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A-B. Laccaria bicolor growing as a mycorrhizal association with Douglas fir, showing fruiting bodies in nursery bed (A) and greenhouse (B) conditions. C-D. The fungus grows as an extensive mycelial network (called the mantle shealt) surrounding the root, with occasional mycelial ingrowths between cells of the root epidermis: the socalled Harting net. A transverse section (C) and longitudinal section (D) of colonised Poplar, stained with DAPI and WGA633. E. Colonisation of the root can be observed under laboratory conditions (colonisation of Poplar seedling roots on agar plates) where typically the roots show reduced extension and extraradical hyphae can be seen growing from the mantle out into the surrounding media. Images courtesy of Francis Martin, Feng Zhang, Aur elie Deveau and Anne Jambois, INRA.
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Fungi are often inconspicuous in nature and this means it is all too easy to overlook their importance. Often referred to as the “Forgotten Kingdom”, fungi are key components of life on this planet. The phylum Basidiomycota, considered to contain the most complex and evolutionarily advanced members of this Kingdom, includes some of the most iconic...
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... disphosphate synthase (GGS), a cyclase, (cyc), three cytochrome P450s, an acetyl transferase (ATF) and a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR). of birch, pine and spruce ( Podila et al. 2002). L. bicolor forms small tan-coloured basidiocarps with lilac gills, which dull on ageing and can be found near the base of symbiotic tree species (Fig. 11). This tendency for the colours to fade has led to the common name of "deceiver" as the faded hues lead to difficulties in identification. The preferred habitat of the fungus is temperate, boreal forest, primarily in Northern Europe and North America (Mueller & Gardes 1991, Mueller 1992, Baar et al. 1994, Plett et al. ...
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... Basidiomycetes are considered to be the most complex and evolutionarily advanced members of the fungal kingdom, playing vital roles in carbon cycling and as symbiotic partners with other organisms [1]. They are a highly valuable food source, and are increasingly important in medicinal applications due to their diverse bioactivities and potential to be promising and effective agents for various purposes (antihyperlipidemic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, cytotoxic, immunomodulating, and antioxidant) [2,3]. ...
Edible fungi are a valuable resource in the search for sustainable solutions to environmental pollution. Their ability to degrade organic pollutants, extract heavy metals, and restore ecological balance has a huge potential for bioremediation. They are also sustainable food resources. Edible fungi (basidiomycetes or fungi from other divisions) represent an underutilized resource in the field of bioremediation. By maximizing their unique capabilities, it is possible to develop innovative approaches for addressing environmental contamination. The aim of the present study was to find selective chemical agents suppressing the growth of microfungi and bacteria, but not suppressing white-rot fungi, in order to perform large-scale cultivation of white-rot fungi in natural unsterile substrates and use it for different purposes. One application could be the preparation of a matrix composed of wooden sleeper (contaminated with PAHs) and soil for further hazardous waste bioremediation using white-rot fungi. In vitro microbiological methods were applied, such as, firstly, compatibility tests between bacteria and white-rot fungi or microfungi, allowing us to evaluate the interaction between different organisms, and secondly, the addition of chemicals on the surface of a Petri dish with a test strain of microorganisms of white-rot fungi, allowing us to determine the impact of chemicals on the growth of organisms. This study shows that white-rot fungi are not compatible to grow with several rhizobacteria or bacteria isolated from soil and bioremediated waste. Therefore, the impact of several inorganic materials, such as lime (hydrated form), charcoal, dolomite powder, ash, gypsum, phosphogypsum, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, and sodium hydroxide, was evaluated on the growth of microfungi (sixteen strains), white-rot fungi (three strains), and bacteria (nine strains) in vitro. Charcoal, dolomite powder, gypsum, and phosphogypsum did not suppress the growth either of microfungi or of bacteria in the tested substrate, and even acted as promoters of their growth. The effects of the other agents tested were strain dependent. Potassium permanganate could be used for bacteria and Candida spp. growth suppression, but not for other microfungi. Lime showed promising results by suppressing the growth of microfungi and bacteria, but it also suppressed the growth of white-rot fungi. Hydrogen peroxide showed strong suppression of microfungi, and even had a bactericidal effect on some bacteria, but did not have an impact on white-rot fungi. The study highlights the practical utility of using hydrogen peroxide up to 3% as an effective biota-suppressing chemical agent prior to inoculating white-rot fungi in the large-scale bioremediation of polluted substrates, or in the large-scale cultivation for mushroom production as a foodstuff.
... Mushrooms are members of the phylum Basidiomycetes, a large and diverse group that, with the ascomycetes, makes up the kingdom Dikarya, commonly known as the "higher fungi" (De Mattos-Shipley et al., 2016). Mushrooms are one of the best options that can be used as a supplement to the cereal foods. ...
Global climate change, soil and water scarcity, soil degradation and increasing population are putting tremendous pressure on current agriculture and food production systems. These factors are threatening the food-and nutritional-security not only at regional level but also at global scale. In addition to these, mismanagement of agro-industrial waste and rampant burning of crop residues has adverse impact on the environment putting the public health at risk. As a result, in order to maintain food and nutritional security, it is critical to improve waste management and recycling for farming and other allied sectors. Mushroom farming has the potential to alleviate poverty, hunger, malnutrition and also fulfil nutritional security. Mushrooms are a highly nutritious food that are used all over the world as a tonic, medicine, and dietary food. Mushrooms are grown on lignocellulose substrates such as crop residue, processed waste, horticultural waste, saw dust, and wood chips. So, mushroom cultivation converts low-quality and low value waste materials to high-quality food. In this review, we discuss future strategies for improving mushroom quality including breeding aspect and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission/global warming. Further, we interlink soil health with various substrate quality and quantity for mushroom farming, and review the role of mushroom farming in environment and food and nutritional security, and zero waste farming.
... Fungi and their complex biosynthetic machinery have evolved to synthesize a wide variety of bioactive natural products, making them a valuable resource for drug discovery 8,9 . However, the potential of fungi is sometimes limited by certain compounds being produced only in low amounts by specific strains that are difficult to cultivate or engineer. ...
Natural products are small molecules synthesized by fungi, bacteria and plants, which historically have had a profound effect on human health and quality of life. These natural products have evolved over millions of years resulting in specific biological functions that may be of interest for pharmaceutical, agricultural, or nutraceutical use. Often natural products need to be structurally modified to make them suitable for specific applications. Combinatorial biosynthesis is a method to alter the composition of enzymes needed to synthesize a specific natural product resulting in structurally diversified molecules. In this review we discuss different approaches for combinatorial biosynthesis of natural products via engineering fungal enzymes and biosynthetic pathways. We highlight the biosynthetic knowledge gained from these studies and provide examples of new-to-nature bioactive molecules, including molecules synthesized using combinations of fungal and non-fungal enzymes.
... As mating-factor genes control cell fusion and the subsequent nuclear transfer events (Moor et al., 2020), genetic analyses of these loci are needed. Reproductive isolation has been examined in cultivated mushrooms by crossbreeding experiments (e.g., de Mattos-Shipley et al., 2016). However, it is difficult to perform mating tests with Caesar's mushrooms. ...
We evaluated the inclusion of a cryptic species in a Japanese Amanita caesareoides population. We sampled A. caesareoides specimens under various vegetation and climate conditions, and then conducted phylogenetic analyses on sequences from seven loci. The A. caesareoides specimens showed two distinct groups, except when the ITS phylogeny was considered. These two phylogroups showed different distributions: subalpine-cool temperate and temperate-subtropical areas. Although these two phylogroups overlapped in terms of basidiospore size, the latter tended to exhibit smaller basidiospores. In addition, only the former showed mycelial growth on nutrient agar. Based on these phylo-morpho-ecophysiological characteristics, we separated the specimens labeled with the name A. caesareoides into two species. As the lectotype of A. caesareoides showed similarity to the former by DNA analysis, the latter was described as a new species, namely A. satotamagotake. Based on the geographic patterns of the two species, A. satotamagotake may have invaded the natural habit of A. caesareoides because of global warming.
... Se estima que el mercado mundial de hongos comestibles tiene un valor de 42 000 millones de dólares al año (Knowledge Sourcing Intelligence 2017). Al menos 350 especies de hongos se consumen como alimento, y dentro de los hongos basidiomicetos más consumidos se encuentran el champiñón común (Agaricus brunnesces) y el hongo ostra (Pleurotus ostreatus) (de Mattos-Shipley et al. 2016;Rodríguez et al. 2006 También se han caracterizado péptidos con actividad antifungal, en el caso de P. ostreatus encontramos la pleurostrina, un péptido de 7 kDa, el cual presenta actividad contra los hongos fitopatógenos Fusarium oxysporum, Mycospharella arachidicola y Physalospora piricola (Chu et al., 2005) (Figura 3). ...
... G. lucidum is a large source of pharmacologically active substances, and, because of its therapeutic benefits, it has been used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine to boost the immune system and improve health and longevity [9][10][11]. Nowadays, it is employed in the nutraceutical, dietary supplement, and cosmetic industries, and it is used as medication in the form of powder and pills [12][13][14][15]. Normally, G. lucidum is well tolerated; however, its intake can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal disorders, osteoarticular pain, dizziness, and skin rashes [16,17]. ...
Triterpenoids, such as ganoderic acid, and polysaccharides, including β-D-glucans, α-D-glucans, and α-D-mannans, are the main secondary metabolites of the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum. There is evidence of the effects of ganoderic acid in hematological malignancies, whose mechanisms involve the stimulation of immune response, the macrophage-like differentiation, the activation of MAP-K pathway, an IL3-dependent cytotoxic action, the induction of cytoprotective autophagy, and the induction of apoptosis. In fact, this compound has been tested in twenty-six different human cancer cell types and has shown an anti-proliferative activity, especially in leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma lines. Moreover, research clarified the capability of molecules from Ganoderma lucidum to induce mitochondrial damage in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells, without cytotoxic effects in normal mononuclear cells. Active lipids extracted from the spores of this fungus have also been shown to induce apoptosis mediated by downregulation of P-Akt and upregulation of caspases-3, -8, and -9. Among in vivo studies, a study in BALB/c mice injected with WEHI-3 leukemic cells suggested that treatment with Ganoderma lucidum promotes differentiation of T- and B-cell precursors, phagocytosis by PBMCs, and NK cell activity. Our review presents data revealing the possibility of employing Ganoderma lucidum in hematological malignancies and incorporating it into clinical practice.
... Mushrooms are the most important fungi and belong to a kingdom of Fungi different from plant and animal kingdoms [1]. The sporocarps of mushrooms, also known as the reproductive structures, are the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting bodies of a fungus that are normally produced above ground on soil and its food source [2]. ...
In this study, the drying of oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus) in a tray dryer was optimized. The parameters used to optimize the drying process were drying temperature, airspeed, mass loading, and moisture content. Its drying kinetics were investigated at the optimum drying parameters. A quadratic equation was obtained to predict the moisture content of mushrooms at the given drying temperature, airspeed, and mass loading, and it was validated against experimental results. A minimum moisture content (9.99 wt%) was obtained at the optimum conditions of 60 °C, 3 m/s airspeed, and mass loading of 200 g using a tray dryer. Proximate analysis, shelf-life analysis, inorganic elemental analysis, and functional group analysis were done as a characterization method for mushrooms after drying at the optimum drying conditions. About 27.8 wt% protein and 50.2 wt% carbohydrates were found in proximate results. Besides, potassium and sodium were the dominant elements as estimated by spectrophotometry analysis. The induction period (IP) of dried mushrooms at room temperature is 3520:47 (hour: minute) from the oxidation stability analysis, and the water activity of dried mushrooms was found to be 0.36. The drying kinetics of oyster mushrooms were studied at various temperatures (50–75 °C), optimum airspeed (3 m/s), and mass loading (200 g). The best-fit model describing the mushrooms drying kinetics was found to be Midilli et al., with the lowest RMSE (0.008749), X2 (0.0014), and the highest R2(0.9993) values. The kinetic triplet activation energy, effective diffusivity, and diffusivity constant (Ea, Deff, D0) for oyster mushrooms drying were determined and found to lay in the general range for foodstuffs. The value of Deff results lies within the range of 10−8 to 10−12 m2/s, with Ea of 15.32 kJ/mol and D0 value 2.263 × 10−6 m2/s.
... Macrofungi serve as mutualistic symbionts and decomposers (Lutzoni et al., 2018;Ye et al., 2019), making them essential for sustaining biodiversity. They play a vital role in recycling organic matter, which is necessary for the growth and survival of various organisms, including humans (de Mattos-Shipley et al., 2016). ...
Macrofungi play a diverse role in ecosystems, serving as decomposers, sources of food, and providers of medicinal benefits to humans for millennia. However, the status of macrofungi diversity in Perlis State Park is poorly understood. This study aims to identify the diversity of macrofungi species in Perlis State Park. Sampling was conducted using both opportunistic and selective approaches along a transect line comprising 10 trails during the rainy season between 2019 and 2023. Identification was based on the morphological characteristics of macrofungi. A total of 69 species of macrofungi were discovered, including 59 species from Basidiomycota and 10 species from Ascomycota. These species can be categorized into eight groups, namely Cup (2), Gill (20), Shelf and Bracket (16), Bolete (7), Coral (6), Jelly (6), Earthball and Puffball (4), and Tooth (4) fungi. Of the identified macrofungi species, 33 are confirmed to be edible. Additionally, three species from the Cordycipitaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae families within the suborders of Ascomycota are entomopathogenic. Some microfungi fall under the category of 'Least Concern (LC)' according to the IUCN Red List. Our study highlights the importance of macrofungi diversity in Perlis State Park, which can be instrumental for conservation and educational purposes
... Mushroom toxicity can safeguard the basidiocarp's ability to function by producing toxins that render the mushroom unfit for human eating. There may be potential medical uses for the poisonous cyclic peptides that mushrooms create that can enter the human bloodstream and target certain cells (de Mattos-Shipley et al. 2016, Fokunang et al. 2022. ...
A solution for drug discovery and development may arise from the exploration of novel bioactive compounds found in macrofungi. Because of their therapeutic and nutritional benefits, these fungi are promising and well-liked worldwide. The appeal of macrofungi among consumers, their delicious flavour, and the large number of bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, phenolic compounds, and vitamins has led to a significant increase in their demand. They can therefore be regarded as a significant source of nutraceuticals. This important group of fungi has been used in folk and modern medicine for more than 3000 years for prevention and treatment of many diseases. In this chapter, we shed light on the bioactive compounds of macrofungi and tried to endeavored to highlight the future prospects of macrofungi. Hopefully, the information cited within this chapter will prove beneficial to the mycophiles, amateur naturalists, the general public, researchers, and industrialists interested in medicinal and poisonous macrofungi. Further future advances in macrofungi ecology and biotechnology, genomics and proteomics will assist biomedical research and application of these fungi is needed.
... More specifically, Heterobasidion annosum is the most economically important forest pathogen in the northern hemisphere causing the root rot in softwoods [9]. Phanerochaete chrysosporium is the model white rot (WR) fungus for lignin degradation, and is studied for potential application in bioethanol production [10], food industry [11], pulp and paper industry [12], bioremediation and biosorption [13,14]. Pleurotus ostreatus is very important, widely cultivated edible mushroom [15], also studied for the enzymatic application in pulp and paper industry [16]. ...
The isolation and potential applications of chitosan from the fungal source is an alternative to crustacean chitosan and synthetic polymers. The strains of Basidiomycota (Heterobasidion annosum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor, Lentinus lepideus) with different environmental distribution, ecological importance, and industrial application were studied for mycelial biomass production in submerged (SF) and solid state fermentation (SSF). Further, the chitosan from fungal cells was extracted and characterized by elemental analyses (nitrogen) and FTIR spectroscopy. The fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus and Ganoderma ap-planatum were chosen as a reference material of chitosan content in basidiocarps. Stationary SF gave the lowest biomass yield in comparison with shaken SF and SSF. The role of aeration and agitation in biomass production was clearly observed in shaken SF with the highest yield achieved by P. chrysosporium. The highest biomass yield in SSF produced P. ostreatus and T. versi-color. The content of chitosan within fungal species varied depending on the method of cultiva-tion. The highest chitosan yield among the cultivated strains was obtained from mycelium of P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor in SF. The highest chitosan yield in fungal fruiting bodies demon-strated commercially cultivated mushroom A. bisporus. The extracted chitosan is proposed as functional biopolymer additive for ecological materials to substitute the synthetic wet and dry strength agents in packaging materials.
