [12]. In reference to their active electrode materials, ultracapacitors are classified into three groups: (i) carbon with its different 1 3 forms that is grounded on the double-layer capacitance principal rising from the ions and charges separation at the electrode/electrolyte interface [2,3,10,13], (ii) electronically conducting polymers [2,3,[14][15][16], (iii) metal oxides [1][2][3][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. The last two classes of systems involve oxidation/ reduction reactions arise that comprise the charge transfer between electrode and electrolyte [3,21,27]. ...
... Manganese oxides could exist in seven different crystalline forms having Mn in different oxidation states such as Mn 2+ , Mn 3+, and Mn 4+ [23,24]. Most of study manganese oxide for supercapacitor is MnO 2 . ...
Hierarchical microfibers carbon–graphene–Mn3O4 (MFC–G–Mn3O4) nanocomposites have been successfully prepared via a simple, effective, and scalable chemical deposition method. It was applied as a free-standing and binder-free electrodes for an electrochemical capacitor. The graphene was first synthesized by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite rods and deposited on the microfibers carbon using gradually drop of the temperature until 150 °C to form MFC–G electrode. Then the Mn3O4 was prepared by direct redox depositions on MFC–G substrate at the temperature of 150 °C to form MFC–G–Mn3O4. For comparison purposes, the Mn3O4 was deposited directly on MFC to form MFC–Mn3O4 electrode under similar conditions. The synthesized materials were characterized by using scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The results from different characterization techniques indicate that the graphene and Mn3O4 were successfully synthesized and deposited on substrates. The specific capacitance of the electrode MFC–G–Mn3O4 reached 414 F g−1, this is five times greater than that obtained capacitance from the electrode MFC–Mn3O4 which is 83 F g−1. In addition, the introduction of graphene in the matrix of Mn3O4 allows an improvement of contact resistance between the active material and the current collector, electronic conductivity of the electrode, and stability over GCD cycling. The specific capacitance of the MFC–G–Mn3O4 is one of the highest values recorded in the literature of Mn3O4 based materials. Combination of the graphene and Mn3O4 using the direct deposition resulted in efficient synergetic effect between the two materials. The facile synthesis techniques and the good capacitive performances indicate that the developed nanocomposite electrode would be promising as electrode materials for the high-performance electrochemical capacitor.
... Conducting polymers have grabbed more attention. Polypyrrole (PPy) has also been used as electrode material in supercapacitors in pure [1,11] and hybrid forms [12][13][14][15][16]. PPy suffers from poor elasticity of shape, poor cycling stability, and limited potential window. ...
... Polypyrrole (PPy) has also been used as electrode material in supercapacitors in pure [1,11] and hybrid forms [12][13][14][15][16]. PPy suffers from poor elasticity of shape, poor cycling stability, and limited potential window. To overcome these limitations, co-polymerization [31], hybridization or composite formation is going on [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Chromium has multiple oxidation states. ...
... Shinde et al claimed successful SILAR synthesis of PPy on stainless steel [23,24]. Various composites and hybrids of PPy have been prepared by SILAR, viz, PPy-Cu(OH) 2 [13,14], C 10 H 9 N 2 -PPy [5]. There are no references regarding the SILAR synthesis of PPy-Cr 2 O 3 flexible electrodes and their electrochemical study. ...
PPy-Cr2O3 hybrid flexible electrodes (HFEs) have been synthesized by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method using flexible aluminum (Al) strips (derived from cold drink cans) as substrates. For the synthesis, 0.1 M pyrrole and 0.02 M K2Cr2O7 dissolved in 0.5 M aqueous H2SO4 were used as precursors while the flexible aluminum strips derived from waste cold drink cans were used as substrates. XRD pattern shows the peak at \(50.48^\circ\) indicating the existence of rhombohedral Cr2O3 in the hybrid. FTIR spectrum corroborates the formation of hybrid. SEM image exhibits porous morphology with interconnected granules. TEM image depicts the Cr2O3 granules of average size 20 nm and PPy globules of average size 50 nm. The liquid–solid contact angle was found to be \(10^\circ 30{\prime }\) indicating the near-superhydrophilic nature of HFE. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) analyses of HFEs have been carried out in each of 20 ml, 0.5 M solutions H2SO4, Na2SO4, and K2SO4. Changes in potential window, redox behavior and hence, the specific capacitance have been observed. The pseudocapacitance of HFE is combined effect of doping–dedoping of PPy matrix with SO42− anions as well as redox reaction shown by Cr2O3. HFE shows maximum specific capacitance 4246 Fg−1 in K2SO4 as measured from CV. HFE shows appreciable stability with 58.20% retention in capacitance even after 1000 cycles.
