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A) Cavitation bubbles formation. B) Cavitation effect observed in the ultrasound. Adapted from VAN WIJNGAARDEN, 2016. C) System of pretreatment using ultrasound bath. D) Hydrodistillation before pretreatment. 1 – ultrasound bath, 2-water with sample, 3distillation system, 4-heating .
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Essential oils are substances originated from plants in general. These compounds are well known to have a high biological activity, specially the antioxidant and antimicrobial. Several extraction techniques are employed to obtain these substances. However, the majority of these techniques require a long extraction time. In this sense, innovative an...
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Context 1
... is the main chemical factor that occurs when ultrasound with low frequency is used. It involves the formation, increase in size and implosive rupture of bubbles in liquid (Figure 1). This phenomenon results from the compression and rarefaction of bubbles, promoting their far apart organization. ...
Context 2
... the employment of ultrasonic pretreatment prior to hydrodistillation has been analyzed in several studies. Methodology consists in the pretreatment of the biomass with water for a further extraction step, as shown in figure 1 (TOMA et al., 2001). Several studies have investigated the ultrasonic pretreatment prior to hydrodistillation step aiming to improve the essential oil quality and decrease the time and energy consumption. ...
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... Ninety -one volatile compounds are separated and quantified in the peel essential oils of the Phuc Trach, Van Giang and Nam Roi pomelo in Vietnam [3]. The main 2 compounds in pomelo peel essential oils are α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcenr, α-terpinene, limonene, terpinolene, γ-terpinene and linalool with a total relative concentration of 85.90 -96.50%, while limonene has been found the dominant one [3,15,16]. Some studies about the application of pomelo essential oils as natural preservative were conducted for food, for examples, for skim-milk [17], sardine [18], mixture of emulsified pomelo peel oil and water-soluble chitosan [19]. ...
... Compounds such as limonene and β-myrcene belong to the stable monoterpene group, are less sensitive to heat than other compounds in the essential oil, so they generally remain almost unchanged after pretreatment and distillation [27]. There were 17 substances found in pomelo essential oil, differed from the results from the studies of Lan-Phi et al. [3] and Shahnawaz Ahmed [15]. This may due to the maturity of pomelo fruit [26,27]. ...
Essential oils were extracted from two Vietnam local varieties of pomelo namely Citrus Grandis L. CV Nam Roi and Citrus Grandis L. CV Da Xanh. Storage methods by freezing or drying of young fruit peels affect the yield of extracted essential oils. The yield of essential oils obtained from Da Xanh variety was higher in Nam Roi variety. The extraction under ultrasound assisted condition increased the yield by two folds. The composition of volatile compounds in pomelo essential oils varied with different pomelo varieties and storage methods of the materials. The dominant compound in young peels essential oils Nam Roi, Da Xanh is limonene (55 – 90%). Nam Roi peels essential oils have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities (inhibition ability against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus ) higher than Da Xanh peels’ essential oils.
... Ultrasonication presents a promising technique for the pretreatment of various plant materials for essential oils extraction through the cavitation phenomenon. Namely, this phenomenon causes the breakdown of sensitive essential-oil-bearing plant material and facilitates solvent access, as well as enhances the mass transfer, thus releasing the essential oil in a shorter time (Chemat et al., 2017;Nora and Borges, 2017;Sharifzadeh et al., 2022). In addition, ultrasonication pretreatment could preserve the volatile bioactive compounds (Pongmalai et al., 2015). ...
... The extracted compounds then easily flow out without altering their nature, thus enhancing oil yield and quality, shortening extraction time by up to 70%, and improving the oil's antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. However, a prolonged ultrasound pre-treatment time results in the escape of volatile substances and diminishes oil quality and output (23). ...
Citrus hystrix DC. is a common herb in tropical regions. Its essential oils are now widely researched and applied because of their high economic value and safety for humans and are interesting materials for future trends. This review provides an extensive overview of the biological activities of C. hystrix essential oil, characterized predominantly by citronellal, ?-Pinene, sabinene, limonene, and terpinene-4-ol, which are deciding factors in antimicrobial, antioxidant, insect repellent, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, it is applied in the fields of food preservation and pharmaceuticals. However, these applications should consider the ratio of these components in the essential oil, which is variable when using materials from different parts of the plant and depending on the original location of the plant, growth stages, traditional or modern extraction methods, and pre-treatment methods.
... Hashemi et al. (2016) reported this observation in their research of ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of Pistacia khinjuk hull oil, where a rise in the sonication amplitude resulted in an increase in oil output. These findings can be explained by the fact that higher ultrasonication amplitude induces a more rapid form of cavitations, which aided in the shattering of biological membranes by high-speed fluid microjets and expedited the diffusion of oil yield (Fan et al. 2014;Nora & Borges 2017). Increases in ultrasonication amplitude beyond the optimum value, on the other hand, may not necessarily generate favorable effects, as seen in Figure 2(a), where the improvement of oil yield declined as the ultrasonication amplitude increased from 30 to 40%. ...
Residual oil from palm oil mill effluent (POME) can be recovered and valorized into value-added products such as biofuel. However, the complex structure in POME limits the full recovery of intracellular lipids. To address this challenge, low-frequency ultrasonication was used as a pre-treatment prior to oil recovery to improve the yield by liberating the entrapped oil via the cell disruption technique. This study focused on optimizing the ultrasound conditions (i.e., ultrasonication amplitude, ultrasonication duration, and probe immersion depth) to maximize the improvement of oil recovery yield using response surface methodology. The optimized conditions were 30.074% ultrasonication amplitude, 0.167 min ultrasonication duration, and 2 cm probe immersion depth. This resulted in an additional 42.50% improvement in oil recovery yield over non-ultrasonicated POME, which is in close agreement with the model prediction. Additionally, a cost–benefit analysis was incorporated to determine the feasibility of ultrasonication for enhancing oil recovery. The study also explored the synthesis of biodiesel from POME-recovered oil and characterized the fuel attributes according to American Society for Testing and Materials- and European Standards-prescribed procedures. The attributes of biodiesel produced from POME-recovered oil are comparable to those of palm-based biodiesel in Malaysia, demonstrating its potential as an alternative source for biodiesel production.
... According to [10,11], ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation influences the chemical composition of oil and its bioactivity. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate antibacterial activity of A. cardamomum oil extracted with conventional and ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation to consider the quality of EO. ...
This study evaluates the antibacterial activity of Amomum cardamomum oil extracted with ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation (UAHD), compared to conventional hydrodistillation (HD). HD and UAHD were carried out by Clevenger-type apparatus with SFR 1:20 for 6 h. UAHD was conducted in various energy outputs (30%, 60%, and 90%) as pre-treatment. The results showed that the power used by UAHD increases oil volume with the highest yield is 6.97% using 90% of energy. The chemical composition analysis was determined by GC-MS and showed that 1,8 cineole dominates up to 60% of total oil compositions. Antibacterial activity was determined by zone of inhibition (ZOI) using disk diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) using microdilution method against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis. The ZOI ranged between 9±0.0-14±2.0 mm and the MIC valued 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL against all tested bacteria. However, based on Kruskal-Wallis analysis, there was no marked difference in antibacterial activity of both oils extracted with UAHD and HD, which they possessed similar ZOI and MIC.
... As one of the modern extraction methods, which is low on heat, the ultrasonication method has not been widely studied in the Salam leaf extraction process. On the other hand, the processing time and the ratio of solvent use are factors that determine the effectiveness of this method [5]. For the processing time factor, as evidenced by the extraction study on Terminalia catappa leaves in the range of 20 to 60 min, it was proven that the 40th minute was the best with total phenolic and flavonoid 238.36 mg GAE/g dry sample and 74.91 mg catechin/g dry sample [6]. ...
Salam leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) is an Indonesian traditional herbs with high bioactive compound potential.
Unfortunately, as an alternative method that is friendly to heat-susceptible bioactive compound, the ultrasonication extraction method has not been widely used to extract Salam leaves. Meanwhile, the processing time and the ratio of the use of solvents are some of the determinants of the performance of this method. Hence, this research examined the ultrasonication method for extracting bioactive compounds from Salam leaf from the time and ratio of the solvent used. The results were showed that the best condition was from the solvent ratio to sample of 12:1 for 15 min extraction time. These conditions gave results in an 18.57% yield of salam leaf extract, 74.20 ± 0.19 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g salam leaf extract of total phenolic content, 22.00 ± 0.08 mg Quercetin equivalent/g salam leave extract of total flavonoid content, 78.79% of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, and IC50 antioxidant activity of 20.25 µg/ml salam leave extract. The best extraction conditions are able to provide Salam leaf extract with very strong antioxidant potential.
... These methods can identify the true optimum point as well as accounting for the interaction between factors while using lesser experimental runs [37]. RSM also evaluates the simultaneous impact of several variables and predicts the response of the system for each new condition so that the optimum conditions of the expected response are obtained [38,39]. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was implemented to decide the type and validity of the model. ...
Patchouli oil is highly recommended in fragrance and cosmetic industries. Patchouli alcohol is the main component as well as the prime reason for the classical aroma of the oil. An intensified concept of aiding hydrodistillation with sonication, a green concept, has been incorporated to maximize the yield of patchouli oil. With the help of Taguchi method, the screening of extraction parameters, viz., extraction time, solid loading, particle size, heating mantle power, sonication amplitude and pulse ratio was carried out while optimization was accomplished by Box-Behnken design. The highest yield (2.05 %, w/w) was acquired under optimum conditions, i.e., 30 % amplitude, 500 W power and 20 g solid loading. A comparative study of different techniques as well as parts of plant suggested sonohydrodistillation to be the suitable option for isolating the oil from the leaves of patchouli. GC-MS has shown the oil to be a combination of number of sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons as well as oxygenated compounds. The morphological changes in the plant material were studied using scanning electron microscope. Eventually, sonohydrodistillation has reduced the extraction time and improved the yield while maintaining the quality of the oil, hence a symbiotic effect of hydrodistillation with ultrasound was achieved. Furthermore, an evaluation of the electricity consumption and the environmental impact of sonohydrodistillation method for the extraction of the patchouli oil from the patchouli leaves indicated that the method can be considered as a green technique.
... Recent developments in these aspects have indicated that the quantity of volatiles being extracted from the plant, its chemical composition percentage and the biological activities of essential oil isolated by ultrasonic assisted hydrodistillation are higher than those isolated by conventional methods [16]. However, there are no available studies on the properties of Ocimum essential oils isolated by ultrasound-assisted methods. ...
Infectious diseases and their vectors have remained a concern for human population from their historical origin. Microbial pathogens have also emerged as a potent threat to the healthcare systems even in developed countries. Essential oils remain a less explored method for infectious disease control; besides, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of essential oil production has emerged as promising source of bioactive volatiles over conventional methods. This study analyzed the possible use of UAE- Essential oils (EOs) from different species of Ocimum plants (Ocimum basilicum (OB), O. gratissimum (OG), O. tenuiflorum (OT), and O. canum (OC)) in the management of microbial pathogens and mosquito larval control. The antibacterial activity was estimated in terms of a disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentrations against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enteritidis. The larvicidal property was found using three important mosquito vectors and the LC50 value was determined. Furthermore, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were estimated in terms of radical scavenging activities and the inhibition of lipoxygenase enzyme activity. The EOs exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging (high in OG), hydrogen-peroxide scavenging (OB) and lipoxygenase inhibition (OB). The antibacterial activity was high in OB and OG (p < 0.05) and the larvicidal activity was of higher sensitivity against Aedis and Culex, whereas Armigeres was more resistant. However, no sign of toxicity in the Allium cepa model or non-targeted organism Guppy fishes was observed. Overall, the UAE extracted Ocimum essential oils were found to be effective against various human pathogenic microbial organisms, with OB and OG being highly active. Likewise, the EOs was also able to induce mortality in the larval forms of various mosquito vectors.
... The ultrasound with low frequency (between 20 kHz-50 kHz) helps to burst the oil sacs, thus bursting cell walls and cell membranes of essential oil reservoirs. The breaking of essential oil reservoirs allows the plant's cell content to freely mix up with the solvent (water), thereby increasing the efficiency in extracting the extractable compounds with an increased yield [21] . Li et al. (2004) made similar observations with an increase in oil yield after ultrasonic pretreatment compared to the non-sonicated soybean samples (extracted by hexane and isopropanol) [22] . ...
... The ultrasonic pre-treatment has been proposed as a pre-treatment prior to Soxhlet extraction due to the higher degree of leaves splitting. An ultrasonic device generates ultrasonic sound waves and converts the reflected sound waves into an electrical signal to the targeted item [11], [12]. The temperature and pressure within the bubbles were very high and the bubble collapse resulted within a relatively brief period of time. ...
The essential oil from Citrus hystrix leaves is used commercially in Malaysia as a flavor and aroma agent, perfumery, and medical preparations. The main objective for this study was to determine the optimum parameters of ultrasonic pre-treatment; amplitude, particle size of leaves and pre-treatment time prior to the Soxhlet extraction for Citrus hystrix essential oil via Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Fresh Citrus hystrix leaves were dried, blended and sieved to different particle sizes before undergoing ultrasonic pre-treatment and Soxhlet extraction procedure. The ultrasonic pre-treatment was carried out at amplitude ranging from 30% to 70%, particle sizes of 100 μm to 1000 μm, and pre-treatment time of 5 min to 30 min. Soxhlet extraction was conducted for 8 hours with a solid to liquid ratio of 1:20, at the reaction temperature of 68°C using hexane. Results show that the ultrasonic amplitude of 45%, pre-treatment time of 20 minutes, and particle sizes of 200 µm were found to be optimal extraction parameters in achieving maximum oil yield after Soxhlet extraction procedure (6.98 %). Treated leaves yielded 6.54 % of oil extract which was higher than untreated leaves (5.70 %). The functional groups related to the essential oil and powder of Citrus hystrix were limonene, aldehydes, and ester as determined by the Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images reveals that oil glands of treated leaves powder of Citrus hystrix ruptured and cell wall degradation rather than untreated samples. Therefore, ultrasonic pre-treatment could be proposed as a promising pre-treatment method combining with the Soxhlet extraction to improve the essential oil yield of Citrus hystrix.
