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A Bedrock geology map of the Swedish sector of the Baltic Sea modified from Sopher et al. (2014). The locations of the grid of seismic lines, re-processed and interpreted as part of this study are shown with black dashed lines. Solid black lines denote the location of faults after Vejbæk et al. (1994) and Sopher and Juhlin (2013). The Hanö Bay Basin, Outer Hanö Bay area and Baltic Basin are labelled as well as several structural elements discussed in this paper. The locations and names of wells discussed in this paper are shown. The profiles (1–5) which are shown and discussed in this paper are highlighted. The inset map in the bottom right hand corner of the image shows the location of the larger map within northern Europe. The projection used for this map is WGS84.
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We present five interpreted regional seismic profiles, describing the full sedimentary sequence across the Swedish sector of the Baltic Sea. The data for the study are part of an extensive and largely unpublished 2D seismic dataset acquired between 1970 and 1990 by the Swedish Oil Prospecting Company (OPAB). The Baltic Basin is an intracratonic bas...
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Context 1
... deposits of Jotnian and sub-Jotnian age have been geo- physically identified and mapped by Flodén (1980) to the west of the is- land of Gotska Sandön (Fig. 2). Jotnian strata may also be present close to the B-10 well which encounters quartzite underlying the Cambrian succession. Similar rocks have not been identified in the southern parts of the Baltic Sea. Up to 200 m thick units of Ediacaran (Vendian) sedimentary rocks (sandstone, siltstone and claystone) are, however, significant in the ...Context 2
... strata overlap towards Lithuania, Kaliningrad and offshore Poland. The Palaeozoic succession constitutes the bedrock surface over large parts of the Swedish sector. Mid-way through the Baltic Sea and further to the south it is covered by Devonian strata unconformably overlain by Upper Permian-Mesozoic strata marking a major Late Palaeozoic hiatus (Fig. 2). Devonian strata are only present in the Swedish sector in the south eastern most distal parts, while Mesozoic strata are extensive in the Hanö Bay Basin and its eastward extension towards Poland. The total thickness of the Phanerozoic strata varies greatly. SE of the island of Gotland the total thickness is in the range of 2 km, while ...Context 3
... OPAB reports). A) P-wave velocity (sonic) log, B) Gamma ray (GR) log and C) lithology and stratigraphy for the Faludden-1/-2 well. D) A synthetic seismogram generated for the Faludden-1/-2 well. E) and F) show synthetic seismograms generated for the B-3 and B-9 wells, respectively. The B-3 and B-9 wells are located SE of the Faludden-1/-2 well (Fig. 2). G) Shows a section of seismic data from the GA74-3843AX line, located close to the B-9 well. The seismic markers associated with the limestone at the base of the Sudret group and the top and base of the Ordovician limestone interval are highlighted and correlated across all three of the synthetics and the seismic data with black ...Context 4
... in each well also denote the stratigraphy. It should be noted that the limestone interval present within the Yoldia well in the Ordovician is more argillaceous than those encountered around Gotland. The locations of the profiles are shown in the profile map as coloured lines. Circles on the lines denote well locations. The well names are shown in Fig. 2. largely composed of fine-grained and argillaceous carbonates. Geophys- ical logs from these wells show a sequence which, in contrast to the bed- rock surface on Gotland, is fairly consistent in composition, being dominated by marlstone, wackestone and calcareous mudstone. Lime- stone beds as the ones found on Gotland are less ...Context 5
... log data from a range of offshore and onshore wells have been used in this study (Fig. 2). Data from most of the wells are from the OPAB database, managed by the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU). To generate synthetic seismograms the well log data were digitized ( Fig. 3). Fig. 4 shows well correlations which form approximate strike and dip lines through the Baltic Basin. Well tops for the Cambrian inter- val were modified ...Context 6
... 3500 km of multi-channel marine seismic reflection data from over 70 lines were reprocessed. The data were selected from the OPAB seismic dataset (Sopher and Juhlin, 2013). Seismic lines were selected to create a regular grid of regional lines across the study area. Priority was given to lines intersecting well locations (Fig. 2). The acquisition pa- rameters for the different surveys included are shown in Table 1. The different surveys were acquired between 1972 and 1980 using a range of different sources. In general, the acquisition parameters are similar for the different surveys, with a typical receiver spacing of 50 m and shot interval of 25 m. Data from ...Context 7
... interpretations were made of the key seismic markers (Fig. 3 and Table 3) across all of the reprocessed lines (Fig. 2) in the Bal- tic Basin. Seismic reflections associated with the top När and base Faludden sandstones were not possible to identify due to the presence of strong water bottom peg leg multiples. These strong multiples are superimposed on the Cambrian interval and make the interpretation of the stratigraphy challenging and highly ...Context 8
... regional seismic profiles are now presented along with their interpretations in Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 (locations shown in Fig. 2). Wells adjacent to the profiles are shown along with well markers associated with the seismic reflections which have been interpreted. Profile 1 (Fig. 5) is approximately 550 km long and crosses all the main structures discussed in this paper, passing over the Hanö Bay Basin, Outer Hanö Bay area and into the Baltic Basin where it ...Context 9
... the potential pres- ence of a wedge feature adjacent to the fault which can be observed on a few of the seismic lines in his study, but does not discuss this feature in detail. As a result of these differences in interpretation, the associated geological history proposed by Kumpas (1980) also differs from the one presented here (Section 7.4). (Fig. 2). Profile 1 provides a NW-SE profile through the Outer Hanö Bay area. Profile 3 begins on the downthrown side of the Yoldia Fault and then passes across the fault to the NE (A-B). The second part of profile 3 (B-C) parallels profile 1, pro- viding a NW-SE profile through the area, north of the Yoldia Fault (Fig. 7). In the transition ...Similar publications
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Citations
... The TTZ was recently interpreted as a necking zone related to breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent in the Ediacaran and coeval stretching of a passive continental margin of Baltica Group, 1991Group, , 1993, TTZ'92/II (Makris & Wang, 1994), PolandSPAN™ PL-5400 and PL-5600 (Mazur et al., 2015(Mazur et al., , 2016b, LT-7 (Guterch et al., 1994), P-2 (Janik et al., 2002), TTZ , and P-3 (Środa & POLONAISE Profile P3 Working on the background of a simplified tectonic map of the transition zone from the East European Platform to West European Platform. Yellow points refer to the location of offshore boreholes (Central Geological Database, 2022;Erlström et al., 1997;Sopher et al., 2016). Location of the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone and Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zones after Mazur et al. (2021). ...
... In central Poland, the TTZ is overlain by almost undisturbed lower Paleozoic sediments, the situation precluding a role of the Caledonian orogeny in creating the crustal keel (Mazur et al., 2015). Furthermore, the PolandSPAN™ seismic profiles show Kramarska et al. (1999), Schlüter et al. (1998), andSopher et al. (2016) and Pre-Quaternary map of Bornholm (M. Hansen & Poulsen, 1977). ...
... Seismic reflection profiles were combined with gravity and magnetic data to interpret the structure of the crust in the southern Baltic Sea ( Figure 2). We also used public domain borehole data available from previous publications (Erlström et al., 1997;Sopher et al., 2016) and online repository of the Central Geological Database (Central Geological Database, 2022) managed by the Polish Geological Institute (http://baza.pgi.gov.pl/). ...
The southern Baltic Sea is a peculiar area, where the Sorgenfrei‐Tornquist Zone (STZ), stretching from Bornholm into the North Sea, connects to the Teisseyre‐Tornquist Zone (TTZ) that continues SE up to the Black Sea. In this study, we show the structure and evolution of this controversially debated area, both on crustal and basin scale, by using three seismic reflection profiles combined with 2‐D potential field data. The results demonstrate that the southern Baltic Sea is underlain by a thick crust of the East European Craton with a Moho depth in the range of 38–42 km. The overall crustal architecture is shaped by three phases of localized stretching in the early Paleozoic, Devonian‐Carboniferous, and Permian‐Mesozoic. The most spectacular feature of the southern Baltic Sea is a zone of thick‐skinned compressional deformation produced by Late Cretaceous‐early Paleogene inversion, including a system of thrusts and back thrusts penetrating the entire crust in an 80–90 km wide inversion zone. ENE‐vergent thrusts are traced from the top of the Cretaceous down to the Moho and they are accompanied by back thrusts of opposite vergence, also reaching the Moho. Inversion tectonics resulted in the uplift of a block of cratonic crust as a pop‐up structure, bounded by thrusts and back thrusts, and the displacement of the Moho within the STZ and TTZ. The similar mechanism of intra‐cratonic inversion was recognized for the Donbas Foldbelt in eastern Ukraine, and it may be characteristic of rigid cratons, where deformation is localized in a few preexisting zones of weakness.
... Within Sweden, the formation is exposed in different parts of the country such as Skåne, Öland, Östergötland, Närke, Västergötland and along the Caledonian Mountain Chain (Andersson et al. 1985;Nielsen & Schovsbo 2007). Submarine occurrences are also found in the southern Bothnian Basin (Thorslund & Axberg 1979) as well as in the central Baltic Basin Sopher et al. 2016;Sopher et al. 2019; unpublished internal reports of the Svenska Petroleum Exploration AB). ...
... 2, 3). Over time, these stratigraphic units have been investigated by researchers including Hedström (1923), Thorslund & Westergård (1938), Thorslund (1958), Flodén (1980), Bergström & Gee (1985), Andersson et al. (1985) Ahlberg (1989), Hagenfeldt (1988Hagenfeldt ( , 1989aHagenfeldt ( , 1989bHagenfeldt ( , 1989cHagenfeldt ( , 1994, Hagenfeldt & Bjerkéus (1991), Buchardt et al. (1997), Nielsen & Schovsbo (2007, Sopher et al. (2016), Slater et al. (2017), Guilbaud et al. (2017) and . ...
... Similar structural features were reported by Tuuling (2019) influencing the sedimentary bedrock sequence in the east Baltic area at several occasions during the Middle Cambrian to Early Ordivician. Furthermore, Sopher et al. (2016) report that the faults on the East European Platform were active during the Miaolingian to Tremadocian. These movements are connected with the last phase in the break-up of the Rodinia Supercontinent. ...
... The sedimentary Baltic Basin is a NE-SW trending epicontinental basin, which is centered below the southern Baltic Sea overlaying the eastern margin of the East European Craton (Šliaupa & Hoth, 2011;Ziegler, 1990). It includes parts of Sweden, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia (Figure 1b) (Sopher et al., 2016;Ziegler, 1990). To the southeast, the Baltic Basin is bounded by the Mazury-Belarus High separating it from the Lublin-Podlasie Basin, while further to the southwest and west it terminates against the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone and the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone disconnecting it from the Polish Trough, the North German Basin and the Danish Basin (De Vos et al., 2010;Šliaupa & Hoth, 2011). ...
... Silurian and Devonian deposits truncate unconformably against the base of the Quaternary strata. In the lower part of the Silurian succession until the Mid-Silurian carbonate reflection (see Sopher et al., 2016), we observe sub-parallel and sometimes divergent reflection packages with low to medium amplitudes. Starting at a distance of approximately 20 km, these reflection packages are superimposed by chaotic noise, which represents residual multiple energy that could not be removed during the multiple suppression processing. ...
The Baltic Basin is known for its numerous Paleozoic hydrocarbon reservoirs. There is published evidence that hydrocarbons are leaking from the seafloor, however, little is known about the hydrocarbon migration pathways from Paleozoic source and reservoir rocks toward the seafloor and their escape structures. To investigate these processes, we utilize a new set of multibeam, parametric sediment sub‐bottom profiler and 2D seismic reflection data. The integrated analysis of seismic profiles, diffraction imaging and bathymetric maps allow to identify a hydrocarbon migration system within Silurian and Devonian strata that consists of layer parallel and updip migration beneath sealing layers, migration across seals along faults, and seafloor escape structures in form of elongated depressions. The general migration trend is directed updip, from the Paleozoic reservoirs below the southeastern Baltic Sea toward the Gotland Depression in the northwest. The locations of the hydrocarbon escape structures at the seafloor and their elongated shape are mainly controlled by the regional geological setting of outcropping Paleozoic layers. In addition, iceberg scouring may have facilitated hydrocarbon migration through the Quaternary deposits. The description of this hydrocarbon migration system fills the gap between the known reservoirs and the observed hydrocarbon accumulations and seepages. With regard to potential Carbon Capture and Storage projects, the identification of this hydrocarbon migration system is of great importance, as potential storage sites may be leaking.
... The Late Cretaceous was characterized by an eustatic highstand (ca. 200-250 m higher than present-day), which resulted in marine expansion across large continental areas, including Europe, and the development of widespread pelagic sedimentation (Haq et al., 1988;Hancock, 1989;Skelton, 2003;Haq, 2014). At that time, the Polish Basin was dominated by carbonate sedimentation, mainly represented by chalk and opoka (i.e., carbonates containing biogenic silica). ...
... Late Cretaceous inversion tectonics, including lithospheric-scale buckling, could have influenced palaeogeographic changes in Europe. This is suggested by the unconformities and stratigraphic gaps reported in many European Late Cretaceous basins within their Campanian/ Maastrichtian successions (e.g., Hancock, 1989;Esmerode et al., 2007Esmerode et al., , 2008Sopher et al., 2016;Voigt et al., 2021), i.e., in a similar stratigraphic position as the regional unconformity described in this study and in Stachowska and Krzywiec (2021). Untill recently, such unconformities and stratigraphic gaps have often been solely associated with a Late Cretaceous regressive-transgressive episode (cf. ...
... Untill recently, such unconformities and stratigraphic gaps have often been solely associated with a Late Cretaceous regressive-transgressive episode (cf. Hancock, 1989;Sopher et al., 2016). ...
... The Late Cretaceous was characterized by an eustatic highstand (ca. 200-250 m higher than present-day), which resulted in marine expansion across large continental areas, including Europe, and the development of widespread pelagic sedimentation (Haq et al., 1988;Hancock, 1989;Skelton, 2003;Haq, 2014). At that time, the Polish Basin was dominated by carbonate sedimentation, mainly represented by chalk and opoka (i.e., carbonates containing biogenic silica). ...
... Late Cretaceous inversion tectonics, including lithospheric-scale buckling, could have influenced palaeogeographic changes in Europe. This is suggested by the unconformities and stratigraphic gaps reported in many European Late Cretaceous basins within their Campanian/ Maastrichtian successions (e.g., Hancock, 1989;Esmerode et al., 2007Esmerode et al., , 2008Sopher et al., 2016;Voigt et al., 2021), i.e., in a similar stratigraphic position as the regional unconformity described in this study and in Stachowska and Krzywiec (2021). Untill recently, such unconformities and stratigraphic gaps have often been solely associated with a Late Cretaceous regressive-transgressive episode (cf. ...
... Untill recently, such unconformities and stratigraphic gaps have often been solely associated with a Late Cretaceous regressive-transgressive episode (cf. Hancock, 1989;Sopher et al., 2016). ...
... In addition, between 1975 and1990, the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea from Latvia to Germany was covered with a dense network of explorational seismic profiles (Domźalski et al., 2004;Karnkowski et al., 2010;Ū saitytė, 2000). Similarly, the western side of the Baltic Sea, including the Swedish offshore areas, were surveyed (Sopher et al., 2016). In Lithuania, the period between 1995 and 2015 was the most active for the hydrocarbon exploration and production industry, during which hundreds of square kilometers of 3D seismic, and thousands of kilometers of the 2D seismic data, were acquired. ...
... These successions comprise the sedimentary cover of Western Lithuania, which forms as a 2.0-2.3 km thick westward thickening package (Poprawa et al., 1999;Poprawa, 2019;Stirpeika, 1999). The Caledonian succession, which is the most widespread and the thickest, suffered intense shortening during the Caledonian Orogeny in the Late Silurian -Early Devonian (Sopher et al., 2016). The Hercynian succession is common in Lithuania and Latvia where its thickness reaches c. 1 km (Matyja, 2006). ...
... The revealed abundant inselbergs in the south-eastern part of the study area form a large group and stand out because inselbergs are not typical for the sub-Cambrian peneplain in the Baltic Basin. The other documented inselbergs in the Baltic Basin usually are separated from each other by large distances or form small, isolated groups of several inselbergs (Lidmar-Bergström et al., 2017;Stirpeika, 1999;Modliński et al., 1999;Brangulis and Kaņ evs, 2002;Sopher et al., 2016;Estonian Land Board, Geological Survey of Estonia, 2020;Ani and Meidla, 2020). In the study area, some of the middle Cambrian oil fields can be related to the Precambrian palaeo-topographic highs (see section on 'Structure types'). ...
The geological structure of the sedimentary cover of the Baltic Basin has been investigated since the 1960's. In Western Lithuania, seismic data were acquired during 1995–2015; however, the interpretation results have remained largely unpublished. In this work, the relatively newly acquired 2D and 3D seismic data have been incorporated into a single seismic interpretation. Detailed depth maps for the key seismic reflection horizons, an updated presentation of fault traces, as well as a few representative seismic profiles are made to illustrate the geological structure of the study area, which is in Western Lithuania and spans nearly 360 km². This area includes Late Caledonian structures, such as the Gargždai Elevation, which contains some of the Lithuanian hydrocarbon fields, and is limited by the Gargždai Fault. This study demonstrates that the Gargždai Fault is not a single continuous fault, but rather it comprises a system of faults. Moreover, the Gargždai Elevation itself contains small-scale structures that are either fault-related, cross-faults, drape structures or combined types. In addition to previously known large separated Precambrian palaeo-topographical features, additional features are mapped as a result of this study. They are interpreted as erosional remnants (inselbergs) on the sub-Cambrian peneplain surface, and form a large group of inselbergs, which is not typical of the Baltic Basin. Several structural features related to Zechstein Basin are mapped as well: the northern edge of Zechstein evaporites and, possibly, Permian reefs.
... The Kristianstad Basin is an onshore continuation of the Hanö Bay Basin (Kumpas 1980;Sopher et al. 2016). It is demarcated to the southwest by the Nävlingeåsen and Linderödsåsen horsts (Fig. 1A). ...
Examination of isolated shark teeth from the uppermost lower Campanian Gonioteuthis quadrata scaniensis Zone of southern Sweden revealed the presence of a rare, previously undescribed lamniform shark. The unusually small-sized anterior teeth, variable presence of a short and shallow median groove, cusplet shape and outline of posterior teeth indicate a dallasiellid affinity and the species is formally described as Dallasiella brachyodon sp. nov. It is the youngest record of dallasiellids and adds to the extraordinarily high diversity of lamniform sharks in the uppermost lower Campanian of the Kristianstad Basin. Over its 18 Ma range, Dallasiella appears to have increased in body size and developed teeth with relatively broader cusps, indicating enhanced capabilities for tackling larger prey.
... The longest profile BGR-254c is transverse to the STZ with a length of ∼120 km. The Post-Permian seismo-stratigraphy framework in this study is based on Erlström et al. (1997), Sopher et al. (2016) and Al Hseinat & Hübscher (2017). We traced prominent horizons including the base Cretaceous Unconformity (BCU), the base Chalk Group BCG and the glacially eroded base Pleistocene Unconformity (BPU). ...
... Adjacent to the Kullen-Ringsjön-Andrarum Fault in the Hanö Bay Basin, where wells indicate 500 m thick calcarenite and sandstone, Unit 1 displays a wedge-shaped, with chaotic seismic facies, complex internal geometry (Fig. 8). Sopher et al. (2016) identified clinoforms within this sub-unit, which are clearly revealed on our data, downlapping basinwards on marine fine-grained strata (Fig. 8). In this basin, Unit 1 thickens markedly towards the STZ, assumed to be due to syn-sedimentary inversion tectonics. ...
... In places where the Paleozoic is absent, it consists of, crystalline Precambrian rocks and compares favorably with the velocity measurements from wells in the Hanö Bay (Kumpas, 1980), recent refraction tomographic analysis by Ahlrichs et al. (2021) and migration velocity analysis by Schnabel et al. (2021). The high velocity Figure 5. Borehole-log and lithology information (based on Kumpas (1980) and Sopher et al. (2016)) from exploration wells H1 and H4 located in the Hanö Bay Basin. Well-tie was made using synthetic seismograms to the profile BGR254c. ...
New seismic profiles located within the Bornholm Gat in the SW Baltic Sea area image Late Cretaceous-Paleogene inversion and exhumation of a previously poorly characterized narrow crustal zone in the southern end of the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone (STZ), a long pre-Alpine tectonic lineament in Europe. Thrusts and pop-up structures developed along the inversion axis accompanied by subsidence troughs on its sides. Stratigraphic analysis of chalk deposits indicates that structural shortening and inversion resulted from compressional deformation. Marginal troughs formed synchronously to inversion and adjacent to the tectonically active slope, where sediment redeposition was focused. Deposition of chalk units, composed predominantly of contourites and gravity-driven sedimentation were largely controlled by inversion tectonics and influenced by intensification of bottom currents. We find that allochthonous chalk has been buried in horizontally deposited autochthonous (pelagic) chalk. An erosional unconformity represents the base of the Maastrichtian and marks the onset of along slope deposition due to a more hydrodynamic environment. The revealed asymmetric inversion across the STZ with fold tightening and superposition of NE-NW folds attest to more than one pulse during the Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic inversion. The STZ may belong to the end-member mode of intraplate foreland basins resulting from a far-field NE-SW compression transmitted from the Africa-Iberia-Europe convergence. The intraplate stress associated with the following Maastrichtian enhanced collisional coupling between the Alpine-Carpathian orogen and its foreland, which is widely recognized (e.g., the Mid-Polish Trough, the Bohemian Massif and the Central Graben), may also have had its maximum extent to the northeast in southern Sweden.
... Finally, lag accumulations reflect the influence of strong bottom currents, mainly related to storm processes, reworking the aforementioned authigenic palisade crusts and stellate clusters. The broad range of δ 13 C carb (ranging from − 4.7 to − 8.5‰) and δ 18 O carb values (from − 9.1 to − 12.4‰) of the ca1 and ca2 phases in the glendonite concretions reflects variation in carbon sources, at least two generations of calcite pseudomorphosing after ikaite. The δ 13 C carb values of the glendonite concretions, lower than those of the mound crusts, reflect carbon sources derived from microbial degradation of organic matter. ...
... In contrast, the narrower range of δ 13 C carb and δ 18 O carb values in the mound crusts reflects a homogeneous carbon source and diagenetic preservation. The δ 13 C carb data suggest that the hydrothermal fluids related to this precipitation entrained dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) whose isotope signature was higher than that of the contemporaneous glendonite concretions by ca. ...
... The mound crusts show narrow ranges of δ 13 C carb and δ 18 O carb values, which contrast with those from laterally equivalent glendonite concretions, encased in black shales. The concretions display broader ranges of δ 13 C carb and narrower ranges of δ 18 O carb . ...
Two massive precipitation events of polymetallic ore deposits, encrusted by a mixture of authigenic carbonates, are documented from the Cambrian of the semi-enclosed Baltoscandian Basin. δ34S (‒9.33 to ‒2.08‰) and δ33S (‒4.75 to ‒1.06‰) values from the basal sulphide breccias, sourced from contemporaneous Pb–Zn–Fe-bearing vein stockworks, refect sulphide derived from both microbial and abiotic sulphate reduction. Submarine metalliferous deposits were triggered by non-buoyant hydrothermal plumes: plumes of buoyant fuid were trapped by water column stratifcation because their buoyancy with respect to the environment reversed, fuids became heavier than their
surroundings and gravitational forces brought them to a halt, spreading out laterally from originating vents and resulting in the lateral dispersion of efuents and sulphide particle settling. Subsequently, polymetallic exhalites were sealed by carbonate crusts displaying three generations of ikaite-to-aragonite palisade crystals, now recrystallized to calcite and subsidiary vaterite. Th of fuid inclusions in early calcite crystals, ranging from 65 to 78 ºC, provide minimum entrapment temperatures for carbonate precipitation and early recrystallization. δ13Ccarb (‒1.1 to+ 1.6‰) and δ18Ocarb (‒7.6 to ‒6.5‰) values are higher than those preserved in contemporaneous glendonite concretions (‒8.5 to ‒4.7‰ and ‒12.4 to ‒9.1‰, respectively) embedded in kerogenous shales, the latter related to
thermal degradation of organic matter. Hydrothermal discharges graded from highly reduced, acidic, metalliferous, and hot (~ 150 ºC) to slightly alkaline, calcium-rich and warm (< 100 ºC), controlling the precipitation of authigenic carbonates.
... Late Cretaceous inversion in the vicinity of NW Poland has been documented by numerous authors (Deeks and Thomas, 1995;Krzywiec et al., 2003Krzywiec et al., , 2021Mazur et al., 2005;Meissner et al., 2002;Sopher et al., 2016;Seidel et al., 2018;Deutschmann et al., 2018). Seismic examples from areas without Zechstein evaporites show deeply rooted reverse faults, along which basement blocks have been uplifted. ...
In Europe, formation of the Palaeozoic Variscan orogenic
belt, and the Mesozoic–Cenozoic Alpine–Carpathian orogenic belt led to a
widespread inversion events within forelands of both orogenic domains. We
used legacy 2-D seismic data together with the newly acquired 3-D seismic data
that, for the first time, precisely imaged sub-Zechstein (i.e.
sub-evaporitic) upper Palaeozoic successions in NW Poland in order to
develop a quantitative, balanced 2-D model of the late Palaeozoic–recent
evolution of this area, characterised by a complex pattern of repeated
extension and inversion. Four main tectonic phases have been determined: (1) Late Devonian–early Carboniferous extension and subsidence possibly
related to extensional reactivation of Caledonian thrusts, (2) late
Carboniferous inversion caused by the Variscan orogeny, (3) Permo-Mesozoic
subsidence related to the development of the Polish Basin and (4) its Late
Cretaceous–Paleogene inversion. Variscan and Alpine structures form a
superimposed multilayer inversion system, mechanically decoupled by the
Zechstein evaporites.
