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A Causal-Link Approach for illustrating the inter-linkages between Humans and the Caribbean Sea. Source: Source: Compiled by the author using referenced sources 46
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This semiannual report—produced by the Office of the Chief Economist for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) of the World Bank—examines the macroeconomic challenges for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) as the global economy enters a new equilibrium with more modest growth and lower commodity prices. As is customary in this series, Chapter 1...
This Project Manual is the CASA NORDESTE 1.0 response to the Solar Decathlon Latin America and Caribbean 2019 design competition. It summarizes developments of the CASA NORDESTE research project efforts from 2016 to 2019. The development of this manual was coordinated by myself with the direct collaboration of Cyro Visgueiro, Natália Queiroz , Geov...
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... The CAC waters (TWAP) is emerging in importance in terms of new trade lanes and inter-maritime trade (Singh 2008;OECD 2016) and its water plays a key role in transshipment (Monios and Wilmsmeier 2015). The intensity in shipping circulation has resulted in an increase in traffic incidence of 31 percent above the global average (Drewry Shipping Consultants 2013), and an increase in ocean litter. ...
... CO 2 emission in metric tons per capita for 2011, 2015 represents the largest potential sink for anthropogenic CO 2 measured in the air (Friedman 2002). The growth of fossil fuel emission has increased since 1950 reaching 451 million metric tons of carbon in 2008(Foster et al. 2014. Per capita emissions are high in many of the Caribbean islands (e.g., Aruba, Netherland Antilles, Trinidad, and Tobago), with several exceeding 5.0 metric tons of carbon per person per year. ...
Central American and Caribbean (CAC) countries enjoy diverse marine environments. The oceans that enclose these coastlines contribute significantly to their economic growth. Industrial expansion and tourism place pressure on the marine ecosystems causing a decline in ocean health. To evaluate the cause of ocean health changes we investigated the factors influencing CAC ocean health using a health production function. Using Rank-Based Regression and the set of extractive, cultural and human well-being and services goals measuring Ocean Health Index (OHI), data from the World Bank, and the Human Development Index we developed a production function for CAC countries ocean health. Results show that all regional OHI scores, but Tourism and Recreation, the main income earning industry for most of the CAC countries, are less than the global score with four of the goals less than 40. The production function shows that all the goals, but the biodiversity sub-goal species, positively influencing OHI. Two climatic related variables, Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide negatively influenced OHI. The results are important to policy makers as they decide on the need to make greater effort towards improving sustainable contribution of CAC ocean resources to the blue economy.
... UNCLOS serves as the principal legal foundation for the ecosystem management approach to the world's seas (Parris 2016;Singh 2008;UNCLOS 1982). As mentioned earlier, however, the UNCLOS ocean regime also hinders effective ecosystem management in the Caribbean region because it fragments jurisdiction over marine environments and resources through the implementation of maritime zones. ...
... In 1991, the "Wider Caribbean region including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea" was added to the list of special areas under Annex V (IMO 2020b).10.5.3.5 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of UNCLOS Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (SFSHMFS)This treaty has been ratified by five sovereign island states within the CIBH region and by France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States, which are sovereign over 18 island territories within the CIBH (UN 1995). Furthermore, the fishing regime established by the treaty has influenced the governance of fisheries in the Caribbean region, including CARICOM's CCCFP among others(Singh 2008). ...
... CARICOM 2018; UNEP-WCMC 2016; Pittman et al. 2015;Miloslavich et al. 2010;Fanning et al. 2009;Singh 2008 ...
... The most important one regulating all issues relating to the law of the sea is the UNCLOS, which regulates ocean management (Pace 2018). The Convention regulates the exploitation of available resources by coastal States in their EEZs and territorial waters (Singh 2017). ...
Maritime transportation is the most international industrial sector with maritime governance at all dimensions—legislative, institutional and executional—exercised by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a specialised United Nations (UN) agency, responsible for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution by ships. The IMO has adopted a number of instruments to enhance safe and secure maritime transportation and reduce the risk of environmental pollution since its existence. In the light of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the IMO has developed seven strategic directions (SDs) under its Strategic Plan for the period 2018–2023, in order to facilitate the achievement of its vision statement that includes the need for the maritime industry to meet the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. At the regional level, the European Union (EU) is an example of maritime governance, environmental protection and fight against marine pollution that also works towards the achievement of the UN SDGs. This chapter is an attempt to highlight maritime governance instruments focused on sustainability in the light of the UN SDGs. IMO and EU instruments related to safety and security, environmental protection, the human element and technical cooperation are analysed in this chapter and linked to the UN SDGs.
... Climate uncertainty will also affect predictability of the three cases in the short and medium run. Furthermore, the potential occurrence of an oil spill is seen as a main threat to both conch and the coral reefs of St Eustatius; such spills occurred in 1992 , 2002 and 2004 (Singh, 2008 Klok, Debrot, Meesters, Stapel, Slijkerman, 2011)). Knowledge on stocks and sustainable harvest of conch is limited (DLG, 2011). ...
... Climate uncertainty will also affect predictability of the three cases in the short and medium run. Furthermore, the potential occurrence of an oil spill is seen as a main threat to both conch and the coral reefs of St Eustatius; such spills occurred in1992, 2002and 2004(Singh, 2008Klok, Debrot, Meesters, Stapel, Slijkerman, 2011)). Knowledge on stocks and sustainable harvest of conch is limited (DLG, 2011). ...
Natural ecosystems provide an attractive focus for tourism on small islands. However, at the same time tourism and other human actions can be detrimental to these ecosystems especially because governance of the ecosystem may be difficult due to the limited resilience of small island ecosystems. In this paper, we focus on the conditions under which self-governance will be the appropriate governance mechanism of ecosystem services on small islands. We apply Ostrom’s (2009) framework for common-pool resources in a social-ecological system, and select the relevant indicators for small islands. We scored these indicators for three cases (environmental issues) in St. Eustatius, a Caribbean island under Dutch rule. These cases show that self-organization of ecosystem services is not an outcome easily achieved. The unevenly distributed benefits of potential measures are found to decrease community support of measures that could reinforce these ecosystem services. © 2016-Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada.
... For example The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region is classified as one of the fastest growing in terms of container trade (Sanchez and Ulloa, 2007). In some regions, shipping is critical to reliable supply of goods, for example in the Caribbean Small Island Developing State (SIDS), as much as 90-95% of all imported goods are transported through maritime shipping (Singh, 2008) and in the Eastern Caribbean region (OECS) as much as 96%. ...
... Apart from the well-established economic benefits, shipping also brings tremendous environmental challenges such as pollution from ballast water, sewage, grey water, solid waste, noise, oil discharges and air emission (Singh and Mee, 2008;Singh, 2008;GESAMP, 2007). Ship related sources account for 51% of marine oil pollution in the marine environment with natural seepages commanding 49% (GESAMP, 2007). ...
... All rights reserved. enclosed Caribbean Sea covering an area of 2,515,900 km 2 , with one of the most intense maritime traffic in the world and where 37 countries and territories exercise jurisdiction (Singh, 2008). In tandem, this sea supports many critical habitats and shared resources which classified it as a LME (Singh, 2008;Sherman, 2014). ...
... Within the resource management area, the notion of environmental governance is being sanctioned at the international, regional and national levels as the way of dealing with the management of resource. 12 In my opinion, environmental governance can be viewed as comprising of many components, of which some may precede others, but collectively they share a high degree of inter-linkage. In this regard, the components are as follows: ...
... Development Policies: SIDS generally pursue the developmentcentric policy (Singh, 2008; World Bank, 2012), however, in the quest to aggressively pursue these policies, environmental degradation often occurs. Economic studies point to a close correlation between economic growth and environmental degradation, arguing instead for qualitative development as an alternative to growth. ...
... Economic Shocks and its relevance to environmental Governance: Over 80% of the SIDS derive their major economic income from the tourism and tourism related services generally fulfilled by visitor arrivals from Europe, USA, Japan, Australia and other more developed countries (Singh, 2008). However, the fall in disposable incomes in these countries due to the current economic downturn are witnessing a decline in visitors' arrivals, therefore affecting economies across the bloc. ...
This chapter discusses the state of biodiversity in the Caribbean Sea: rich and vibrant, yet threatened and vulnerable. It also examines governance of marine biodiversity in the Caribbean Region, which is based on a structure made up of an intricate, overlapping web of international and regional institutions; multilateral biodiversity, environmental and ocean management agreements; and international and regional policies, plans and initiatives implemented at the national and local levels. The effectiveness of the governance framework for Caribbean marine biodiversity is weighed against the most prevalent political, socio-economic and climate challenges facing the region. Lastly, the chapter sets out recommendations for a future agenda towards the development of a more effective governance structure for the Caribbean’s marine biodiversity.
The chapter analyses the readiness and preparedness of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) located in the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR), in terms of climate adaptation to fight against global warming and climate change that affects maritime ecosystems and the indigenous communities’ livelihood. The increased threats posed by marine pollution due to anthropogenic sources not only affects marine ecosystems and marine biodiversity, but it also intensifies adverse weather phenomena including sea-level rise. At the outset, the aforementioned issues are considered to be interrelated and have raised concerns of the international community and can only be solved through specific policy measures and multilateral governance. International efforts to comply with the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the implementation of global and regional instruments, serve as the guiding thread throughout the chapter, considering the impact of the rise of the sea level, the economic and social implications for coastal communities, as well as the coordinated mechanisms to assist the Caribbean SIDS in fighting climate change. Knowledge exchange, capacity building through training and deploying the necessary means in such endeavour serve the purpose of ensuring the Caribbean SIDS’ population’s well-being and preserving the natural resources for generations to come.
