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Background:
Malaria is commonly associated with alteration in haematologic cells of infected individuals in both the acute uncomplicated and severe phases. Whether this alteration occurs in the asymptomatic phase of the disease is still being investigated.
Objectives:
To examine the haematocrit, thrombocytes, and monocytes levels of children wit...
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Citations
... Sponaas, additionally, found that increased monocyte populations contribute to control of blood-stage malaria [40]. Outside of the experimental setting, monocytosis has also been observed in both symptomatic and asymptomatic acute cases of human malaria [44,[46][47][48][49]. ...
The global importance of the hemoparasite Theileria haneyi to equine health was recently shown by its resistance to imidocarb dipropionate (ID) and its interference with T. equi clearance by ID in some co-infected horses. Genetic characterization of T. haneyi revealed marked genomic reduction compared to T. equi, and initial experiments demonstrated reduced clinical severity in spleen-intact horses. Furthermore, in early experiments, splenectomized horses survived T. haneyi infection and progressed to an asymptomatic carrier state, in stark contrast to the high fatality rate of T. equi in splenectomized horses. Thus, we hypothesized that T. haneyi is less virulent than T. equi. To objectively assess virulence, clinical data from nine splenectomized, T. haneyi-infected horses were evaluated and compared to published data on T. equi-infected, splenectomized horses. Seven of eight splenectomized, T. haneyi-infected horses survived. Further, in six horses co-infected with T. equi and T. haneyi, only horses cleared of T. equi by ID survived splenectomy and became asymptomatic carriers. The reduced virulence of T. haneyi in splenectomized horses instructs why T. haneyi was, until recently, undetected. This naturally occurring comparative reduction in virulence in a natural host provides a foundation for defining virulence mechanisms of theileriosis and Apicomplexa in general.
... Platelets are produced from megakaryocytes and play a crucial role in hemostasis and thrombus formation [1]. Thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 100,000 cells/µL) is common in patients with malaria [2][3][4]. In patients with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections, thrombocytopenia is associated with increased mortality [5,6]. ...
The understanding of platelet biology under physiological and pathological conditions like malaria infection is critical importance in the context of the disease outcome or model systems used. The importance of severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 50,000 cells (µL) and profound thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 20,000 cells/µL) in malaria patients remains unclear. This study aimed to synthesize evidence regarding the risks of severe and profound thrombocytopenia in patients with severe non-Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Our overall aim was to identify potential indicators of severe non-P. falciparum malaria and the Plasmodium species that cause severe outcomes. This systematic review was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under registration ID CRD42020196541. Studies were identified from previous systematic reviews (n = 5) and the MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from 9 June 2019 to 9 June 2020. Studies were included if they reported the outcome of severe non-Plasmodium species infection, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, in patients with known platelet counts and/or severe and profound thrombocytopenia. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). Data were pooled, and pooled prevalence (PP) and pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using random effects models. Of the 118 studies identified from previous meta-nalyses, 21 met the inclusion criteria. Of the 4807 studies identified from the databases, three met the inclusion criteria. Nine studies identified from reference lists and other sources also met the inclusion criteria. The results of 33 studies reporting the outcomes of patients with severe P. vivax and P. knowlesi infection were pooled for meta-analysis. The PP of severe thrombocytopenia (reported in 21 studies) was estimated at 47% (95% confidence interval (CI): 33–61%, I2: 96.5%), while that of profound thrombocytopenia (reported in 13 studies) was estimated at 20% (95% CI: 14–27%, 85.2%). The pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) in platelet counts between severe uncomplicated Plasmodium infections (reported in 11 studies) was estimated at −28.51% (95% CI: −40.35–61%, I2: 97.7%), while the pooled WMD in platelet counts between severe non-Plasmodium and severe P. falciparum infections (reported in eight studies) was estimated at −3.83% (95% CI: −13.90–6.25%, I2: 85.2%). The pooled OR for severe/profound thrombocytopenia comparing severe to uncomplicated Plasmodium infection was 2.92 (95% CI: 2.24–3.81, I2: 39.9%). The PP of death from severe and profound thrombocytopenia was estimated at 11% (95% CI: 0–22%). These results suggest that individuals with severe non-P. falciparum infection (particularly P. vivax and P. knowlesi) who exhibit severe or profound thrombocytopenia should be regarded as high risk, and should be treated for severe malaria according to current WHO guidelines. In addition, severe or profound thrombocytopenia coupled with other clinical and microscopic parameters can significantly improve malaria diagnosis, enhance the timely treatment of malaria infections, and reduce the morbidity and mortality of severe non-P. falciparum malaria.
... Malaria parasite infections cause a dramatic, variable, splenic response, which is primarily defined by Splenomegaly (Fig. 1). In fact, the size of spleen has been used to estimate the severity of malaria transmission in endemic areas [50][51], studies on animal also showed the association between spleen enlargement and the severity of anemia complicating malaria [52]. The spleen is the key organ involved in the establishment of the immune response and the clearance of pRBCs during the erythrocytic phases of malaria infection [53]. ...
Malaria is still one of the most prevalent tropical and parasitic diseases throughout the world representing a global health concern. Even with all efforts to restrict disease transmission and national malaria control programs, malaria infection continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality in resource-poor countries. Malaria infection occurs in two stages, the Exoerythrocytic and Erythrocytic stage. The exact biology of malaria parasite in human hosts is likely relatively similar, with the main differences being attributable to the human immune response, the number of previous infections and the exposure profile. The disease severity can be determined by the balance between the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Although, research about the clinical characterization and histology of malaria has shown some information regarding the pathogenesis, the actual mechanisms by which malaria parasites produce severe disease, the immunity defends against infection is remained unknown. Studies in animal models can reveal details about the processes of severe malaria infection and human defense mechanisms. Because of its similarities to the Plasmodium species that cause human malaria, Plasmodium berghei is used as a model organism for the experimental research. In addition, of affecting the central nervous system, Plasmodium berghei infection in the Swiss Webster mouse causes systemic damage, and affects numerous organs including the liver and lymphoid organs. The infected spleen demonstrations includethe splenomegaly, re-modelling and other basic changes consist of the red pulp’s expansion, marginal zone’s slight damage, enlarged vasculature and the barrier cells activities. Moreover, the liver shows hyperplastic Kupffer cells, fatty change, portal tract inflammation, cholestasis, liver cell necrosis, sequestration of Parasitized Red Blood Cells (PRBCs) and deposition of hemozoin pigments.
... These changes involve the major cell lines such as red blood cells, leucocytes and thrombocytes [12]. The haematologic picture, however, varies from person to person and largely depends on nutritional status, intensity of malaria transmission, age, and co-morbidities, such as helminthiasis [13]. Also, Malaria infected patients tended to have significantly lower platelets, WBCs, lymphocytes, eosinophils, RBCs and Hb level, while monocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly higher in comparison to non-malaria infected patients [14]. ...
Background: Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease of widespread burden. Malaria remains a leading communicable disease in the developing countries of the world. It occurs mostly in the tropical and subtropical regions and accounts for considerable morbidity and death. Malaria which is liable for a major amount of mortalities in endemic countries has been revealed to have both direct and indirect impacts on the haematological parameters.The study was done to compare the levels of haematological parameters of asymptomatic malaria patients based on age groups. Methods: The study is a cross-sectional study among asymptomatic malaria patients based on age groups. This study was conducted in Oda Road area of Akure, Ondo State. Two hundred (200) subjects were recruited for this study with each group comprising of 100 subjects for patients with asymptomatic malaria for the 2 age groups (16-30 years and 31-65 years). The data were presented in tables and as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using student-test for parametric data and chi-square for non parametric data by statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS, Version 20.0) and level of significance set at as p≤ 0.05. Results: The results showed that subjects on age group 16-30 years were 100(50%) comprising of 50 males (25%) and 50 females (25). Also age group 31-65 years has 100 subjects (50%) comprising of 50 males (25%) and 50 females (25). The results showed significant difference in MCV (p=0.008), MCH (p=0.024) and no significant difference in PCV (p=0.675), WBC (p= 0.224), LYM (p=0.109), GRAN (p=0.061), MID (p=0.066), RBC (p=0.119), Hb (p=0.546), MCHC (p=0.262), PLT (p=0.783), when compared between age groups in years (16-30 and 31-65). Conclusion: The study showed increase in MCV and MCH of asymptomatic malaria patients within the age group of 31-65 years compared to asymptomatic malaria patients on 16-30 years age group. This shows that microcytic hypochromic anaemia may be experienced in asymptomatic malaria patients within the age group of 16-30 years more than in 31-65 years age group.
... 6,[40][41][42] The SR from this study was much less than that reported by previous Nigerian studies. 12,13,37,43 This might indicate that the prevalence of chronic malaria has been decreasing over the years. Splenomegaly has often been linked with repeated exposures to malaria, a clinical concept termed chronic malaria; 7 consequently, a high SR has been associated with high prevalence of chronic malaria. ...
Background
The World Health Organization prioritizes malaria surveillance for accurate tracking of progress of intervention programmes. The malaria parasite rate (PR) and spleen rate (SR) are economical surveillance tools. There has been a global decline in the burden of malaria over the last decade, but most African countries, like Nigeria, have a slow rate of decline. There is a need for adequate malaria surveillance to guide malaria control strategies and policymaking.
Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 363 children ages 1–15 y in rural southwest Nigeria. The participants’ PR was determined by microscopy and the SR was determined by palpation and ultrasonography. The associations between PR and SR and other covariates were assessed.
Results
The PR was 26.7% and the SR was 12.9%. There was no significant association between PR or SR across age groups, but low social class was significantly associated with PR (55 [33.5%], p=0.004) and SR (29 [17.3%], p=0.013). The odds of having splenomegaly doubled with malaria parasitaemia (odds ratio 2.03 [95% confidence interval 1.06 to 3.88).
Conclusions
The PR and SR suggest that the study area is meso-endemic. The PR in the study area was almost equal across age groups; our findings suggest there may be a need for policy review to plan malaria intervention programmes and include older children, not just children <5 y of age. Routine malaria surveillance using simple tools such as the PR and SR are necessary for reviewing malaria control programmes in the community.
... These changes involve the major cell lines such as red blood cells, leucocytes and thrombocytes [16]. The haematologic picture, however, varies from person to person and largely depends on nutritional status (parameters are severely depleted in malnourished as compared to wellnourished children), intensity of malaria transmission, age, and co-morbidities, such as helminthiasis [17]. Also, Malaria infected patients tend to have significantly lower platelets, WBCs, lymphocytes, eosinophils, RBCs and Hb level, while monocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly higher in comparison to non-malaria infected patients [18]. ...
The study was done to evaluate the variations of haematological parameters of patients with asymptomatic malaria based on gender. The study is a cross-sectional study among asymptomatic malaria patients and patients who are apparently healthy individuals. The subjects were selected Original Research Article Obeagu et al.; JPRI, 33(8): 75-80, 2021; Article no.JPRI.65994 76 using a well-structured questionnaire who were age and sex matched. This study was conducted on asymptomatic malaria patients and apparently healthy individuals in the Oda Road area of Akure, Ondo State. Two hundred (200) asymptomatic malaria patients, 100 subjects each for males and females were recruited for this study. 5ml of venous blood was collected from each participant into an EDTA bottle which was then used for the determination of full blood count and Malaria. The results showed increase in PCV (p=0.000), RBC (p=0.000), Hb (p=0.000) and no significant difference in WBC (p=0.180), LYM (p=0.841), GRAN (p=0.986), MID (p=0.395), MCV (p=0.111), MCH (p=0.191), MCHC (p=0.791), Plt (p=0.959) when compared between male and female respectively. The study showed increase in packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cells of male compared to females of asymptomatic malaria patients. There were no variations in other haematological parameters studied. The changes in the red cell line may be associated to bone marrow activity difference in the patients and effects of hormonal difference on the males and females.
... These changes involve the major cell lines such as red blood cells, leucocytes and thrombocytes [13]. The haematologic picture, however, varies from person to person and largely depends on nutritional status (parameters are severely depleted in malnourished than well-nourished children), intensity of malaria transmission, age, and co-morbidities, such as helminthiasis [14]. Also, Malaria infected patients tended to have significantly lower platelets, WBCs, lymphocytes, eosinophils, RBCs and haemoglobin level, while monocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly higher in comparison to non-malaria infected patients [15]. ...
... These changes involve the major cell lines such as red blood cells, leucocytes and thrombocytes [13]. The haematologic picture, however, varies from person to person and largely depends on nutritional status (parameters are severely depleted in malnourished than well-nourished children), intensity of malaria transmission, age, and co-morbidities, such as helminthiasis [14]. Also, Malaria infected patients tended to have significantly lower platelets, WBCs, lymphocytes, eosinophils, RBCs and haemoglobin level, while monocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly higher in comparison to non-malaria infected patients [15]. ...
This study was conducted on asymptomatic malaria patients and apparently healthy individuals to evaluate the
haematological parameters of asymptomatic malarial patients in the Oda Road area of Akure, Ondo State. One hundred
(100) patients with malaria parasitaemia suspected to be asymptomatic and one hundred (100) non-malaria
parasitaemia patients were recruited as controls and enrolled in this study.The result of the study showed significant
difference in PCV (p=0.000), WBC (p=0.002), RBC (p=0.000), haemoglobin (p=0.000), MCV (p=0.000), MCH (p=0.000),
MCHC (p=0.000), PLT (p=0.000), of asymptomatic malaria subjects when compared to the control respectively. Malaria
parasitaemia has shown to have effects on some haematological parameters from this study. Subjects with
asymptomatic malaria had lower mean haematological parameters such as; PCV, MCH, MCHC, Platelet, and RBC values
compared to non infected subjects. However, the subjects had higher WBC value probably due to infection. Thus, malaria
has significant effects on the red blood cells resulting to moderate anaemia among the study subjects.
Keywords: haematological parameters, asymptomatic malaria, Oda Road Area
