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A, B. Field photograph of Lentinula madagasikarensis (type specimen, PC coll. BB06.007). C, D. Field photographs of Lentinula madagasikarensis (paratype specimen, PC coll. BB08.120). E. Basidiospores. F. Basidia. G. Cheilocystidia. Scale barss AAA 2 cmm EEE 20 m.
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We describe the first species of Lentinula from Africa, Lentinula madagasikarensis sp. nov. The new taxon, which was collected from central Madagascar, is strikingly similar to L. edodes , the shiitake mushroom. A BLAST search using ITS sequences from L. madagasikarensis as the query retrieves a mix of Lentinula , Gymnopus , Marasmiellus , and othe...
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Lentinula edodes (L. edodes) is the globally second most widely consumed mushroom that is well-known for its therapeutic potential and is a commonly used experimental fungus model. This review was focused on the benefits, efficacy, and potential mechanism of action of the extracts from L. edodes as described in the previous studies. With limited in...
Citations
... The samples were mounted in distilled water. The specimens were identified using related identification references (Berkeley 1881;Pegler 1983;Mata and Petersen 2000;Mata et al. 2001;Looney et al. 2021). ...
... The species of Lentinula usually grow on Fagaceae or Nothofagaceae (Pegler 1983), Quercus spp. (Mata et al. 2001), and Eucalyptus (Looney et al. 2021). In addition, Menoli Jr et al. (2022 suggested that Lentinula had the Fagaceae (Quercus, Castanopsis, and Nothofagus) as their ancestral hosts. ...
... However, our specimens posed the persistent uniform reddish-brown pileus in fruiting bodies and did not produce squamules or fissures on pileus, which distinguished it from L. edodes (Pegler 1983). The absence of florets cheilocystidia in our specimens distinguished it from L. madagasikarensis described by Looney et al. (2021). The size of fruiting bodies of L. lateritia BO24628 was smaller compared to L. edodes (Pegler 1983) and L. lateritia (Pegler 1983). ...
Pegler suggested that shiitake comprises three morphological species: Lentinula edodes (continental and northeast Asia), L. lateritia (tropical Asia and Australasia), and L. novae-zelandiae (New Zealand). The current study reported for the first time the occurrence of L. lateritia (Berk.) Pegler in Indonesia. During a fungus foray in Kerinci (Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia) in 2022 and 2023 by the Indonesian mushroom hunter community, some basidiomata of Lentinula were obtained. At a glance, our specimens resembled L. edodes. The current study aims to justify the taxonomical position of our specimens based on morphological and molecular data. The fresh basidiomata were used for morphological and molecular analyses. The molecular work was done using ITS 4/5 Primers for phylogenetic analysis of rDNA-ITS region. Morphologically, the uniformly reddish brown, smooth, and glabrous of pileus confirmed our specimens as L. lateritia. In addition, the absence of a range of colors and squamules pileus distinguished L. lateritia BO24628 form L. edodes, while the formation of florets cheilocystidia in L. madagasikarensis was the distinctive character of our specimens. The BLAST result revealed that our specimen has high similarity (99-100%) with L. lateritia and L. edodes as the top hits. The phylogenetic tree (RAxML) nested our specimens in the L. lateria clade and is closely related to one specimen from Papua New Guenia (PNG) (BS 98%). In addition, L. lateritia BO24628 has a sister clade of the specimen from PNG and Australia. Moreover, we provide the herbarium collection of wild L. lateritia in Indonesia.
... The sequences were assembled with Geneious R7 software and deposited in GenBank (NCBI). The produced ITS sequences were included in Dataset 2 of Looney et al. (2021). The outgroup was replaced with data of two Rhodocollybia species. ...
... Lentinula ixodes is a unique clade within the Lentinula phylogeny, closer to L. raphanica (Fig. 6) as its sister species. Based on these analyses, L. ixodes is certainly not conspeci c with L. boryana sensu Looney et al. (2021), and is therefore not a synonym. Although we used the same nuclear rDNA ITS dataset for the ingroup as Looney et al. (2021), our analyses yielded trees with di ering topology. ...
... Based on these analyses, L. ixodes is certainly not conspeci c with L. boryana sensu Looney et al. (2021), and is therefore not a synonym. Although we used the same nuclear rDNA ITS dataset for the ingroup as Looney et al. (2021), our analyses yielded trees with di ering topology. The resolution of their African-American clade (L. ...
In the search for new strains of edible mushrooms in the Brazilian Amazon Forest, we found Lentinula specimens different from Lentinula raphanica. These were described morphologically and evaluated phylogenetically within the Lentinula clade. The mating system was determined, and interbreeding compatibility with L. raphanica was verified. The basidiomata have a cinnamon or deep orange to fulvous brown, moist to dry pileus, occasionally with whitish scales; crowded whitish cream lamellae; and an eccentric to lateral stipe. The typical, predominant basidiospores are 4.4–7.2 μm in length. Endogenous, elongate (7.8–14 μm) basidiospores were also found in some specimens. The long spores seem rare and occasional, but nonetheless a novelty for the group. Basidia are homogeneous in size, cheilocystidia are pyriform or bulboid, and caulocystidia are long and spheropedunculate. The hyphae of the pileipellis are pigment-encrusted. The characteristics match those of Agaricus ixodes originally described from Guyana, currently a synonym of Lentinula boryana. In the phylogenetic trees, such taxon appears distinct from L. boryana and sister to L. raphanica with strong support. This unique lineage was confirmed to be reproductively isolated from sympatric L. raphanica strains. Lentinula ixodes comb. nov. is the second species of the genus reported in the Amazon Forest.
... Lentinula Earle (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) is a small-sized genus of mushrooms with nine currently recognized species from Asia-Australasia, the Americas, and Madagascar (Pegler, 1983a;Hibbett, 1992Hibbett, , 2001Looney et al., 2021;Oliveira et al., 2022). Lentinula edodes (Berk.) ...
... Recently, Looney et al. (2021) described L. madagasikarensis Buyck, Randrianjohany & Looney from Madagascar (Africa) based on previous records focused on wild edible mushrooms species by Buyck (2008). Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS show L. madagasikarensis is placed on the clade among other species/lineages from the Americas and more closely related to L. aciculospora (Looney et al., 2021). ...
... Recently, Looney et al. (2021) described L. madagasikarensis Buyck, Randrianjohany & Looney from Madagascar (Africa) based on previous records focused on wild edible mushrooms species by Buyck (2008). Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS show L. madagasikarensis is placed on the clade among other species/lineages from the Americas and more closely related to L. aciculospora (Looney et al., 2021). Additionally, based on morphology, ITS molecular data, and mating studies, Oliveira et al. (2022) proposed the combination of Agaricus ixodes Mont. in the genus Lentinula, recovering an old name involved within the L. boryana complex. ...
Lentinula (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) includes the most widely cultivated mushroom in the world, Lentinula edodes, also known as shiitake (Japanese) or xiang-gu (Chinese). At present, nine species are recognized in the genus, based on morphology, mating criteria, and geographic distributions. However, analyses of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal RNA genes have suggested that there are cryptic lineages. We analyzed a global-scale phylogenetic dataset from 325 Lentinula individuals from 24 countries in Asia-Australasia and the Americas plus Madagascar, with 325 sequences of ITS, 80 LSU sequences, and 111 sequences of translation elongation factor (tef1-α) genes. We recovered 15 independent lineages (Groups 1-15) that may correspond to species. Lineages in Asia-Australasia (Groups 1-5) and the Americas plus Madagascar (Groups 6-15) formed sister clades. Four lineages are represented only by sequences from single individuals and require further molecular sampling, including L. aff. raphanica (Group 7), L. ixodes (Group 8), L. boryana (Group 12), and L. aff. aciculospora (Group 14). Groups 1 and 5 are here referred to L. edodes and L. aff. edodes, respectively. However, these groups most likely represent the same species and are only recognized as (unsupported) monophyletic lineages by maximum likelihood analyses of ITS alone. Other putative species resolved here include L. lateritia (Group 2), L. novae-zelandieae (Group 3), L. aff. lateritia (Group 4), L. raphanica (Group 6), L. aff. detonsa (Group 9), L. detonsa (Group 10), L. guzmanii sp. nov. (Group 11), L. aciculospora (Group 13), and L. madagasikarensis (Group 15). Groups 9-12 represent the "L. boryana complex". Molecular clock and historical biogeographic analyses suggest that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Lentinula can be placed in the middle Oligocene, ca. 30 million years ago (Ma), and had a likely presence in neotropical America. The MRCA of Lentinula in the Americas and Madagascar lived ca. 22 Ma in the Neotropics and the MRCA of Lentinula in Asia-Australasia lived ca. 6 Ma in Oceania. Given the current knowledge about plate tectonics and paleoclimatic models of the last 30 Myr, our phylogenetic hypothesis suggests that the extant distribution of Lentinula is likely to have arisen, in large part, due to long-distance dispersal. Lentinula collections include at least four dubious taxa that need further taxonomic studies: L. reticeps from the USA (Ohio); L. guarapiensis from Paraguay; Lentinus puiggarii from Brazil (São Paulo); and "L. platinedodes" from Vietnam. Approximately ten of the fifteen Groups are reported on Fagaceae, which appears to be the ancestral substrate of Lentinula.
... The interest and need for specimens from tropical Africa, expressed by molecular labs conducting global phylogenetic research, is huge and growing. This can easily be deduced from phylogenetic studies (in for example Amanita, Tylopilus, Lentinula) that actually lack specimens from continental tropical Africa (CAI et al. 2014;CHAKRABORTY et al. 2018;VARGA et al. 2019;LOONEY et al. 2021). This shows the opportunity and the unique role local African mycologists can play in taxonomic and phylogenetic research (Fig. 3). ...
The evolution of mycology in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is mostly linked to its colonial history with Belgium. An up-to-date overview of the challenges faced by mycologists and opportunities for mycological research in this country is still lacking. With an emphasis on studies of larger fungi, this paper presents the progress made in this country from the colonial era to the present day. This historical survey shows that most of the specimens studied were actually gathered by explorers and mycologists collaborating with or working at Meise Botanic Garden (formerly Jardin botanique de l'Etat, then National Botanic Garden of Belgium) when studies and inventories made by local mycologists are still few. The complexity of organizing collecting field trips, the scarcity of trained local supervisors, the lack of adequate materials for laboratory work, and the gigantic cost for installing and sustaining a molecular lab, explain the low influx of young mycologists from the DRC. Yet their strength lies in their ability to perform the essential work of morphological analysis (macroscopy, microscopy) of herbarium specimens, combined with access to major fungal hotspots and the convenience to arrange logistics. Implementation of IPBES goals/objectives and collaboration with molecular labs, in need of quality specimens from tropical Africa, are major opportunities for Congolese mycologists to find international partners, funding and opportunities of international publications.
During the investigations of macrofungi resources in Zhejiang Province, China, an interesting wood rot fungus was collected. Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, it is described as a new species, Anthracophyllum sinense. A. sinense is characterized by its sessile, charcoal black and pleurotoid pileus, sparse lamellae occasionally branching, clavate basidia with long sterigmata [(3-)6–7(-8) μm], and non-heteromorphous cystidia. A. sinense establishes a separate lineage close to A. archeri and A. lateritium in the phylogenetic tree.
During the investigations of macrofungi resources in Zhejiang Province, China, an interesting wood rot fungus was collected. Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, it was described as a new species Anthracophyllum sinense . A. sinense is characterized by its sessile, charcoal black and pleurotoid pileus; sparse, occasionally branches lamellae; oval basidiospores measuring (8–)9–11.2–13(–14) µm × (5–)6–6.6–8(–9) µm, with obvious spore tips; clavate basidia with obvious sterigmata; and non-heteromorphous cystidium. A. sinense established a separate lineage that was similar to A. archeri and A. lateritium in the phylogenetic tree.
Lentinula is a broadly distributed group of fungi that contains the cultivated shiitake mushroom, L. edodes. We sequenced 24 genomes representing eight described species and several unnamed lineages of Lentinula from 15 countries on four continents. Lentinula comprises four major clades that arose in the Oligocene, three in the Americas and one in Asia-Australasia. To expand sampling of shiitake mushrooms, we assembled 60 genomes of L. edodes from China that were previously published as raw Illumina reads and added them to our dataset. Lentinula edodes sensu lato (s. lat.) contains three lineages that may warrant recognition as species, one including a single isolate from Nepal that is the sister group to the rest of L. edodes s. lat., a second with 20 cultivars and 12 wild isolates from China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East, and a third with 28 wild isolates from China, Thailand, and Vietnam. Two additional lineages in China have arisen by hybridization among the second and third groups. Genes encoding cysteine sulfoxide lyase (lecsl) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (leggt), which are implicated in biosynthesis of the organosulfur flavor compound lenthionine, have diversified in Lentinula. Paralogs of both genes that are unique to Lentinula (lecsl 3 and leggt 5b) are coordinately up-regulated in fruiting bodies of L. edodes. The pangenome of L. edodes s. lat. contains 20,308 groups of orthologous genes, but only 6,438 orthogroups (32%) are shared among all strains, whereas 3,444 orthogroups (17%) are found only in wild populations, which should be targeted for conservation.
Lentinula is a wood-inhabiting agaric mushroom genus in Omphalotaceae. The genus comprises eight species, several of which are edible and highly prized. Lentinula edodes, commonly known as Shiitake, is one of the most cultivated species worldwide and considered as a traditional delicacy in Southeast Asia. With proven medicinal properties, the market value of L. edodes is expected to reach $ 447.7 million in 5 years' time. In this paper, we review the nutritional content, nutraceutical properties, cultivation methods, and economic importance of Lentinula.
