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A Cortinarius ardesiacus , B Cortinarius austrotorvus , C Cortinarius austrocinnabarinus , D Cortinarius controversus , E Cortinarius laetelamellatus , F Cortinarius leucanthemium.
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The authors have been studying the mycological flora of New Zealand and Tasmania over many years with the aim of discovering phylogenetic links between Cortinarius occurring in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, which will be published elsewhere, we describe here ten new species of Cort...
Citations
... Phylogenetically, T. borealicremeolinus is clustered with the species of sect. Cremeolinae and has formed a sister relationship with T. dulciorum, but the latter is only distributed in New Zealand, associated with Nothofagus, and the basidiospores are small, being <8 µm long [25]. Molecularly, the most closely related species are T. cremeorufus (94.16% similarity in ITS) and T. nebulobrunneus (94.15% similarity in ITS), in which T. cremeorufus is also distributed in the Southern Hemisphere, and associated with Myrtaceae trees and with smaller basidiospores < 10 µm long [26], while T. nebulobrunneus is a distinctly sequestrate species occurring in sub-alpine grassy woodland among Eucalyptus from Australia [27]. ...
Three new phlegmaciod species of Thaxterogaster, T. borealicremeolinus, T. rufopurpureus, and T. sinopurpurascens spp. nov., from subtropical China were described based on their morphological characteristics and molecular data. Thaxterogaster borealicremeolinus belongs to the sect. Cremeolinae and differs from the other species in this section in its larger basidiospores and its habitat in the Northern Hemisphere associated with Quercus sp. trees. Thaxterogaster rufopurpureus and T. sinopurpurascens belong to sect. Purpurascentes, in which T. rufopurpureus is characterized by a pileus with a reddish-brown coloration when mature and a clavate stipe, while T. sinopurpurascens is characterized by a violet basidiomata, except for a greyish orange to brown pileus, the distinctly marginate bulb of its stipe, and its distribution in subtropical China. The phylogenetic analyses were performed based on nrITS, and detailed descriptions of the new species are provided herein.
... In New Zealand, several Cortinarius species are known to exhibit green hues on the pileus, for example, C. alienatus (E. Horak) G. Garnier (Horak 1988 (Cleland and Cheel 1918) and C. tessiae Soop (Gasparini and Soop 2008). However, none exhibit the same hue intensity as C. viridipileatus. ...
Cortinarius is a speciose genus of mycorrhizal fungi that contains many cryptic and difficult to delineate taxa. Correct identification can be confounded for species where no genetic information is available from their respective type specimens. Cortinarius section Subcastanelli is known to contain several species for which there is ambiguity around their true identity, i.e. C. epiphaeus, C. subcastanellus and C. taylorianus. For example, it has been long hypothesised that C. napivelatus is conspecific with C. epiphaeus. In this study, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was sequenced from the holotypes of the afore mentioned species. The ITS sequences and morphological characteristics indicated that C. epiphaeus and C. napivelatus were conspecific. Consequently, C. napivelatus was synonymised with C. epiphaeus. Based on morphological and molecular evidence it is shown that the protologue of C. subcastanellus is a mixture of two species. Consequently, the morphologically similar C. wallacei is synonymised with C. subcastanellus, the protologue of C. subcastanellus is emended and the new species C. cesarioanus is erected. Similarly, C. taylorianus was found to be polyphyletic. The holotype of C. taylorianus was nested in section Archeriani while a paratype fell in section Subcastanelli. As the protologue is consistent with the clade containing the type, no emendations are required. In addition to the species in Subcastanelli, a new species in Delibuti is described: C. viridipileatus. This species is distinctive in section Delibuti in having a green pileus with mauve lamellae. Finally, a key to New Zealand rozitoid species is presented.
... While most of the Cortinarius species were described from Europe and North America, there are also some species described from Oceania (e.g. Bougher and Hilton 1989;Soop 2005;Gasparini and Soop 2008), South America (e.g. Valenzuela and Esteve-Raventos 1994;Garnica et al. 2003;San-Fabian et al. 2018) and Asia (e.g. ...
Cortinarius is an important ectomycorrhizal genus that forms a symbiotic relationship with certain trees, shrubs and herbs. Recently, we began studying Cortinarius in China and here we describe three new species of Cortinarius subg. Telamonia based on morphological and ecological characteristics, together with phylogenetic analyses. Cortinarius laccariphyllus sp. nov. (section Colymbadini) is associated with broadleaf trees, with strongly hygrophanous basidiomata, special Laccaria -like lamellae and white and extremely sparse universal veil. Cortinarius neotorvus sp. nov. (section Telamonia) is associated with broadleaf trees and is easily confused with C. torvus , but can be distinguished by the colour of the fresh basidiomes and the stipe usually somewhat tapering towards the base. Cortinarius subfuscoperonatus sp. nov. (section Fuscoperonati) is associated with coniferous trees, with subglobose to broadly ellipsoid spores and is closely related to C. fuscoperonatus . A key to the new species and similar species in sections Colymbadini , Telamonia and Fuscoperonati is provided.
... Cortinarius minilacus, on the other hand, forms an own clade (/Minilaci) with several unnamed species from the South Pacific (Soop et al. 2019). As for C. myxenosma (Soop 2008), it is a sister to sect. Cremeolinae Soop (2016: 346). ...
Cortinarius section Xenosmatae, originally based on solely morphological characters, was subsequently shown to contain phylogenetically distantly related species. The type species C. xenosma is a singleton, and this study aims to revise the other members of the section using combined molecular (nrDNA ITS and LSU) and morphological data. Based on phylogenetic analyses using RAxML, PhyML and Bayesian Inference and additional morphological features one new species (C. paraxenosma) and one new section (sect. Olorinati) are proposed. Furthermore sect. Carbonelli is extended and emended to include two former members of sect. Xenosmatae. A key to the species in New Zealand with xenosmatoid morphology is provided.
... Subsequent to the important work reported by Moser and Horak (1975;278 taxa) from Patagonia, comparatively few species have been described from Australia and New Zealand Nothofagaceae species (Gasparini and Soop, 2008). Only 61 species (including the genus Dermocybe) were reported in Fungi of Australia (May and Wood, 1997), with at least 16 taxa doubtfully determined (Gasparini and Soop, 2008). ...
... Subsequent to the important work reported by Moser and Horak (1975;278 taxa) from Patagonia, comparatively few species have been described from Australia and New Zealand Nothofagaceae species (Gasparini and Soop, 2008). Only 61 species (including the genus Dermocybe) were reported in Fungi of Australia (May and Wood, 1997), with at least 16 taxa doubtfully determined (Gasparini and Soop, 2008). According to Segedin and Pennycook (2001), 98 species have been reported from New Zealand (including the genera Dermocybe, Cuphocybe, Rapacea, Rozites and Thaxterogaster, now considered as Cortinarius) (McKenzie et al., 2000). ...
The southernmost portion of the Andes in South America hosts Nothofagaceae forests that form ectomycorrhizal (EcM) associations. We compiled all the published reports of EcM taxa from these woodlands, based on fruit-body collections and molecularly identified root tips. This resulted in 87 peer-reviewed research papers dealing with EcM associations from Nothofagaceae forests published over the past 62 years. Based on these papers the EcM richness and its association with Nothofagaceae species was analyzed. Represented by 45 genera (34 Basidiomycetes and 11 Ascomycetes), 479 EcM taxa have been recorded, plus an additional 46 EcM taxa which are potentially EcM. Cortinarius was the most frequent and diverse genus, with 64.9% of total species. Nothofagus dombeyi had the highest number of unique EcM species, followed by N. pumilio, N. antarctica and Lophozonia obliqua. The EcM community associated with Nothofagus species, except N. nitida, showed higher similarities among themselves, than with Lophozonia and Fuscospora species. Beta diversity indexes showed EcM Nothofagus species have 29–42% niche overlap, while Nothofagus - Lophozonia only had 1–16%. The assessment of the accuracy of the EcM diversity, host specificity and community structure deserve further studies combining phylogenetic analysis based on broad ecological surveys. On the basis of pre-selected criteria Austropaxillus statuum, Cortinarius fragilis, Cortinarius xiphidipus and Hallingea purpurea are proposed as candidates for nursery spore inoculations, and should be subject to scientific evaluation to determine costs and benefits.
... Niskanen 2008). Originally, also a number of austral species were classified as Telamonia (Moser & Horak 1975, Grgurinovich 1997, Soop 1998, 2001, 2005, Gasparini & Soop 2008, in many cases despite traits not usually associated with what may be called a 'typical Telamonia'. Our analysis shows that some of these species form endemic sections (e.g., Austroduracini ) in the South Pacific, genetically well separated from the northern core clade, and no published southern species has so far been shown to belong to Telamonia s.str. ...
A section-based taxonomy of Cortinarius, covering large parts of the temperate North and South Hemispheres, is presented. Thirty-seven previously described sections are reviewed, while another forty-two sections are proposed as new or as new combinations. Twenty additional clades are recovered but not formally described. Furthermore, six new or combined species names are introduced, and one species is neotypified. The structure is supported by morphological characters and molecular evidence, based on two (nrITS and nrLSU) and four (nrITS, nrLSU, rpb1 and rpb2) loci datasets and analysed by Maximum Likelihood methods (PhyML, RAxML). Altogether 789 Cortinarius samples were included in the study.
... Cortinarius rozites Gasparini (Gasparini and Soop, 2008) from Nothofagaceae forests in Tasmania resembles C. submagellanicus, but the lilac or vinaceous pileus is reported to be dry and the lamellae concolourous. Basidiospores are ellipsoid (5.6) 7.1e9.0 ...
Cortinarius magellanicus Speg. is an edible, ectomycorrhizal fungus, widely distributed in Argentina, Chile and New Zealand. However, earlier studies already indicated that the epithet ‘magellanicus’ might have been applied in a wide sense, thus circumscribing several species. A neotype was designated by Moser and Horak (1975) due Spegazzini's type was lost. Argentinian Nothofagaceae forests’ samples, from autumn of 2017, morphologically recognized as C. magellanicus were used for a phylogenetic analysis, including sequences from type material and closely related species. Our results showed that C. magellanicus represents a complex of species, with at least three phylogenetic lineages, each with strong regionalism and distinct host associations. Cortinarius magellanicus s. str. is restricted to Patagonia of Argentina and Chile. The misidentified reports from New Zealand and Australia represent distinct and different lineages. In the present contribution, the re-description of C. magellanicus is based on neotype material and two new species are proposed. Cortinarius vitreopileatus var. similissimus is described as variety from New Zealand resembling C. magellanicus, however without close phylogenetic relationship to it. The taxonomic delimitation for C. magellanicus species complex is of high relevance due to the abundance of these fungi and their ectomycorrhizal role in Nothofagaceae forests in Gondwanian region.
... Many more EcM taxa are likely to be found in underexplored ecosystems such as Australian temperate forests (Tedersoo and Smith 2013). While it is established that Cortinarius and more generally the Cortinariaceae have high diversity in Australian eucalypt forests (Bougher 1995;Danks et al. 2013;Glen et al. 2008;Johnson 1994;Lu et al. 1999;Ratkowsky and Gates 2005;Teders oo et al. 2008), including Tasmanian forest (Gasparini 2004(Gasparini , 2007Gasparini and Soop 2008;Gates et al. 2005Gates et al. , 2011Ratkowsky and Gates 2005), their ecological significance including their importance as symbionts has not been determined in southern hemisphere forests (Chambers et al. 1999). Furthermore, the diversity of EcM fungal communities and prevalence of the Cortinariaceae above and below ground have not been investigated in highland eucalypt forests where environmental pressures differ from those in lowland areas. ...
Fungal diversity of Australian eucalypt forests remains underexplored. We investigated the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal community characteristics of declining temperate eucalypt forests in Tasmania. Within this context, we explored the diversity of EcM fungi of two forest types in the northern highlands in the east and west of the island. We hypothesised that EcM fungal community richness and composition would differ between forest type but that the Cortinariaceae would be the dominant family irrespective of forest type. We proposed that EcM richness would be greater in the wet sclerophyll forest than the dry sclerophyll forest type. Using both sporocarps and EcM fungi from root tips amplified by PCR and sequenced in the rDNA ITS region, 175 EcM operational taxonomic units were identified of which 97 belonged to the Cortinariaceae. The Cortinariaceae were the most diverse family, in both the above and below ground communities. Three distinct fungal assemblages occurred within the wet and dry sclerophyll forest types and two geographic regions that were studied, although this pattern did not remain when only the root tip data were analysed. EcM sporocarp richness was unusually higher than root tip richness and EcM richness did not significantly differ among forest types. The results are discussed in relation to the importance of the Cortinariaceae and the drivers of EcM fungal community composition within these forests.
... Several have been extensively studied; for example, the genera Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray sensu lato (Horak 1973a, b, 1981, 1987, 1999, Moser 1986, Horak & Wood 1990, Soop 1998, 2001, 2002, 2010, 2014, Gasparini & Soop 2008, Descolea Singer (Horak 1971), Inocybe (Fr.) Fr. and Astrosporina J. Schröt. (Horak 1977), Simocybe P. Karst. ...
A new genus Psathyloma is described based on collections of agarics from New Zealand. We describe two new species in the genus, Ps. leucocarpum and Ps. catervatim, both of which have been known and tentatively named for a long time awaiting a formal description. Morphological traits and phylogenetic analyses reveal that Psathyloma forms a strongly supported sister clade to Hebeloma, Naucoria and Hymenogaster. Morphologically Psathyloma resembles Hebeloma from which it differs mainly by producing smooth basidiospores with a germ pore. The geographical range of the genus has been demonstrated to include several regions in the southern hemisphere. A survey of published environmental sequences reveals that Psathyloma spp. were isolated from ectomycorrhizal root tips from Tasmania and Argentina, indicating an ectomycorrhizal association with southern beech.
... Man findet aber auch Purpurascentes-Arten auf der Südhalbkugel. Bisher sind drei Arten aus Neuseeland (Soop 2002 2013, GaSparini & Soop 2008) und sieben aus Australien (GaSparini 2007, DankS et al. 2010) beschrieben, während horak & moSer (1975) in ihrer Monographie über Cortinarius in Südamerika keine Arten aus dieser Sektion erwähnen. Die südlichen Kollektionen sind phylogenetisch analysiert, und ihre nahe Verwandtschaft mit den nördlichen Purpurascentes ist nachgewiesen (Garnica et al. 2005, cf. ...
Using molecular genetic methods we present a fresh look at Cortinarius subgenus Phlegmacium section Purpurascentes. A phylogram presents an overview of the species in the section. For a delimitation of the section, morphological characters (e.g. discolouration of the flesh) and chemical characters (e.g. colour reactions with Lugol) are employed. With current knowledge, the section Purpurascentes encompasses 5 European species, for which we present photos, descriptions and a determination key.
